Emerging drugs for neuropathic pain

Bibliography

• CUMMINS T, WAXMAN S: Down regulation of tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium currents and upregulation of a rapidly repriming tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium current in small spinal sensory neurons after nerve injury. Neuroscience (1997) 17:3503–3514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEVOR M, GOVRIN-LIPPMANN R, ANGELSIDES K: Na channel immunolocalization in peripheral mammalian axons and changes following nerve injury and neuroma formation. J Neuroscience (1993) 13:1976–1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ENGLAND J, HAPPEL L, KLINE D: Sodium channel accumulation in humans with painful neuromas. Neurology (1996) 47:272–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEJGARD A, PETERSEN P, KASTRUP J: Mexiletine for treatment of chronic painful diabetic neuropathy. Lancet (1988) 1:9–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STRACKE H, MEYER U: Mexiletine in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care (1992) 15:1550–1555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCCLEANE G: 200mg daily of lamotrigine has no analgesic effect in neuropathic pain: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Pain (1999) 83:105–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AKOPIAN A, SIVILOTTI L, WOOD J: A tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel expressed by sensory neurons. Nature (1996) 379:257–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAPLAN SR, CALCUTT NA, YAKSH TL: Pharmacology of tactile allodynia in the streptozotocin diabetic rat. Soc. Neurosci. Abst. (1995) 21:1172.
   Google Scholar
• COURTEIX C, BARDIN M, CHANTELAUZE C, LAVARENNE J, ESCHALIER A: Study of the sensitivity of the diabetes-induced pain model in rats to a range of analgesics. Pain (1994) 57:153–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEIPHART JW DILLS CV, ZIKEL OM, KIM DL, LEVY RM: A comparison of intrathecally administered narcotic and nonnarcotic analgesics for experimental chronic neuropathic pain. J Neurosurg. (1995) 82:595–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YAMAMOTO T, YAKSH TL: Spinal pharmacology of thermal hyperesthesia induced by incomplete ligation of sciatic nerve I opioid and nonopioid receptors.Anesthesiology (1991) 75: 817–826.
   Google Scholar
• LEE Y-W, CHAPLAN SR, YAKSH TL: Systemic and supraspinal, but not spinal, opiates suppress allodynia in a rat neuropathic pain model. Neurosci. Lett. (1995) 199:111–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This article demonstrates the differential efficacy of the opioids for the treatment of neuropathic pain when delivered systemically versus spinally.
   Google Scholar
• SHERMAN SE, LOOMIS CW: Morphine insensitive allodynia is produced by intrathecal strychnine in the lightly anesthetized rat. Pain (1994) 56:17–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XU X, HAO J, SEIGER A, AMER S, LINDBLOM U, WIESENFELD-HALLIN Z: Systemic mexiletine relieves chronic allodynia-like symptoms in rats with ischemic spinal cord injury. Anesth. Analg (1992) 74:649–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YAKSH TL: Behavioral and autonomic correlates of the tactile evoked allodynia produced by spinal glycine inhibition: effects of modulatory receptor systems and excitatory amino acid antagonists. Pain (1989) 37:111–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YAKSH T, POGREL J, LEE Y, CHAPLAN S: Reversal of nerve ligation-induced allodynia by spinal alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonists. j Pharmacol. Experim. Therap. (1995) 1995:207–214.
   Google Scholar
• HARATI Y, GOOCH C, SWENSON M et al.: Maintenance of the long-term effectiveness of tramadol in treatment of the pain of diabetic neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications (2000) 14(2):65–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BACKONJA M, BEYDOUN A, EDWARDS K et al.: Gabapentin for the symptomatic treatment of painful neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus. JAMA (1998) 280: 1831–1836.
   Google Scholar
• •Large double blind placebo controlled study demonstrating the efficacy of gabapentin for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
   Google Scholar
• ROWBOTHAM M, HARDEN N, STACEY B, BERNSTEIN P, MAGNUS-MILLER L: Gabapentin for the treatment of postherapeutic neuralgia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA (1998) 280:1837–1863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Large double blind placebo controlled study demonstrating the efficacy of gabapentin for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
   Google Scholar
• MAX M, CULNAME M, SCHAFER S et al.: Amitriptyline relieves diabetic neuropathy pain in patients with normal or depressed mood. Neurology (1987) 37:589–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAX M, KISHORE-KUMAR R, SCHAFER S et al.: Efficacy of desipramine in painful diabetic neuropathy. a placebo controlled trial. Pain (1991) 45:3–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BYAS-SMITH M, MAX M, MUIR J, KINGMAND A: Transdermal clonidine compared to placebo in painful diabetic neuropathy using a two-stage enrichment design. Pain (1995) 60(3):267–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OZAWA S, KAMIYA H, TSUZUKI K: Glutamate receptors in the mammalian central nervous system. Prog. Neurobiol. (1998) 54:581–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOLHEKAR R, MELLER S, GEBHART G: N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediate changes in thermal nociception: allosteric modulation at glycine and polyamine recognition sites. Neuroscience (1994) 63(4):925–936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QUARTAROLI M, CARIGNANI C, DAL FORNO G et al.: Potent antihyperalgesic activity without tolerance produced by glycine site antagonist N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor Gv196771a. J. Pharmacol. Experim. Therap. (1999) 290(1):158–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BORDI F, QUARTAROLI M: Modulation of nociceptive transmission by NMDA/ glycine site receptor in the ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. Pain (2000) 84(2-3):213–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JETT M, MCGUIRK J, WALIGORA D, HUNTER J: The effects of mexiletine, desipramine and fluoxetine in rat models involving central sensitization. Pain (1997) 69:161–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAMEI J, HITOSUGI H, KAWASHIMA N, AOKI T, OHHASHI Y, KASUYA Y: Antinociceptive effect of mexiletine in diabetic mice. Res. Comm. Chem. Path. Pharm. (1992) 77:245–248.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CHABAL C, RUSSELL D, BUCHIEL K: The effect of intravenous lidocaine, tocainide, and mexiletine on spontaneous active fibers originating in rat sciatic neuromas. Pain (1989) 38:333–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUNTER J, GOGAS K, HEDLEY L et al.:The effect of novel anti-epileptic drugs in rat experimental models of acute and chronic pain. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1997) 324:153–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAKAMURA-CRAIG M, FOLLENFANT R: Effects of guanethidine on sensitization to natural stimuli and self-mutilating behaviour in rats with a peripheral neuropathy. Pain (1995) 63:33–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZAKRZEWSKA J, CHAUDHRY Z, NURMIKKO T, PATTON D, MULLENS E: Lamotrigine (Lamictal) in refractory trigeminal neuralgia: results from a double-blind placebo controlled crossover trial. Pain (1997) 73:223–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARBISON J, DENNEHY F, KEATING D: Lamotrigine for pain with hyperalgesia. Irish Med. J. (1997) 90(2):56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DI VADI P, HAMANN W: The use of lamotrigine in neuropathic pain. Anaesthesia (1998) 53:808–809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CANAVERO S, BONICALZI V: Lamotrigine control of central pain. Pain (1996) 68:179–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TREZISE D, JOHN V, XIE X: Voltage-and use-dependent inhibition of Na' channels in rat sensory neurones by 4030w92, a new antihyperalgesic agent. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1998) 124:953–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLAYTON N, COLLINS S, SARGENT R, BROWN T, NOBBS M, BOUNTRA C: The effect of the novel sodium channel blocker 4030w92, in models of acute and chronic inflammatory pain. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1997) 123:79.
   Google Scholar
• COLLINS S, CLAYTON N, NOBBS M, BOUNTRA C: The effect of 4030w92, a novel sodium channel blocker on the treatment of neuropathic pain in the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1997) 123: 16.
   Google Scholar
• CHAPLAN S, POGREL J, YAKSH T: Role of voltage-dependent calcium channel subtypes in experimental tactile allodynia. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1995) 269:1117–1123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEAN B: Classes of calcium channels in vertebrate cells. Ann. Rev. Physiol. (1989) 51:367–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HESS P: Calcium channels in vertebrate cells. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. (1990) 13:337–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SWANDULLA D, CARBONE E, LUX H: Do calcium channel classifications account for neuronal calcium channel diversity? Trends Neurosci. (1991) 14: 46–51.
   Google Scholar
• BERTOLINO M, LLINAS R: The centralrole of voltage-activated and receptor-operated calcium channels in neuronal cells. Ann. Rev. Pharmocol. Taxied. (1992) 32:399–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OLIVERA B, MILJANICH G, RAMACHANDRAN J, ADAMS M: Calcium channel diversity and neurotransmitter release: the W-Conotoxins and W-Agatoxins. Ann. Rev. Biochem.(1994) 63:823–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUNLAP K, LUEBKE J, TURNER T: Exocytotic Ca2* channels in mammalian central neurons. Trends Neurosci. (1995) 18:89–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MILJANICH G, RAMACHANDRAN J: Antagonists of neuronal calcium channels: structure, function, and therapeutic implications. Ann. Rev. Pharmocol. Taxied. (1995) 35:707–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VANEGAS H, SCHAIBLE H: Effects of antagonists to high-threshold calcium channels upon spinal mechanisms of pain, hyperalgesia and allodynia. Pain (2000) 85:9–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOHIL K, BELL J, RAMACHANDRAN J, MILJANICH G: Neuroanatomical distribution of receptors for a novel voltage-sensitive calcium-channel antagonist, SNX-230 (Omega-Conopeptide Mviic). Brain Res. (1994) 653(1-2):258–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AUGUSTINE G, CHARLTON M, SMITH S: Calcium Action in Synaptic Transmitter Release. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. (1987) 10:633–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OLIVERA B, GRAY W, ZEIKUS R, MCINTOSH J, VARGA J, RIVIER J, DE SANTOS V, CRUZ L: Peptide neurotoxins from fish-hunting cone snails. Science (1985) 230(4732):1338–1343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AOSAKI T, KASAI H: Characterization of two kinds of high-voltage-activated Ca-channel currents in chick sensory neurons. differential sensitivity to dihydropyridines and omega-conotoxin gvia. Pfugers Arch. (1989) 414:150–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHER E, CLEMENTI F: Omega-conotoxin-sensitive voltage-operated calcium channels in vertebrate cells. Neuroscience (1990) 42:42301–42307.
   Google Scholar
• BOWERSOX S, GADBOIS T, SINGH T, PETTUS M, WANG Y, LUTHER R: Selective N-type neuronal voltage-sensitive calcium channel blocker, snx-111, produces spinal antinociception in rat models of acute, persistent and neuropathic pain. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1996) 279:1243–1249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BENNETT G, XIE Y: A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man. Pain (1988) 33:87–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This article describes an important animal model for testing analgesic efficacy in neuropathic pain.
   Google Scholar
• YAMAMOTO T, SAKASHITA Y: Differential effects of intrathecally administered N- and P-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel blockers upon two models of experimental mononeuropathy in the rat. Brain Res. (1998) 794:329–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CALCUTT N, CHAPLAN S: Spinal pharmacology of tactile allodynia in diabetic rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1997) 122:1478–1482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAPLAN S, POGREL J, YAKSH T: Pharmacology of tactile allodynia in the streptozotocin diabetic rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1994) 269:1117–1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XIAO W, BENNETT G: Synthetic omega-conopeptides applied to the site of nerve injury suppress neuropathic pains in rats. j Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1995) 274:666–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHITE D, COUSINS M: Effect of subcutaneous administration of calcium channel blockers on nerve injury-induced hyperalgesia. Brain Res. (1998) 10:50–58.
   Google Scholar
• BROSE W, GUTLOVE D, LUTHER R, BOWERSOX S, MCGUIRE D: Selective N-type neuronal voltage-sensitive calcium channel blocker, Snx-111, produces spinal antinociception in rat models of acute, persistent and neuropathic pain. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1996) 13:256–259.
   Google Scholar
• PRESLEY R, CHARAPATA S, PERRAR-BRECHNER T et al.: Chronic, opioid-resistant, neuropathic pain: marked analgesic efficacy of intrathecal ziconotide. 1998 Annual American Pain Society. San Diego, CA, USA (1998):A894.
   Google Scholar
• RAUCK R, EISENACH J, JACKSON K, YOUNG L, SOUTHERN J: Epidural clonidine treatment for refractory reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Anesthesiology (1993) 79:1163–1169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COOMBS D, SAUNDERS R, FRATKIN J: Continuous intrathecal hydromorphone and clonidine for intractable cancer pain. j Neurosurg. (1986) 64:890–894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EISENACH J, RAUCK R, BUZZANELL C, LYSAK S: Epidural clonidine analgesia for intractable cancer pain: Phase I. Anesthesiology (1989) 71: 647–652.
   Google Scholar
• SIDDALL P, GRAY M, RUTKOWSKI S, COUSINS M: Intrathecal morphine and clonidine in the management of spinal cord injury pain: a case report. Pain (1994) 59:147–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BORG P, KRIJNEN H: Long-term intrathecal administration of midazolam and clonidine. Clin. J. Pain (1996) 12:63–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EISENACH J, DUPEN S, DUBOIS M, MIGUEL R, ALLIN D: Epidural clonidine analgesia for intractable cancer pain. Pain (1995) 61:391–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This is one of the few controlled intraspinal drug studies for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
   Google Scholar
• DECKER MW, CURZON P, HOLLADAY MW et al.: The role of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in antinociception: effects of Abt-594. Physiol. (1998) 92(3-4):221–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MALMBERG A, YAKSH T: Cyclo-oxygenase inhibition and the spinal release of prostaglandin e2 and amino acids evoked by paw formalin injection: a microdialysis study in unanesthetized rats. J. Neurosei. (1995) 15:2768–2776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MALMBERG A, YAKSH TL: Hyperalgesia mediated by spinal glutamate or substance p receptor blocked by spinal cyclo-oxygenase inhibition. Science (1992) 257:1276–1279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SYRIATOWICZ J, HUD, WALKER J, TRACEY D: Hyperalgesia due to nerve injury: role of prostaglandins. Neurosei. (1999) 94:587–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIPAMONTI C, TICOZZI C, ZECCA E, RODRIGUEZ C, DE CONNO F: Continuous subcutaneous infusion of ketorolac in cancer neuropathic pain unresponsive to opioid and adjuvant drugs. A case report. Tumori (1996) 82(4):413–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UDA R, HORIGUCHI S, ITO S, HYODO M, HIAYAISHI 0: Nociceptive effect induced by intrathecal administration of prostaglandins D2, e2 or f2a to conscious mice. Brain Res. (1990) 510:26–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MILJANICH G, RAMACHANDRAN J: Characterization of Ep-receptor subtypes involved in allodynia and hyperalgesia induced by intrathecal administration of prostaglandin E2 to mice. Br. j Pharmacol. (1994) 112:735–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CUT J, MEYERSON B, SOLLEVIA BL: Effect of spinal cord stimulation on tactile hypersensitivity in mononeuropathic rats is potentiated by simultaneous GABA(b) and adenosine receptor activation. Neurosei. Lett. (1998) 247:183–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEE Y, YAKSH T: Pharmacology of the spinal adenosine receptor which mediates the antiallodynic action of intrathecal adenosine agonists. j Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1996) 277:1642–1648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PM LH, EISENACH J: Exogenous and endogenous adenosine enhance the spinal antialldynic effects of morphine in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Pain (1999)1999:31–36.
   Google Scholar
• VON HEIJNE M, HAO J, YU W: Reduced anti-allodynic effect of the adenosine al-receptor agonist R-phenylisopropyladenosine on repeated intrathecal administration and lack of cross-tolerance with morphine in a rat model of central pain. Anesth. Analg. (1998) 87:1367–1371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BELFRAGE M, SOLLEVI A, SEGERDAHL M, SJOLUND K, HANSSON P: Systemic adenosine infusion alleviates spontaneous and stimulus evoked pain in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain. Anesth. Analg. (1995) 81:713–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SOLLEVI A: Systemic adenosine infusion: a new treatment modality to alleviate neuropathic pain. Pain (1995) 61: 155–158.
   Google Scholar
• KARLSTEN R, GORDH T: An Al-selective adenosine agonist abolishes allodynia elicited by vibration and touch after intrathecal injection. Anesth. Analg. (1995) 80:844–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BELFRAGE M, SEGERDAHL M, S A, SOLLEVI A: The safety and efficacy of intrathecal adenosine in patients with chronic neuropathic pain. Anesth. Analg. (1999) 89:1136–1142.
   Google Scholar
• SEYBOLD V, HYLDEN J, WILCOX G: Intrathecal substance P and somtostatin in rats: behaviour indicative of sensation. Peptides (1982) 3:49–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAPIR-KRICHELI D, FREY J, LAUFER R et al.: Behavioural effects of receptor-specific substance P agonists. Pain (1987) 31:263–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RANG H, BEVANS S, DRAY A: Chemicalactivation of nociceptive peripheral neurons. Br. Med. Bull. (1991) 47:534–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAMPANA WM, ESKELAND N, CALCUTT NA, MISASI R, MYERS RR, O'BRIEN JS: Prosaptide prevents paclitaxel neurotoxicity. Neurotoxico/ogy (1998) 19(2):237–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WAGNER R, MYERS RR, O'BRIEN JS: Prosaptide prevents hyperalgesia and reduces peripheral tnfrl expression following TNF-alpha nerve injection. NeuroReport (1998) 9(12):2827–2831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OTERO DA, CONRAD B, O'BRIEN JS: Reversal of thermal hyperalgesia in a rat partial sciatic nerve ligation model by prosaptide Tx14(a). Neurosei. Lett. (1999) 270(1):29–32.
   Google Scholar
• YAN L, OTERO DA, HIRAIWA M, O'BRIEN JS: Prosaptide D5 reverses hyperalgesia: inhibition of calcium channels through a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein mechanism in the rat. Neurosei. Lett.(2000) 278(1-2):120–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAO J, YU W, XU X, WIESENFELD-HALLIN Z: Effects of intrathecal vs. systemic clonidine in treating chronic allodynia-like response in spinally injured rats. Brain Res. (1996) 736:28–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAPLAN S, MALMBERG A, YAKSH TL: Efficacy of spinal NMDA receptor antagonism in formalin hyperalgesia and nerve injury evoked allodynia in the rat. j Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1997) 280:828–838.
   Google Scholar
• MAO J, PRICE D, HAYES R, LU J, MAYER D, FRENK H: Intrathecal treatment with dextrorphan or ketamine potently reduces pain-related behaviours in a rat model of peripheral mononeuropathy. Brain Res. (1993) 605:164–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XU X, HAO J, SEIGER A, WIESENFELD-HALLIN Z: Systemic excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor relieve mechanical hypersensitivity after transient spinal cord ischemia in rats. j Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1993) 267:140–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHERMAN S, LOOMIS C: Morphine insensitive allodynia is produced by intrathecal strychnine in the lightly anesthetized rat. Pain (1994) 56:17–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAX M, BYAS-SMITH M, GRACELY R, BENNETT G: Intravenous infusion of the NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in chronic posttraumatic pain with allodynia: a double-blind comparison to alfentanil and placebo. Clin. Neuropharmacol. (1995) 18(4):360–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAINES D, GAINES S: N of 1 randomized controlled trials of oral ketamine in patients with chronic pain. Pain (1999) 83:283–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EIDE P, JORUM E, STUBHAUG A, BREMNES J, BREIVIK H: Relief of postherpetic neuralgia with the N-methyl-aspartic acid receptor antagonist ketamine: a double-blind cross-over comparison with morphine, and placebo. Pain (1994) 58(3):347–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NELSON K, PARK K, ROBINOVITZ E, TSIGOS C, MAX M: High-dose oral dextromethorphan versus placebo in painful diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology (1997) 48: 1212–1218.
   Google Scholar
• ROWBOTHAM M, REISNER-KELLER L, FIELDS H: Both intravenous lidocaine and morphine reduce the pain of postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology (1991) 41:1024–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WALLACE MS, RIDGEWAY B, LEUNG A, YAKSH TL: Concentration-effect relationship of intravenous lidocaine on the allodynia of complex regional pain syndrome Types I and II. Anesthesiology (2000) 92:75–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AWERBUCH G, SANDYK R: Mexiletine for thalamic pain syndrome. Intern. J. Neurosci. (1990) 55:129–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHIOU-TAN F, TUEL S, JOHNSON J: Effect of mexiletine on spinal cord injury dysesthetic pain. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehab. (1996) 75:84–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YAMAMOTO Y, YAKSH T: Studies on the spinal interaction of morphine and the NMDA antagonist MK-801 on the hyperesthesia observed in a rat model of sciatic mononeuropathy. Neurosci. Lett. (1992) 135:67–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar