Bibliography
- THOMAS JT, LAIMINS LA: Analysis of the life cycle of human papillomavirus type 11 in a cell culture model. 18th International HPV Meeting. Barcelona, Spain (2000).
- KOUTSKY L: Epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection. Am. J. Med. (1997) 102:3–8.
- ••The key epidemiology study.
- WALBOOMERS JMM, JACOBS MV, MANOS MM et al.: Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide./ Pathol. (1999) 189:12–19.
- ••Confirming the link between humanpapillomavirus and cervical cancer.
- ZUR HAUSEN H: Papillomaviruses causing cancer: evasion from host-cell control in early events in Carcinogenesis. J. Nail. Cancer. Inst. (2000) 92:690–698.
- BEUTNER KR, FERENCZY A: Therapeutic approaches to genital warts. Am. j Med. (1997) 102:28–37.
- KRAUS SJ, STONE KM: Management of genital infection caused by human papillomavirus. Rev. Infect. Dis. (1990) 12:S620–S632.
- Watson Pharmaceuticals. Press Release (18/03/97).
- EDWARDS A, ATMA-RAM A, THIN RN: Podophyllotoxin 0.5% v podophyllin 20% to treat penile warts. Genitourinary Med. (1988) 64:263–265.
- TROFATTER KF: Interferon treatment of anogenital human papillomavirus-related diseases. DermatoL Clin. (1991) 9:343–352.
- MILLER RL, GERSTER JF, OWENS ML, SLADE HB, TOMAI MA: Imiquimod applied topically: a novel immune response modifier and new class of drug. Int. j ImmunopharmacoL (1999) 21:1–14.
- WEEKS CE, GIBSON SJ: Induction of interferon and other cytokines by imiquimod and its hydroxylated metabolite R842 in human blood cells in vitro. J. Interferon Res. (1994) 14: 81–85.
- TYRING SK, ARANY I, STANLEY MA et al.: A randomised, controlled, molecular study of condyloma acuminata clearance during treatment with imiquimod. J. Infect. Dis. (1998) 178:551–555.
- EDWARDS L, FERENCZY A: Self- administered topical 5% imiquimod cream for external anogenital warts. Arch. DermatoL (1998) 134:25–30.
- •Clinical trial data demonstrating the efficacy of imiquimod.
- FIFE KH: New treatments for genital warts less than ideal: abstract and commentary. J. Am. Med. Assoc. (1998) 279:2003–2004.
- IMS MIDAS data (PB Business Analysis) (May 2001).
- STANLEY MA, MASTERSON PJ, NICHOLS PK: In vitro and animal models for antiviral therapy in papillomavirus infections. Antiviral. Chem. Chemother. (1997) 8:381–400.
- BONNEZ W, DARIN C, BORKHUIS C et al.: Isolation and propagation of human papillomavirus type 16 in human xenografts implanted in the severe combined immunodeficiency mouse. J. ViroL (1998) 72:5256–5261.
- ••An important advance in the developmentof an HPV animal model.
- www.biokeys.com Company website (01/03/00).
- BRONSON JJ, GHAZZOULI I, HITCHCOCK JM, WEBB RR II, MARTIN JC: Synthesis and antiviral activity of the nucleotide analogue (5)-1- [3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonylmethoxy) propyl[cystosine. J. Med. Chem. (1989) 32:1457–1463.
- EVANDER M, FRAZER IH, PAYNE E et al.: Identification of the alpha-6 integrin as a candidate receptor for papillomaviruses. Viral. (1997) 71:2449–2456.
- YOON C, KIM, K, PARKS, CHEONG S: a6 Integrin is the main receptor of human papillomavirus type 16 VLP. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2001) 283:668–673.
- SIBBET G, ROMERO-GRAILLET C, MENEGUZZI, CAMPO MS: a6 integrin is not the obligatory cell-receptor for bovine papillomavirus type 4.1 Gen. Viral. (2000) 81:327–334.
- GIROGLOU T, FLORIN L, SCHAFER F, STREECK R, SAPP M: Human papillomavirus infection requires cell surface heparan sulfate. j ViroL (2001) 75:1565–1570.
- KAWANA Y, KAWANA K, YOSHIKAWA H et al.: Human papillomavirus type 16 minor capsid protein L2 N-terminal region containing a common neutralisation epitope binds to the cell surface and enters the cytoplasm. ViroL (2001) 75:2331–2336.
- ROCQUE WJ, PORTER DJT, BARNES JA et al.: Replication-associated activities of purified human papillomavirus type 11 El Helicase. Prot. Expr. Purif (2000) 18:148–159.
- SPECTOR F, LIANG L, GIORDANO H, SIVARAJA M, PETERSON M: Inhibition of herpes simplex virus replication by a 2-amino thiazole via interactions with the helicase component of the UL5-UL8-UL52 complex./ ViroL (1998) 72:6979–6987.
- JENKINS O, EARNSHAW D, SARGINSON G et al.: Characterisation of the helicase and ATPase activity of human papillomavirus type 6b El protein./ Gen. ViroL (1996) 77:1805–1809.
- MATSON SW, KAISER-ROGERS KA: DNA Helicases. Ann. Rev. Biochem. (1990) 59:289–329.
- RANEY KD, SOWERS LC, MILLAR DP, BENKOVIC SJ: A fluorescence-based assay for monitoring helicase activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1994) 91:6644–6648.
- BIRD LE,BRANNIGAN JA, SUB RAMANYA HS, WIGLEY DB: Characterisation of Bacillus stearothermophilus PcrA. Nucleic Acids Res. (1998) 26:2686–2693.
- KOROLEV S, YAO NH, LOHMAN TM et al.: Comparison between the structures of HCV and rep helicases reveal structural similarities between SF1 and SF2 superfamilies of helicases. Protein Sci. (1998) 7:605–610.
- CHO HS, HA NC, KANG LW et al.: Crystal Structure of RNA Helicase from genotype lb hepatitis C virus - a feasible mechanism of unwinding duplex RNA. j Biol. Chem. (1998) 273:15045–15052.
- KECK JL BERGER JM: DNA replication at high resolution. Chem. Biol. (2000) 7:63–71.
- SOULTANAS P, WIGLEY DB: DNA helicases: 'inching forward.' Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. (2000) 10:124–128.
- VON HIPPEL PH, DELAGOUTTE E: A general model for nucleic acid helicases and their 'coupling' within macromolecular machines. Cell (2001) 104:177–190.
- BARCENA M, RUIZ T, DONATE LE et al.: The DnaB.DnaC complex: a structure based on dimers assembled around an occluded channel. EMBO. J. (2001) 20:1462–1468.
- ••The first structure of a hexameric helicasecomplex.
- WELLS SI, FRANCIS DA, KARPOVA AY>et al.: Papillomavirus E2 induces senescence in HPV-positive cells via pRB- and p21CIP-dependent pathways. EMBO. J. (2000) 19:5762–5771.
- MCBRIDE AA, ROMANCZUK H, HOWLEY PM: The papillomavirus E2 regulatory proteins. J. Biol. Chem. (1991) 266:18411–18414.
- YASUGI T, BENSON JD, SAKAI H et al.:Mapping and characterisation of the interaction domains of human papillomavirus type 16 El and E2 proteins. J Viral. (1997) 71:891–899.
- ANTSON AA, BURNS JE, MOROZOV et al.: Structure of the intact transactivation domain of the human papillomavirus E2 protein. Nature (2000) 403:805–809.
- HARRIS SF, BOTCHAN MR: Crystal structure of the human papillomavirus type 18 E2 activation domain. Science (1999) 284:1673–1677.
- MCBRIDE AA, BYRNE JC, HOWLEY PM: E2 polypeptides encoded by bovine papillomavirus type 1 form dimers through the common carboxy terminal domain; Transactivation is mediated by the conserved aminoterminal domain. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA (1989) 86:510–514.
- HEGDE RS, GROSSMAN SR, LAIMINS LA, SIGLER PB: Crystal structure at 1.7A of the bovine papillomavirus-1 E2 DNA-binding domain bound to its DNA target. Nature (1992) 359:505–512.
- LIANG H, PETROS AM, MEADOWS RP et al.: Solution structure of the DNA binding domain of a human papillomavirus E2 protein: evidence for flexible DNA-binding regions. Biochemistry (1996) 35:2095–2103.
- DESAINTES C, GOYAT S, GARBAY S, YANIV M, THIERRY F: Papillomavirus E2 induces p53-independent apoptosis in HeLa cells. Oncogene (1999) 18:4538–4545.
- WEBSTER K, PARISH J, PANDYA M et al.: The human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E2 protein induces apoptosis in the absence of other HPV proteins and via a p53-dependent pathway. J. Biol. Chem. (2000) 275:87–94.
- KURG R, LANGEL U, USTAV M: Inhibition of the bovine papillomavirus E2 protein activity by peptide nucleic acid Virus Res. (2000) 66:39–50.
- KASUKAWA H, HOWLEY PM, BENSON JD: A fifteen amino acid peptide inhibits human papillomavirus El-E2 interaction and human papillomavirus DNA replication in vitro. J. Viral. (1998) 72:8166–8173.
- HAJDUK PJ, DINGES J, MIKINIS GF et al.: NMR-based discovery of lead inhibitors that block DNA binding of the human papillomavirus E2 protein. J. Med. Chem. (1997) 40:3144–3150.
- •The use of biostructural information to identify and optimise leads.
- DOORBAR J, CAMPBELL D, GRAND RJA, GALLIMORE PH: Identification of the human papillomavirus-la E4 gene products. EMBO J (1986) 5:825–833.
- DOORBAR J, CONERON I, GALLIMORE PH: Sequence divergence yet conserved physical characteristics among the E4 proteins of cutaneous human papillomaviruses Virology (1989)172:1–62.
- DOORBAR J, ELY S, STERLING J, MCCLEAN C, CRAWFORD L: Specific interactions between HPV16 El "E4 and cytokeratins results in collapse of the epithelial cell intermediate filament network. Nature (1991) 352:824–827.
- STERLING JC, SKEPPER JN, STANLEY MA: Immunoelectron microscopical localisation of the human papillomavirus type 16 Ll and E4 proteins in cervical keratinocytes cultured in vitro. J Invest. Dermatol. ( 1993) 100:154–158.
- ROBERTS S, ASHMOLE I, SHEEHAN TMT et al.: Mutational analysis of human papillomavirus E4 proteins: identification of structural features important in the formation of cytoplasmic E4/cytokeratin networks in epithelial cells. J. Viral. (1994) 68:6432–6455.
- DOORBAR J, MEDCALF E, NAPTHINE S: Analysis of HPV E4 complexes and their associations with keratins in vivo. Virology (1996) 218:114–126.
- BUBB V, MCCANCE, SCHLEGEL R: DNA sequence of the HPV-16 E5 ORF and the structural conservation of its encoded protein./ Viral. (1993) 67: 6170–6178.
- CONRAD M, BUBB VL, SCHLEGEL R: The human papillomavirus type 6 and 16 E5 proteins are membrane-associated proteins which associate with the 16-kilodalton pore-forming protein. J Viral. (1993) 67:6170–6178.
- STRAIGHT SW, HERMAN B, MCCANCE DJ: The E5 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus type 16 inhibits the acidification of endosomes in human keratinocytes. ViraL (1995) 69: 3185–3192.
- THOMSEN P, VAN DEURS B, NORRILD B, KAYSER L: The HPV16 E5 oncogene inhibits endocytic trafficking. Oncogene (2000) 19:6023–6032.
- BRIGGS MW, ADAM JL, MCCANCE DJ: The human papillomavirus type 16 E5 protein alters vacuolar H*-ATPase function and stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Virology (2001) 280:169–175.
- RODRIGUEZ MI, FINBOW ME, ALONSO A: Binding of human papillomavirus 16 E5 to the 16 kDa subunit c (proteolipid) of the vacuolar FP-ATPase can be dissociated from the E5-mediated epidermal growth factor receptor overactivation. Oncogene (2000) 19:3727–3732.
- WOODWORTH CD, GAIOTTI D, MICHAEL E, HANSEN L, NEES M: Targeted disruption of the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibits development of papillomas and carcinomas from human papillomavirus-immortalised keratinocytes. Cancer Res. (2000) 60:4397–4402.
- SIROTNAK FM, ZAKOWSKI MF, MILLER VA, SCHER HI, KRIS MG: Efficacy of cytotoxic agents against human tumour xenografts is markedly enhanced by coadministration of ZD1839 (Iressa) an inhibitor of EGFR tyrosine kinase. Clin. Cancer Res. (2000) 6:4885–4892.
- MAKI CG, HUIBRETSE JM, HOWLEY PM: In vivo ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of p53. Cancer Res. (1996) 56:2649–2654.
- CHO Y-S, CHO C-W, JOUNG 0 et al.: Development of screening systems for drugs against human papillomavirus-associated cervical cancer: based on E6-E6AP binding. Antiviral Res. (2000) 47:199–206.
- KIYONO T, HIRAIWA A, FUJITA M et al.: Inhibition of p53-mediated transactivation by E6 of type 1, but not type 5, 8, or 47, human papillomaviruses of cutaneous origin. J. Viral. (1994) 68:4656–4661.
- RAPP L, CHEN JJ: The papillomavirus E6proteins. Biochem. Biophys. Acta (1998) 1378:Fl-F19.
- DEGENHARDT YY, SILVERSTEIN SJ: Gps2, a protein partner for human papillomavirus E6 proteins./ Viral. (2001) 75:151–160.
- KLINGELHUTZ AJ, FOSTER SA, MCDOUGALL JK: Telomerase activation by the E6 gene product of human papillomavirus type 16. Nature (1996)380:79–82.
- OH ST, KYO S, LAIMINS LA: Telomeraseactivation by human papillomavirus type 16 E6 protein: induction of human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression through Myc and GC-rich Spl binding sites. J. Viral. (2001) 75: 5559–5566.
- VELDMAN T, HORIKAWA I, BARRETT JC, SCHLEGEL R: Transcriptional activation of the telomerase hTERT gene by human papillomavirus type 16 E6 oncoprotein. Viral. (2001) 75:4467–4472.
- RISTRIANI T, MASSON M, NOMINE Y et al.: HPV Oncoprotein E6 is a structure-dependent DNA-binding protein that recognises four-way junctions. J MaL Biol. (2000) 296:1189–1203.
- ••Biochemical characterisation of the E6protein.
- BEERHEIDE W, BERNARD H-U, TAN YJ et al.: Potential drugs against cervical cancer: zinc-ejecting inhibitors of the human papillomavirus type 16 E6 Oncoprotein. j Natl. Cancer Inst. (1999) 91:1211–1220.
- BERHEIDE W, SIM, MM, TAN YJ: Inactivation of the human papillomavirus-16 E6 oncoprotein by organic disulphides. Bioarganic Med. Chem. (2000) 8:2549–2560.
- MUNGER K, PHELPS WC: The human papillomavirus-E7 protein as a transforming and transactivating factor. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1993) 1155: 111–123.
- REY O, LEE S, BALUDA MA, SWEE J et al.: The E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus type 16 interacts with F-actin in vitro and in vivo. Virology (2000) 268:372–381.
- BARNARD P, PAYNE E, MCMILLAN NAJ: The human papillomavirus E7 protein is able to inhibit the antiviral and anti-growth functions of interferon-a. Virology (2000) 277:411–419.
- PARK J-S, KIM E-J, KWON H-J et al.: Inactivation of interferon regulatory factor-1 tumour suppressor protein by HPV E7 oncoprotein: implication for the E7-mediated immune evasion mechanism in cervical carcinogenesis. j Biol. Chem. (2000) 275:6764–6769.
- PEREA SE, MASSIMI P, BANKS L: Human papillomavirus type 16 E7 impairs the activation of the interferon regulatory factor-1. Int. J. Mal. Med. (2000) 5:661–666.
- JONES DL, ALANI RM, MUNGER K: The human papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein can uncouple cellular differentiation and proliferation in human keratinocytes by abrogating p21Cipl-mediated inhibition of cdk2. Genes Dev. (1997) 11:2101–2111.
- CHIEN, W-M, PARKER JN, SCHMIDT-GRIMMINGER D-C, BROKER TR, CHOW LT: Casein kinase II phosphorylation of the human papillomavirus-18 E7 protein is critical for promoting S-phase entry. Cell Growth Diffir. (2000) 11:425–435.
- BEN-BASSAT H, ROSENBAUM-MITRANI S, HARTZSTARK Z et al.: Inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor kinase and of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 activation induce growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis of human papilloma virus 16-immortalized human keratinocytes. Cancer Res. (1997) 57: 3741–3750.
- PAHEL G, AULABAH A, SHORT SA et al.: Structural and functional characterisation of the HPV16 E7 protein expressed in bacteria. J. Biol. Chem. (1993) 268:26018–26025.
- LEE J-0, RUSSO AA, PAVLETICH NP:Structure of the retinoblastoma tumour-suppressor pocket domain bound to a peptide from HPV E7. Nature (1998) 391:859–865.
- RODEN RBS, HIRNBAUER R, JENSON AB, LOWY DR, SCHILLER JT: Interaction of papillomaviruses with the cell surface. j Viral. (1994) 68:7260–7266.
- KIRNBAUER R, TAUB J, GREENSTONE H et al..: Efficient self-assembly of human papillomavirus type-16 Li and L2 into virus-like particles. J. Viral. (1993) 67:6929–6936.
- McCARTHYMP, WHITE WI, PALMERHILL F, KOENIG S, SUZICH JA: Quantitative disassembly and reassembly of human papillomavirus type 11 viruslike particles in vitro. J. Viral. (1998) 72:32–41.
- COWSERT LM, FOX MC, ZON G, MIRABELLI CK: In vitro evaluation of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides targeted to the E2mRNA of papillomavirus: potential treatment for genital warts. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:171–177.
- www.origenix.com Press release (08/01/01).
- LEWIS JE, AGRAWAL S, BISHOP J et al.: Non-specific antiviral activity of antisense molecules targeted at the El region of human papillomavirus. Antiviral Res. (2000) 48:187-196. Oligonucleotides can have non-specific antiviral effects.
- STREET MD, TINDLE RW: Vaccines for human-papillomavirus-associated anogenital disease and cervical cancer: practical and theoretical approaches. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (1999) 8:761–776.
- ••A thorough review of vaccine approaches.
- HILLEMAN MR: Overview of vaccinologywith special reference to papillomavirus vaccines./ Clin. Viral. (2000) 19:79–90.
- www.stressgen.com Press release (06/06/01).
- ••A potentially key development in genitalwart therapy.
- www.medimmune.com Press release (18/09/00).
- www.stressgen.com Press release (10/04/01).
- FIFE KH, BROWN, DR, WHEELER, www.stressgen.com Press release (10/04/01). FIFE KH, BROWN, DR, WHEELER, CM et al.: A dose-ranging study of the safety and immunogenicity profiles of an HPV 11 Li VP candidate vaccine in young healthy women. 18th International HPV Meeting. Barcelona, Spain (2000).