Galanin receptors and their therapeutic potential

Bibliography

• TATEMOTO K, ROKAEUS A, JORNWALL H, MCDONALDTJ, MUTT V: Galanin-a novel biologically active peptide from porcine intestine. FEBS Lett. (1983) 164:124–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARTFAI T, HOKFELT T, LANGEL U: Galanin -a neuroen-docrine peptide. Grit. Rev. Neurobiol. (1993) 7:229–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A pioneer review of galanin functions.
   Google Scholar
• CRAWLEY JN: The role of galanin in feeding behavior. Neuropeptides (1999) 33 (5):369–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Comprehensive review on the role of galanin in food intake.
   Google Scholar
• WYNICK D, SMALL CJ, BACON A, et al.: Galanin regulates prolactin release and lactotroph proliferation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1998) 95(20:12671–12676.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •First report of studies with galanin knockout mice.
   Google Scholar
• CAI A, HAYES JD, PATEL N, HYDE JF: Targeted overex-pression of galanin in lactotrophs of transgenic mice induces hyperprolactinemia and pituitary hyperplasia. Endocrinology (1999) 140 (11):4955–4964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEIBOWITZ SF: Differential functions of hypothalamic galanin cell growth in the regulation of eating and body weight. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (1998) 863:206–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WANG S, GUSTAFSON E: Galanin receptor subtypes. Drug News Perspectives (1998) 11(8):458–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARTFAI T, LANGEL U: Galanin receptor ligands as potential therapeutic agents in depression and neurodegeneration. Eur. J. Med. Chem. (1995) 30 (Suppl.):S163–S174.
   Google Scholar
• CRAWLEY JN: Minireview. Galanin-acetylcholine interactions: relevance to memory and Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci. (1996) 58:2185–2199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BENYA RV, MATKOWSKYJ KA, DANILKOVICH A, HECHTG: Galanin causes C1 secretion in the human colon. Potential significance of inflammation-associated NF-kappa B activation on galanin-1 receptor expres-sion and function. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (1998) 863:64–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HABERT-ORTOLI E, AMIRANOFF B, LOQUET I, LABURTHE M, MAYAUX JF: Molecular cloning of a functional human galanin receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1994) 91 :9780–9783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Paper reporting the first galanin receptor, GaIR1.
   Google Scholar
• BURGEVIN CM, LOQUET I, QUARTERONET D, HABERT-ORTOLI E: Cloning, pharmacological characterization and anatomical distribution of a rat cDNA encoding for a galanin receptor. j Mol. NeuroscL (1995) 6:33–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WANG S, HE C, MAGUIRE Met al: Genomic organization and functional characterization of the mouse Ga1R1 galanin receptor. FEBS Lett. (1997) 411:225–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JACOBY AS, WEBB GC, LIU ML, et al.: Structural organiza-tion of the mouse and human GAUD galanin receptor genes (Galnr and GALNR) and chromosomal localiza-tion of the mouse gene. Genomks (1997)45 (3):496–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PARKER EM, IZZARELLI DG, NOWAK HP, et al.: Cloning and characterization of the rat GAUD galanin receptor from Rin14B insulinoma cells. Mol. Brain Res. (1995) 34:179–189.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LORIMER DD, BENYA RV: Cloning and quantification of galanin-1 receptor expression by mucosal cells lining the human gastrointestinal tract. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1996) 222:379–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOWARD AD, TAN C, SHIAO L-L et al.: Molecular cloning and characterization of a new receptor for galanin. FEBS Letts. (1997) 405:285–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Paper describing initial cloning of Ga1R2.
   Google Scholar
• WANG S, HASHEMI T, HE C, STRADER C, BAYNE M: Molecular cloning and pharmacological characterization of a new galanin receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. (1997) 52:337–343.
   Google Scholar
• •Paper reporting cloning of Ga1R2 and identification of Ga1R-specific ligand.
   Google Scholar
• FATHI Z, CUNNINGHAM AM, IBEN LG, et al.: Cloning, pharmacological characterization and distribution of a novel galanin receptor. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. (1997) 51 (1-2):49–59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BLOOMQUIST BT, BEAUCHAMP MR, ZHELNIN L, et al: Cloning and expression of the human galanin receptor Ga1R2. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1998) 243 (2):474–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMITH KE, FORRAY C, WALKER MW, et al: Expression cloning of a rat hypothalamic galanin receptor coupled to phosphoinositide turnover. J Biol. Chem. (1997) 272:24612–24616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WANG S, HE C, HASHEMI T, BAYNE M: Cloning and expressional characterization of a novel galanin receptor: identification of different pharmacophores within galanin for the three galanin receptor subtypes. J Biol. Chem. (1997) 272: 31949–31952.
   Google Scholar
• •First paper reporting cloning and initial characterisation of GalR3.
   Google Scholar
• PANG L, HASHEMI T, LEE H-JJ et al.: The mouse Ga1R2galanin receptor: genomic organization, cDNA cloning and functional characterization. J Neurochem. (1998) 71:2252–2259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMITH KE, WALKER MW, ARTYMYSHYN R, et al.: Clonedhuman and rat galanin GALR3 receptors. Pharma-cology and activation of G-protein inwardly rectifying 10- channels. J Biol. Chem. (1998) 273 (36):23321–23326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOLAKOWSKI LF, O'NEILL GP, HOWARD AD, et al: Molecular characterization and expression of cloned human galanin receptors GALR2 and GALR3. J. Neurochem. (1998) 71 (6):2239–2251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOROWSKY B, WALKER MW, HUANG LY, et al: Cloning and characterization of the human galanin GALR2 receptor. Peptides (1998) 19(101771–1781.
   Google Scholar
• MELANDER T, HOKFELT T, ROKAEUS A: Distribution of galaninlike immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system. j Comp. Neurol. (1986) 248 (0475–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SKOFITSCH G, JACOBOWITZ DM: Immunohisto-chemical mapping of galanin-like neurons in the rat central nervous system. Peptides (1985) 6(3):509–546.
   Google Scholar
• FISONE G, BARTFAI T, NILSSON S, HOKFELT T: Galanin inhibits the potassium-evoked release of acetylcholine and the muscarinic receptor-mediated stimulation of phosphoinositide turnover in slices of monkey hippocampus. Brain Res. (1991) 568 (1-2):279–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMITH BK, BERTHOUD HR, YORK DA, BRAY GA: Differ-ential effects of baseline macronutrient preferences on macronutrient selection after galanin, NPY and an overnight fast. Peptides (1997) 18(2):207–211.
   Google Scholar
• CRAWLEY JN, ROBINSON JK, LANGEL U, BARTFAI T: Galanin receptor antagonists M40 and C7 block galanin-induced feeding. Brain Res. (1993) 600 (2):268–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEIBOWITZ SF, KIM T: Impact of a galanin antagonist on exogenous galanin and natural patterns of fat ingestion. Brain Res. (1992) 599 (1):148–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KERR BJ, CAFFERTY WB, GUPTA YK, et al: Galanin knockout mice reveal nociceptive deficits following peripheral nerve injury. Eur. J. Neurosci. (2000) 12 (3):793–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WIESENFELD-HALLIN Z, XU XJ, LANGEL U, BEDECS K, HOKFELT T, BARTFAI T: Galanin-mediated control of pain: enhanced role after nerve injury. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1992) 89(03334–3337.
   Google Scholar
• ••Reversal of galanin s inhibitory effect on the flexor reflex bythe galanin antagonist M35.
   Google Scholar
• WANG D, LUNDEBERG T, YU LC: Antinociceptive role of galanin in periaqueductal grey of rats with experimen-tally induced mononeuropathy. Neuroscience (2000) 96 (4):767–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REIMANN W, ENGLBERGER W, FRIDERICHS E, SELVE N, WILFFERT B: Spinal antinociception by morphine in rats is antagonised by galanin receptor antagonists. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. (1994) 350 (4):380–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WATERS SM, KRAUSE JE: Distribution of galanin-1, -2 and -3 receptor messenger RNAs in central and periph-eral rat tissues. Neuroscience (2000) 95(0:265–271.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WANG S, HASHEMI T, FRIED S, CLEMMONS AL, HAWES BE: Differential intracellular signaling of the Ga1R1 and Ga1R2 galanin receptor subtypes. Biochemistry (1998) 37(19):6711–6717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WANG S, CLEMMONS A, STRADER C, BAYNE M: Evidence for hydrophobic interaction between galanin and the Ga1R1 galanin receptor and Ga1R1-mediated ligand internalization: fluorescent probing with a fluorescein-galanin. Biochemistry (1998) 37 (26):9528–9535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JANSSON A, TINNER B, ANDBJER B, et al.: Internalization of intracerebrally administered porcine galanin (1-29) by a discrete nerve cell population in the hippocampus of the rat. Exp. Neurol. (2000) 161(0:153–166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PANG L, GRAZIANO M, WANG S: Membrane cholesterol modulates galanin-GaIR2 interaction. Biochemistry (1999) 38:12003–12011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FATHI Z, BATTAGLINO PM, IBEN LG, et al.: Molecular characterization, pharmacological properties and chromosomal localization of the human GALR2 galanin receptor. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. (1998) 58(1-2):156–169.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •Report demonstrating Ga1R1 and GalR2 expression in overlapping human brain regions.
   Google Scholar
• IISMAA TP, FATHI Z, HORT YJ, et al.: Structural organiza-tion and chromosomal localization of three human galanin receptor genes. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (1998) 863:56–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LORIMER DD, MATKOWSKJ K, BENYA RV: Cloning, chromosomal location and transcriptional regulation of the human galanin-1 receptor gene (GALN1 R) . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1997) 241 (2):558–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CODY JD, HALE DE, BRKANAC Z, KAYE CI, LEACH RJ:Growth hormone insufficiency associated with haploinsufficiency at 18q23. Am. J Med. Genet. (1997) 71 (0420–425.
   Google Scholar
• LAPSYS NM, FURLER SM, HENDERSON NK, et al.: A polymorphism in the human GALR3 galanin receptor gene (GALNR3). Mol. Cell. Probes (1999) 13(4):325–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OHTAKI T, KUMANO S, ISHIBASHI Y, et al.: Isolation andcDNA cloning of a novel galanin-like peptide (GALP) from porcine hypothalamus. J. Biol. Chem. (1999) 274 (52):37041–37045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAKUYAMA H, MOCHIZUKI T, IGUCHI K, et al.: [A1a6,D-Trp8]Galanin(1–15)ol is a potent galanin antagonist on insulin release. Biomed. Res. (1997) 1:49–56.
   Google Scholar
• YANAIHARA N, MOCHIZUKI T, TAKATSUKA N, et al: Galanin analogues: agonist and antagonist. Regulatory Peptides (1993) 46:93–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOROLKIEWICZ R, SLIWINSKI W, REKOWSKI P, et al.:Lysine14galanin(1-15)-NH2: a partial agonist at galanin receptors in rat isolated gastric fundus. Pharmacology (1997) 55 (4) :179–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OSTENSON CG, ZAITSEV S, BERGGREN PO Galparan: apowerful insulin-releasing chimeric peptide acting at a novel site. Endocrinology (1997) 138 (8):3308–3313.
   Google Scholar
• SULLIVAN KA, SHIAO LL, CASCIERI MA, et al.: Pharma-cological characterization and tissue distribution of the human and rat GALR1 receptors. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1997) 233(3):823–828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUSTAFSON EL, SMITH KE, DURKIN MM, GERALD C, BRANCHEK TA: Distribution of a rat galanin receptor mRNA in rat brain. NeuroReport (1996) 7:953–957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XU ZQ, SHI TJ, HOKFELT T: Expression of galanin and agalanin receptor in several sensory systems and bone analogue of r at embryos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1996) 93 :14901–14905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WANG S, GHIBAUDI L, HASHEMI T, et al.: The Ga1R2galanin receptor mediates galanin -induced jejunal contraction, but not feeding behavior, in the rat: differentiation of central and peripheral effects of receptor subtype activation. FEBS Lett. (1998) 434 (3):277–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Pharmacological differentiation of central and peripheral functions of galanin mediated by different GalRs.
   Google Scholar
• SAAR K, VALKNA A, SOOMETS U, et al.: Role of the thirdcytoplasmic loop in signal transduction by galanin receptors. Biochem. Soc. Trans. (1997) 25(3):1036–1040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEUILLET E, BOUAICHE Z, MENAGER J, et al.: The humangalanin receptor: ligand-bin ding and functional characteristics in the Bowes melanoma cell line. Eur. Pharmacol. (1994) 269 (2) :139–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KYRKOULI SE, STANLEY BG, LEIBOWITZ SF: Galanin:stimulation of feeding induced by medial hypotha-lamic injection of this novel peptide. Eur. j Pharmacol. (1986) 122(0:159–160.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TEMPEL DL, LEIBOWITZ KL, LEIBOWITZ SF: Effects of PVN galanin on micronutrients selection. Peptides (1988) 9:309–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CRAWLEY JN, AUSTIN MC, FISKE SM, et al.: Activity of centrally administered galanin fragments on stimula-tion of feeding behavior and on galanin receptor binding in the rat hypothalamus. j Neurosci. (1990) 10:3695–3700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHICK RR, SAMSAMI S, ZIMMERMANN JP, et al.: Effect of galanin on food intake in rats: involvement of lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic sites. Am. J Physiol (1993) 264(2 Pt 2):R355–361.
   Google Scholar
• BARTFAI T, FISONE G, LANGEL U: Galanin and galanin antagonists: molecular and biochemical perspectives. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (1992) 13(8):312–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Good review of galanin antagonists.
   Google Scholar
• DE PEDRO N, CESPEDES MV, DELGADO MJ, ALONSO-BEDATE M: The galanin-induced feeding stimulation is mediated via alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in goldfish. Regul Pept. (1995) 57(0:77–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BOSWELL T, RICHARDSON RD, SCHWARTZ MW, et al.: NPY and galanin in a hibernator: hypothalamic gene expression and effects on feeding. Brain Res. Bull. (1993) 32 (4):379–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• INUI A, OKITA M, NAKAJIMA M, et al.: Neuropeptide regulation of feeding in dogs. Am. J Physiol. (1991) 261(3 Pt 2):R588–594.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WYNICK D, SMALL CJ, BLOOM SR, PACHNIS V: Targeted disruption of the murine galanin gene. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (1998) 863:22–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOHMANN JG, CLIFTON DK, STEINER RA: Galanin: analysis of its coexpression in gonadotropin-releasing hormone and growth hormone-releasing hormone neurons. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (1998) 863:221–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Review of the neuroendocrine functions of galanin.
   Google Scholar
• KYRKOULI SE, STANLEY BG, SEIRAFI RD, LEIBOWITZ SF: Stimulation of feeding by galanin: anatomical localiza-tion and behavioral specificity of this peptide's effects in the brain. Peptides (1990) 1 (5):995–1001.
   Google Scholar
• CORWIN RL, ROBINSON JK, CRAWLEY JN: Galanin antagonists block galanin-induced feeding in the hypothalamus and amygdala of the rat. Eur.j NeuroscL (1993) 5(10:1528–1533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMITH BK, YORK DA, BRAY GA: Effects of dietary preference and galanin administration in the paraven-tricular or amygdaloid nucleus on diet self-selection. Brain Res. Bull. (1996) 39 (3) :149–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOEGLER FH, RITTER S: Galanin injection into the nucleus of the solitary tract stimulates feeding in rats with lesions of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Physiol. Behav. (1998) 63(0521–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KYRKOULI SE, STANLEY BG, LEIBOWITZ SF: Differentialeffects of galanin and neuropep tide Y on ex tracellular norepinephrine levels in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus of the rat: a microdialysis study. Life Sci. (1992) 51(3):203–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RADA P, MARK GP, HOEBEL BG: Galanin in the hypothalamus raises dopamine and lowers acetylcho-line release in the nucleus accumbens: a possible mechanism for hypothalamic initiation of feeding behavior. Brain Res. (1998) 798(1-2):1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HORVATH TL, KALRA SP, NAFTOLIN F, LERANTH C: Morphological evidence for a galanin-opiate interac-tion in the rat mediobasal hypothalamus. J. Neuroendo-crinol (1995) 7(8):579–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUBE MG, HORVATH TL, LERANTH C, KALRA PS, KALRA SP: Naloxone reduces the feeding evoked by intracere-broventricular galanin injection. Physiol. Behav. (1994) 56(0811–813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAHU A: Izptin decreases food intake induced by melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), galanin (GAL) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the rat. Endocri-nology (1998) 13 9 (11):4739–4742.
   Google Scholar
• SAHU A: Evidence suggesting that galanin (GAL), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), neurotensin (Ni), proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are targets of leptin signaling in the hypothalamus. Endocrinology (1998) 139 (2):795–798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAKANSSON ML, BROWN H, GHILARDI N, SKODA RC, MEISTER B: Leptin receptor immunoreactivity in chemically defined target neurons of the hypothalamus. J NeuroscL (1998) 1 8 (1):559–572.
   Google Scholar
• MITCHELL V, BOURET S, PREVOT V, JENNES L, BEAUVIL-LAIN JC: Evidence for expression of galanin receptor Gal-R1 mRNA in certain gonadotropin releasing hormone neurones of the rostral preoptic area. J Neuroendocrinol (1999) 1 1 (10):805–812.
   Google Scholar
• •Paper describing neurophysiology of the galanin and GnRH neurones and their interaction.
   Google Scholar
• MITCHELL V, BOURET S, HOWARD AD, BEAUVILLAIN JC: Expression of the galanin receptor subtype Gal-R2 mRNA in the rat hypothalamus. J. Chem. Neuroanal (1999) 16(4):265–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FITZGERALD LW, PATTERSON JP, CONKLIN DS, HORLICK R, LARGENT BL: Pharmacological and biochemical characterization of a recombinant human galanin GALR1 receptor: ago n is t character of chimeric galanin peptides. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1998) 287 (2):448–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KESTERSON RA, HUSZAR D, LYNCH CA, SIMERLY RB, CONE RD: Induction of neuropeptide Y gene expres-sion in the dorsal medial hypothalamic nucleus in two models of the agouti obesity syndrome. Mol. Endocrinol. (1997) 1 1 (5):630–637.
   Google Scholar
• LIN L, YORK DA, BRAY GA: Comparison of Osborne-Mendel and S5B/PL strains of rat: central effects of galanin, NPY, beta-casomorphin and CRH on intake of high-fat and low-fat diets. Obes. Res. (1996) 4 (2):117–124.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AKABAYASHI A, KOENIG JI, WATANABE Y, ALEXANDER JT, LEIBOWITZ SF: Galanin-containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus: a neurochemical marker for fat ingestion and body weight gain. Proc. Nati Acad. ScL USA (1994) 91(22):10375–10379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MERCER JG, LAWRENCE CB, ATKINSON T: Regulation of galanin gene expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the obese Zucker rat by manipulation of dietary macronutrients. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. (1996) 43(1-2):202–208.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PLAGEMANN A, HARDER T, RAKE A, et al.: Increasednumber of galanin-neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus of neonatally overfed weanling rats. Brain Res. (1999) 818(1):160–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARANOWSKA B, WASILEWSKA-DZIUBINSKA E, RADZIKOWSKA M, PLONOWSKI A, ROGUSKI K: Neuropeptide Y, galanin and leptin release in obese women and in women with anorexia nervosa. Metabo-lism (1997) 4 6 (12):1384–1389.
   Google Scholar
• BARANOWSKA B, RADZIKOWSKA M, WASILEWSKA-DZIUBINSKA E, et al.: Neuropep tide Y, leptin, galanin and insulin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol. Endocrinol (1999) 13(5):344–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• INVITTI C, BRUNANI A, PASQUALINOTTO L, et al.: Plasmagalanin concentrations in obese, normal weight and anorectic women. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. (1995) 19(5)347–349.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MILEWICZ A, BIDZINSKA B, MIKULSKI E, DEMISSIE M,TWOROWSKA U: Influence of obesity and menopausal status on serum leptin, cholecystokinin, galanin and neuropeptide Y levels [In Process Citation]. Gynecol. Endocrinol. (2000) 1 4 (3) :196–203.
   Google Scholar
• BERRETTINI WH, KAYE WH, SUNDERLAND T, et al.: Galanin immunoreactivity in human CSF: studies in eating disorders and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsycho-biology (1988) 1 9 (2):64–68.
   Google Scholar
• WIESENFELD-HALLIN Z, BARTFAI T, HOKFELT T: Galaninin sensory neurons in the spinal cord. Front. Neuroen-docrinol (1992) 13(4):319–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COLVIN LA, MARK MA, DUGGAN AW: The effect of a peripheral mononeuropathy on immunoreactive (IR)-galanin release in the spinal cord of the rat. Brain Res. (1997) 766(1–2): 259-261.
   Google Scholar
• MAW, BISBY MA: Increase of galanin mRNA in lumbar dorsal root ganglion neurons of adult rats after partial sciatic nerve ligation. Neurosci. Lett. (1999) 262 (3):195–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEN SHI T-J, CU IJ-G, MEYERSON AL, et al.: Regulation of galanin and neuropep tide Yin dorsal root ganglia and dorsal horn in rat mononeuropathic models: possible relation to tactile hypersensitivity. Neuroscience (1999) 93:741–757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAO JX, SHI TJ, XU IS, et al.: Intrathecal galanin alleviates allodynia-like behaviour in rats after partial periph-eral nerve injury. Eur. I NeuroscL (1999) 1 (2):427–432.
   Google Scholar
• CALZA L, POZZA M, ARLETTI R, MANZINI E, HOKFELT T: Long-lasting regulation of galanin, opioid and other peptides in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord during experimental polyarthritis. Exp. Neurol. (2000) 164(2)333–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZHANG X, XU ZO, SHI TJ, et al.: Regulation of expression of galanin and galanin receptors in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord after axotomy and inflammation. Ann. NY Acad. ScL (1998) 863:402–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YU LC, LUNDEBERG S, AN H, WANG FX, LUNDEBERG T:Effects of intrathecal galanin on nociceptive responses in rats with mononeuropathy. Life Sci. (1999) 64 (13):1145–1153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZHANG YP, LUNDEBERG T, YU LC: Interactions of galanin and morphine in the spinal antinociception in rats with mononeuropathy. Brain Res. (2000) 852 (2):485–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POOGA M, SOOMETS U, HALLBRINK M, et al.: Cell penetrating PNA constructs regulate galanin receptor levels and modify pain transmission in vivo. Nature Biotechnol. (1998) 16(9):857–861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZHANG YP, YU LC, LUNDEBERG T: An interaction of opioids and galanin in dorsal horn of the spinal cord in mononeuropathic rats. Regul. Pept. (2000) 86 (1-3):89–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRZEWLOCKA B, MACHELSKA H, REKOWSKI P, KUPRYSZEWSKI G, PRZEWLOCKI R: Intracerebroven-tricular galanin and N-terminal galanin fragment enhance the morphine-induced analgesia in the rat. J Neural Transm. Gen. Sect. (1995) 102(3):229–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MURPHY PG, RAMER MS, BORTHWICK L, et al.: Endoge-nous interleukin-6 contributes to hypersensitivity to cutaneous stimuli and changes in neuropeptides associated with chronic nerve constriction in mice. Eur.J. Neurosci. (1999) 11(7):2243–2253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RAMER MS, MAW, MURPHY PG, RICHARDSON PM, BISBY MA: Galanin expression in neuropathic pain: friend or foe Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (1998) 863:390–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EATON MJ, KARMALLY S, MARTINEZ MA, et al.: Lumbar transplant of neurons genetically modified to secrete galanin reverse pain-like behaviors after partial sciatic nerve injury. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. (1999) 4 (3-4):245–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SENUT MC, MENETREY D, LAMOUR Y: Cholinergic and peptidergic projections from the medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca to dorsal hippocampus, cing-ulate cortex and olfactory bulb: a combined wheatgerm agglutinin-apohorseradish peroxidase-gold immun ohisto chemical study. Neuroscience (1989) 30 (2):385–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MELANDER T, STAINES WA, HOKFELT T, et al.: Galanin-like immunoreactivity in cholinergic neurons of the septum-basal forebrain complex projecting to the hippocampus of the rat. Brain Res. (1985) 360 (1-2) :130–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MEARA G, COUMIS U, MA SY, et al.: Galanin regulates the postnatal survival of a subset of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97(20:11569–11574.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MELANDER T, KOHLER C, NILSSON S, et al: Autoradio-graphic quantitation and anatomical mapping of 125I-galanin binding sites in the rat central nervous system. J. Chem. Neuroanat (1988) 1 (4) :213–233.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SKOFITSCH G, SILLS MA, JACOBOWITZ DM: Autoradio-graphic distribution of 125I-galanin binding sites in the rat central nervous system. Peptides (1986) 7(6):1029–1042.
   Google Scholar
• DUTAR P, LAMOUR Y, NICOLL RA: Galanin blocks the slow cholinergic EPSP in CA1 pyramidal neurons from ventral hippocampus. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1989) 164 (2):355–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FISONE G, WU CF, CONSOLO S, et al.: Galanin inhibits acetylcholine release in the ventral hippocampus of the rat: histochemical, autoradiographic, in vivo and in vitro studies. Proc. NatL Acad. Sci. USA (1987) 84(20)7339–7343.
   Google Scholar
• ••Elegant microdialysis studies demonstrating the clearmodulation of ACh release by galanin and the specificity of the effect to the ventral hippocampus.
   Google Scholar
• ORGEN SO, KEHR J, SCHOTT PA: Effects of ventral hippocampal galanin on spatial learning and on in vivo acetylcholine release in the rat. Neuroscience (1996) 75(4):1127–1140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PALAZZI E, FISONE G, HOKFELT T, BARTFAI T, CONSOLO S: Galanin inhibits the muscarinic stimulation of phosphoinositide turnover in rat ventral hippocampus. Eur. j Pharmacol (1988) 148(3):479–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROBINSON JK, ZOCCHI A, PERT A, CRAWLEY JN: Galanin microinjected into the medial septum inhibits scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow in the rat ventral hippocampus. Brain Res. (1996) 709 (1):81–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROBINSON JK, CRAWLEY JN: In tr aventricular galanin impairs delayed nonmatching-to-sample perform-ance in rats. Behav. Neurosci. (1993) 107 (3):458–467.
   Google Scholar
• SUNDSTROM E, ARCHER T, MELANDER T, HOKFELT T: Galanin impairs acquisition but not retrieval of spatial memory in rats studied in the Morris swim maze. Neurosci. Lett. (1988) 88(3):331–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •One of the first papers describing the memory impairing effects of galanin peptide.
   Google Scholar
• OGREN SO, HOKFELT T, KASK K, LANGEL U: Evidence for a role of the neuropeptide galanin in spatial learning. Neuroscience (1992) 51:1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MALIN DH, NOVY BJ, LETT-BROWN AE, et al.: Galanin attenuates retention of one-trial reward learning. Life Sci. (1992) 50(13):939–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHANDRA AA, MAZARATI AM, SERVETSKII KL: Influence of the neuropeptide galanin on active avoidance in rats. Neurosci. Behav. Physiol. (1994) 24 (5):429–432.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• UKAI M, MIURA M, KAMEYAMA T: Effects of galanin on passive avoidance response, elevated plus-maze learning and spontaneous alternation performance in mice. Peptides (1995) 16:1283–1286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROBINSON JK, CRAWLEY JN: Analysis of anatomical sites at which galanin impairs delayed nonmatching to sample in rats. Behav. Neurosci. (1994) 108(5)941–950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OGREN SO, SCHOTT PA, KEHR J, MISANE I, RAZANI H: Galanin and learning. Brain Res. (1999) 848(1-2):174–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GIVENS BS, OLTON DS, CRAWLEY JN: Galanin in the medial septal area impairs working memory. Brain Res. (1992) 582(0:71–77.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MASTROPAOLO J, NADI NS, OSTROWSKI NL, CRAWLEY JN: Galanin antagonizes acetylcholine on a memory task in basal forebrain-lesioned rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1988) 85(24):9841–9845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KRZYVVKOWSKI P, LAGNY-POURMIR I, JAZAT F, LAMOUR Y, EPELBAUM J: The age-related increase in galanin binding sites in the rat brain correlates with behavioral impairment. Neuroscience (1994) 59 (3):599–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCDONALD MP, CRAWLEY JN: Galanin receptor antago-nist M40 blocks galanin-induced choice accuracy deficits on a delayed-nonmatching-to-position task. Behav. Neurosci. (1996) 11O(5):1025–1032.
   Google Scholar
• •Demonstrates that galanin antagonists have the potential to block the cognitive disrupting effects of galanin.
   Google Scholar
• CHAN-PALAY V: Neurons with galanin innervate cholinergic cells in the human basal forebrain and galanin and acetylcholine coexist. Brain Res. Bull. (1988) 21 (3):465–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Key paper demonstrating the important co-existence andinteraction between galanin and ACh.
   Google Scholar
• BEAL MF, MACGARVEY U, SWARTZ KJ: Galanin immuno-reactivity is increased in the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. (1990) 28(2):157–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GABRIEL SM, BIERER LM, DAVIDSON M, et al.: Galanin-like immunoreactivity is increased in the postmortem cerebral cortex from patients with Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem. (1994) 62(4):1516–1523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RODRIGUEZ-PUERTAS R, NILSSON S, PASCUAL J, PAZOS A, HOKFELT T: 1 25 I-galanin binding sites in Alzheimer's disease: increases in hippocampal subfields and a decrease in the caudate nucleus. J Neurochem. (1997) 68 (3) :1106–1113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOWSER R, KORDOWER JH, MUFSON EJ: A confocal microscopic analysis of galaninergic hyperinnerva-tion of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol. (1997) 7(2) :723–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAN-PALAY V: Galanin hyperinnervates surviving neurons of the human basal nucleus of Meynert in dementias of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease: a hypothesis for the role of galanin in accentuating cholinergic dysfunction in dementia. J. Comp. Neurol. (1988) 273(4):543–557.
   Google Scholar
• •Evidence for a role of galanin in the progression of dementia.
   Google Scholar
• MUFSON EJ, COCHRAN E, BENZING W, KORDOWER JH: Galaninergic innervation of the cholinergic vertical limb of the diagonal band (CH2) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in aging, Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome. Dementia (1993) 4(5):237–250.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MCDONALD MP, WILLARD LB, WENK GL, CRAWLEY JN: Coadministration of galanin antagonist M40 with a muscarinic M1 agonist improves delayed nonmatching to position choice accuracy in rats with cholinergic lesions. J Neurosci. (1998) 18 (13) 5078–5085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEISS JM, BONSALL RW, DEMETRIKOPOULOS MK, EMERY MS, WEST CH: Galanin: a significant role in depression Ann. NY Acad. ScL (1998) 863:364–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FUXE K, JANSSON A, DIAZ-CABIALE Z, et al.: Galanin modulates 5 -hydroxytryp tamine functions. Focus on galaninandgalaninfragment/5-hydroxytryptamineiA receptor interac-tions in the brain. Ann. NY Acad. ScL (1998) 863:274–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CERESINI G, SGOIFO A, FREDDI M, et al.: Effects of galanin and the galanin receptor antagonist galantide on plasma catecholamine levels during a psychosocial stress stimulus in rats. Neuroendocrinology (1998) 67 (1):67–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FREDERIKSEN SO, EKMAN R, GOTTFRIES CG, WIDERLOV E, JONSSON S: Reduced concentrations of galanin, arginine vasopressin, neuropep tide Y and peptide YY in the temporal cortex but not in the hypothalamus of brains from schizophrenics. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (1991) 83(4):273–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •One of the first papers to ask whether galanin is involved in psychosis.
   Google Scholar
• ERICSON E, AHLENIUS S: Suggestive evidence for inhibi-tory effects of galanin on mesolimbic dopaminergic neurotransmission. Brain Res. (1999) 822 (1-2):200–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Evidence for a potential endogenous antipsychotic-like effect of galanin.
   Google Scholar
• ZINI S, ROISIN MP, LANGEL U, BARTFAI T, BEN-ARI Y: Galanin reduces release of endogenous excitatory amino acids in the rat hippocampus. Eur.j Pharmacol (1993) 245 (1):1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAZARATI AM, WASTERLAIN CG, SANKAR R, SHIN D: Self-sustaining status epilepticus after brief electrical stimulation of the perforant path. Brain Res. (1998) 801 (1-2):251–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAZARATI AM, LIU H, SOOMETS U, et al.: Galanin modulation of seizures and seizure modulation of hippocampal galanin in animal models of status epilepticus. j Neurosci. (1998) 18(23):10070–10077.
   Google Scholar
• ••Implication of galanin in the modulation of seizure activity.
   Google Scholar
• MAZARATI AM, HOHMANN JG, BACON A, et al.: Modula-tion of hippocampal excitability and seizures by galanin [In Process Citation]. J. Neurosci. (2000) 20 (16):6276–6281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZACHARIOU V, PARIKH K, PICCIOTTO MR: Centrally administered galanin blocks morphine place prefer-ence in the mouse. Brain Res. (1999) 831 (1-2):33–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRAFSTEIN-DUNN E, CLIFTON DK, STEINER RA: Regula-tion of galanin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in the hypothalamus and basal forebrain of the rat. Horm. Behav. (1994) 28 (4) :417–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RAJENDREN G, GIBSON MJ: Expression of galanin immunoreactivity in gon ado trop in-releasing hormone neurons in mice: a confocal microscopic study. Brain Res. (1999) 821 (2) :270–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLOCH GJ, BUTLER PC, KOHLERT JG, BLOCH DA: Microinjection of galanin into the medial preoptic nucleus facilitates copulatory behavior in the male rat. Physiol. Behav. (1993) 54(4):615–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLOCH GJ, BUTLER PC, ECKERSELL CB, MILLS RH: Gonadal steroid-dependent GAL-IR cells within the medial preoptic nucleus (MP N) and the stimulatory effects of GAL within the MPN on sexual behaviors. Ann. NY Acad. ScL (1998) 863:188–205.
   Google Scholar
• GABRIEL SM, KAPLAN LM, MARTIN JB, KOENIG JI: Tissue-specific sex differences in galanin -like immunoreactivity and galanin mRNA during develop-ment in the rat. Peptides (1989) 10(2):369–374.
   Google Scholar
• FINN PD, MCFALL TB, CLIFTON DK, STEINER RA: Sexual differentiation of galanin gene expression in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Endocri-nology (1996) 137 (11):4767–4772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAPLAN LM, GABRIEL SM, KOENIG JI, et al.: Galanin is an estrogen-inducible, secretory product of the rat anterior pituitary. Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA (1988) 85 (19):7408–7412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEMMER A, HYDE JF: Regulation of galanin secretion from pituitary cells in vitro by estradiol and GHR.H. Peptides (1992) 13(6):1201–1206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GIUSTINA A, LICINI M, BUSSI AR, et al.: Effects of sex and age on the growth hormone response to galanin in healthy human subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1993) 76 (5) :1369–1372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAURE-VIRELIZIER C, CROIX D, BOURET S, et al.: Effects of estrous cyclicity on the expression of the galanin receptor Gal-R1 in the rat preoptic area: a comparison with the male. Endocrinology (1998) 13 9 (104127–4139.
   Google Scholar
• MERCHENTHALER I, LOPEZ FJ, LENNARD DE, NEGRO-VILAR A: Sexual differences in the distribution of neurons coexpressing galanin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the rat brain. Endocri-nology (1991) 12 9 (01977–1986.
   Google Scholar
• LOPEZ FJ, MERCHENTHALER I, CHING M, WISNIEWSKI MG, NEGRO-VILAR A: Galanin: a hyp o thalamic-hypophysiotropic hormone modulating reproductive functions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1 9 9 1) 88 (104508–4512.
   Google Scholar
• ••Report establishing the typical 'neuroendocrine' profile ofgalanin.
   Google Scholar
• LOPEZ FJ, MEADE EH, NEGRO-VILAR A: Endogenous galanin modulates the gonadotropin and prolactin proestrous surges in the rat. Endocrinology (1993) 132(2)795–800.
   Google Scholar
• •First report on the role of galanin in the regulation of ovulation in female rats.
   Google Scholar
• FINN PD, CLIFTON DK, STEINER RA: The regulation of galanin gene expression in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. MoL Cell. Endocrinol. (1998) 140 (1-2) :137–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARANOWSKA B, RADZIKOWSKA M, WASILEWSKA-DZIUBINSKA E, ROGUSKI K, POLONOWSKI A: Relation-ship among leptin, neuropeptide Y and galanin in young women and in postmenopausal women [see comments]. Menopause (2000) 7 (3) :149–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VRONTAKIS ME, SCHROEDTER IC, COSBY H, FRIESEN HG: Expression and secretion of galanin during pregnancy in the rat. Endocrinology (1992) 130 (1):458–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARKS DL, SMITH MS, CLIFTON DK, STEINER RA: Regula-tion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and galanin gene expression in GnRH neurons during lactation in the rat [published erratum appears in Endocrinology(1994)134(1):498]. Endocrinology (1993) 133 (3) :1450–1458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARDENAS H, CARVAJAL A, UTRERAS E, et al.: lactation inhibits the potentiating effect of galanin upon the GnRH-induced LH release observed in diestrous-1 rat. Biol. Res. (1998) 31(4):351–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHU M, MIERZWA R, TRUUMEES I, et al.: A new fungal metabolite, 5CH202596, with inhibitory activity in the galanin receptor GALR1 assay. Tetrahedron Letters (1997) 38: 6111–6114.
   Google Scholar
• ••First description of a non-peptide GalR ligand.
   Google Scholar
• KOROLKIEWICZ RP, KONSTANSKI Z, REKOWSKI P, et al.: The inhibitory effects of terikalant on the contractile activity of galanin in isolated rat fundus strips. Pharmacol. Res. (2000) 41(5):585–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCOTT MK, ROSS TM, LEE DH, et al: 2,3-Dihydro-dithiin and -dithiepine-1,1,4,4-tetroxides: small molecule non-peptide antagonists of the human galanin hGAL-1 receptor. Bioorg. Med. Chem. (2000) 8(6):1383–1391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XU XJ, WIESENFELD-HALLIN Z, LANGEL U, BEDECS K, BARTFAI T: New high affinity peptide antagonists to the spinal galanin receptor. Br. J Pharmacol. (1995) 116(3)2076–2080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ULMAN LG, POTTER EK, MCCLOSKEY DI: Functional effects of a family of galanin antagonists on the cardio-vascular system in anaesthetised cats. Regulatory Peptides (1994) 51:17–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAKACS T, HEGYI P, CZAKO L, BALASPIRI L, LONOVICS J: Effects of galanin(1-16) on pancreatic secretion in anesthetized and conscious rats. Res. Exp. Med. (2000) 199 (5):275–283.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MCDONALD TJ, DUPRE J, TATEMOTO K, GREENBERG GR, RADZIUK J, MUTT V: Galanin inhibits insulin secretion and induces hyperglycemia in dogs. Diabetes (1985) 34(2):192–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LINDSKOG S, AHREN B, LAND T, LANGEL U, BARTFAI T: The novel high-affinity antagonist, galantide, blocks the galanin- mediated inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1992) 210 (2):183–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GU ZF, ROSSOWSKI WJ, COY DH, PRADHAN TK, JENSEN RT: Chimeric galanin analogs that function as antago-nists in the CNS are full agonists in gastrointestinal smooth muscle. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1993) 266:912–918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAND T, LANGEL U, BARTFAI T: Hypothalamic degrada-tion of galanin (1-29) and galanin (1-16): identification and characterization of the peptidolytic products. Brain Res. (1991) 558:245–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIVERA BAEZA C, KASK K, LANGEL U, BARTFAI T, UNDEN A: Analogs of galanin (1-16) modified in positions 1-3 as ligands to rat hypothalamic galanin receptors. Acta Chem. Scand. (1994) 48 (5) :434–438.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SCHOTT PA, HOKFELT T, OGREN SO: Galanin and spatial learning in the rat. Evidence for a differential role for galanin in subregions of the hippocampal formation [In Process Citation]. Neuropharmacology (2000) 39 (8) :1386–1403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WYNICK D, SMITH D, GHATEI M, et al.: Characterization of a high-affinity galanin receptor in the rat anterior pituitary: absence of biological effect and reduced membrane binding of the antagonist M15 differentiate it from the brain/gut receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1993) 90:4231–4235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TODD JF, EDWARDS CM, GHATEI MA, BLOOM SR: The differential effects of galanin-(1-30) and -(3-30) on anterior pituitary hormone secretion in vivo in humans [In Process Citation]. Am. J. Physic)]. Endocrinol. Metab. (2000) 278 (6) :E1060–1066.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEDLUND PB, FINNMAN UB, YANAIHARA N, FUXE K: Galanin-(1-15), but not galanin-(1-29), modulates 5-HT1t receptors in the dorsal hippocampus of the rat brain: possible existence of galanin receptor subtypes. Brain Res. (1994) 634:163–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XU ZQ, MA X, SOOMETS U, LANGEL U, HOKFELT T: Electrophysiological evidence for a hyperpolarizing, galanin (1–15)-selective receptor on hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA (1999) 96 (25):14583–14587.
   Google Scholar
• DIAZ-CABIALE Z, NARVAEZ JA, FINNMAN UB, BELLIDO I, OGREN SO, FUXE K: Galanin-(1–16) modulates 5-HT1A receptors in the ventral limbic cortex of the rat. NeuroReport (2000) H (3):515–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANDELL-JONSSON S, XU IS, BARTFAI T, XU XJ, WIESENFELD-HALLIN Z: The effect of naturally occurring fragments of galanin message-associated peptide on spinal cord excitability in rats. NeuroscL Lett. (1997) 235(3):154–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEE DK, NGUYEN T, O'NEILL GP, et al: Discovery of a receptor related to the galanin receptors. FEBS Lett. (1999) 446(0:103–107.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LENZ C, SONDERGAARD L, GRIMMELIKHUIJZEN CJ: Molecular cloning and genomic organization of a novel receptor from Drosophila melanogaster structurally related to mammalian galanin receptors. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2000) 269(1):91–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JUREUS A, CUNNINGHAM MJ, MCCLAIN ME, CLIFTON DK, STEINER RA: Galanin-like peptide (GALP) is a target for regulation by leptin in the hypothalamus of the rat. Endocrinology (2000) 141 (7)2703–2706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar