Aromatase inhibitors and other novel agents in breast cancer treatment

Bibliography

• TEKAMAL RR, SANTEN RJ: 1 aromatase an oncogene? Endocrinology of breast cancer. Human Press, New Jersey (1999):79–92.
   Google Scholar
• FEIGELSON HS, HENDERSON BE: Oestrogens and Breast Cancer. An Epidemiological Perspective. Endocrinology of breast cancer. Human Press, New Jersey (1999)55–77.
   Google Scholar
• CLARKE R, DICKSON RB, LIPPMAN ME: Hormonal aspects of breast cancer. Growth factors, drugs and stromal interactions. Crit. Rev Oncol Hematol (1992) 12(1):1–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIPPMAN ME, DICKSON RB: Mechanisms of growth control in normal and malignant breast epithelium. Recent Frog. Horm. Res. (1989) 45:383–435.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HENDERSON IC, CANELLOS GP: Cancer of the breast: the past decade (first of two parts). N. Engl. J. Med. (1980) 302(1):17–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAMOJLIK E, SANTEN RJ, WELLS SA: Adrenal suppression with androstenedione and oestrogen levels. I Chia. Endocrinol Metab. (1977) 45(3):480–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EDERY M, GOUSSARD J, DEHENNIN L et al.: Endogenous oestradiol-17beta concentration in breast tumours determined by mass fragmentography and by radioimmunoassay: relationship to receptor content. Eur. J. Cancer (1981) 17(1):115–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAN LANDEGHEM AA, POORTMAN J, NABUURS M, THIJSSEN JH: Endogenous concentration and subcellular distribution of oestrogens in normal and malignant human breast tissue. Cancer Res. (1985) 45(6):2900–2906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MISTRY P, GRIFFITHS K, MAYNARD PV: Endogenous C19-steroids and oestradiol levels in human primary breast tumour tissues and their correlation with androgen and oestrogen receptors. J. Steroid Biochem. (1986) 24(6):1117–1125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SAMOJLIK E, SANTEN RJ, WORGUL TJ: Plasma estrone-sulfate: assessment of reduced oestrogen production during treatment of metastatic breast carcinoma. Steroids (1982) 39(5):497–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LONNING PE, DOWSETT M, POWLES TJ: Postmenopausal oestrogen synthesis and metabolism: alterations caused by aromatase inhibitors used for the treatment of breast cancer. J. Steroid Biochem. (1990) 35(3-4):355–366.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SLUIJMER AV, HEINEMAN MJ, DE JONG FH, EVERS JL: Endocrine activity of the postmenopausal ovary: the effects of pituitary downregulation and oophorectomy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1995) 80(7):2163–2167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COUZINET B, MEDURI G, LECCE MG et al.: The postmenopausal ovary is not a major androgen-producing gland. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (2001) 86(10):5060–5066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHWEIKERT HU, MILEWICH L, WILSON JD: Aromatization of androstenedione by isolated human hairs. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1975) 40(3):413–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHWEIKERT HU, MILEWICH L, WILSON JD: Aromatization of androstenedione by cultured human fibroblasts. J Clin. Endocrinol Metab (1976) 43(4):785–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRISCH RE, CANICK JA, TULCHINSKY D: Human fatty marrow aromatizes androgen to oestrogen. J. Chia. Endocrinol Metab. (1980) 51(2):394–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMUK M, SCHWERS J: Aromatization of androstenedione by human adult liver in vitro. I Chia. Endocrinol Metab. (1977) 45(5):1009–1012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MATSUMINE H, HIRATO K, YANAIHARA T, TAMADA T, YOSHIDA M: Aromatization by skeletal muscle. J. Chia. Endocrinol Metab. (1986) 63(3):717–720.
   Google Scholar
• SIMPSON ER, MAHENDROO MS, MEANS GD et al.: Tissue-specific promoters regulate aromatase cytochrome P450 expression. Chia. Chem. (1993) 39(2):317–324.
   Google Scholar
• SIMPSON ER, MAHENDROO MS, MEANS GD et al.: Aromatase cytochrome P450, the enzyme responsible for oestrogen biosynthesis. Endocr. Rev. (1994) 15(3):342–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KELLIS JT, JR., VICKERY LE: Purification and characterization of human placental aromatase cytochrome P450. Biol. Chem. (1987) 262(9):4413–4420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SZYMCZAK J, MILEWICZ A, THIJSSEN JH, BLANKENSTEIN MA, DAROSZEWSKI J: Concentration of sex steroids in adipose tissue after menopause. Steroids (1998) 63(5-6):319–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BULUN SE, PRICE TM, AITKEN J, MAHENDROO MS, SIMPSON ER: A link between breast cancer and local oestrogen biosynthesis suggested by quantification of breast adipose tissue aromatase cytochrome P450 transcripts using competitive polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (1993) 77(6):1622–1628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REED MJ, OWEN AM, LAI LC et al.: In situ oestrone synthesis in normal breast and breast tumour tissues: effect of treatment with 4-hydroxyandrostenedione. Int. Cancer (1989) 44(2):233–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TILSON-MALLETT N, SANTNER SJ, FEIL PD, SANTEN RJ: Biological significance of aromatase activity in human breast tumours. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (1983) 57(6):1125–1128.
   Google Scholar
• HARADA N: Aberrant expression of aromatase in breast cancer tissues. Steroid Biochem. Ma Biol. (1997) 61(3-6):175–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JAMES VH, MCNEILL JM, LAI LC et al: Aromatase activity in normal breast and breast tumour tissues: in vivo and in vitro studies. Steroids (1987) 50(1-3):269–279.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MILLER WR, O'NEILL J: The importance of local synthesis of oestrogen within the breast. Steroids (1987) 50(4-6):537–548.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MILLER WR, MULLEN P, SOURDAINE P et al.: Regulation of aromatase activity within the breast. Steroid Biochem. Ma Biol. (1997) 61(3-6):193–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZHOU J, GURATES B, YANG S, SEBASTIAN S, BULUN SE: Malignant breast epithelial cells stimulate aromatase expression via promoter II in human adipose fibroblasts: an epithelial-stromal interaction in breast tumours mediated by CCAAT/ enhancer binding protein beta. Cancer Res. (2001) 61(5):2328–2334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LU Q, NAKMURA J, SAVINOV A et al: Expression of aromatase protein and messenger ribonucleic acid in tumour epithelial cells and evidence of functional significance of locally produced oestrogen in human breast cancers. Endocrinology (1996) 137(7):3061–3068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SASANO H, NAGURA H, HARADA N, GOUKON Y, KIMURA M: Immunolocalization of aromatase and other steroidogenic enzymes in human breast disorders. Hum. Pathol (1994) 25 (5):530–535.
   Google Scholar
• ESTEBAN JM, WARSI Z, HANIU M et al.: Detection of intratumoural aromatase in breast carcinomas. An immunohistochemical study with clinicopathologic correlation. Am.,/ Pathol (1992) 140(2):337–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SANTEN RJ, MARTEL J, HOAGLAND M et al: Stromal spindle cells contain aromatase in human breast tumours. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (1994) 79(2):627–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SASANO H, MURAKAMI H: Immunolocalization of aromatase in human breast disorders using different antibodies. Breast Cancer Res. Treat(1998) 49\(Suppl. 1):S79-84; discussion S109–119.
   Google Scholar
• •A helpful manuscript about the irnmunohistochemical localisation of aromatase.
   Google Scholar
• SHENTON KC, DOWSETT M, LU Q et al.: Comparison of biochemical aromatase activity with aromatase immunohistochemistry in human breast carcinomas. Breast Cancer Res. Treat (1998) 49 (Suppl. 1) :S101-107; discussion S109–119.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SANTEN RJ, MARTEL J, HOAGLAND M et al.: Demonstration of aromatase activity and its regulation in breast tumour and benign breast fibroblasts. Breast Cancer Res. Treat (1998) 49 (Suppl. 1):593–99; discussion S109–119.
   Google Scholar
• BRODIE A, LU Q, LIU Y, LONG B: Aromatase inhibitors and their antitumour effects in model systems. Endocr. Relat Cancer (1999) 6(2):205–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TEKMAL RR, RAMACHANDRA N, GUBBA S et al: Overexpression of int-5/ aromatase in mammary glands of transgenic mice results in the induction of hyperplasia and nuclear abnormalities. Cancer Res. (1996) 56(14):3180–3185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TEKMAL RR, KIRMA N, GILL K, FOWLER K: Aromatase overexpression and breast hyperplasia, an in vivo model-continued overexpression of aromatase is sufficient to maintain hyperplasia without circulating oestrogens and aromatase inhibitors abrogate these preneoplastic changes in mammary glands. Endocr. Relat Cancer (1999) 6(2):307–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SANTNER SJ, PAULEY RJ, TAIT L, KASETA J, SANTEN RJ: Aromatase activity and expression in breast cancer and benign breast tissue stromal cells.' Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (1997) 82 (1): 200–208.
   Google Scholar
• JORDAN VC: Third annual William L. McGuire Memorial Lecture. 'Studies on the oestrogen receptor in breast cancer'-20 years as a target for the treatment and prevention of cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat (1995) 36(3):267–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'REGAN RM, JORDAN VC: The evolution of tamoxifen therapy in breast cancer: selective oestrogen-receptor modulators and downregulators. Lancet Omni (2002) 3(4):207–214. Excellent review about SERMS.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOVE RR: Meeting highlights: International Consensus Panel on the treatment of primary breast cancer. Clin. Omni (2002) 20(3):879–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GROUP EBCTC: Tamoxifen for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Lancet (1998) 351(9114):1451–1467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Most important meta-analysis ofTarnoxifen usage in an adjuvant setting.
   Google Scholar
• WAKELING AE, DUKES M, BOWLER J: A potent specific pure antiestrogen with clinical potential. Cancer Res. (1991) 51(15):3867–3873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOWELL A, DEFRIEND D, ROBERTSON J, BLAMEY R, WALTON P: Response to a specific antioestrogen (ICI 182780) in tamoxifen- resistant breast cancer. Lancet (1995) 345(8941):29–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOWELL A, ROBERTSON JF, QUARESMA ALBANO J et al.: Fulvestrant, formerly ICI 182,780, is as effective as anastrozole in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer progressing after prior endocrine treatment. Clin. Omni (2002) 20(16):3396–3403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LONNING PE: Aromatase inhibitors and their future role in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer (1998) 78 (Suppl. 4):12–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BUZDAR AU, JONAT W, HOWELL A et al: Anastrozole versus megestrol acetate in the treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced breast carcinoma: results of a survival update based on a combined analysis of data from two mature Phase III trials. Arimidex Study Group. Cancer (1998) 83(6):1142–1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DOMBERNOWSKY P, SMITH I, FALKSON G et al.: Letrozole, a new oral aromatase inhibitor for advanced breast cancer: double-blind randomized trial showing a dose effect and improved efficacy and tolerability compared with megestrol acetate. Clin. Omni (1998) 16(2):453–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUZDAR A, DOUMA J, DAVIDSON N et al: Phase III, multicenter, double-blind, randomized study of letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, for advanced breast cancer versus megestrol acetate. Clin. Omni (2001) 19(14):3357–3366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAUFMANN M, BAJETTA E, DIRIX LY et al.: Exemestane is superior to megestrol acetate after tamoxifen failure in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer: results of a Phase III randomized double-blind trial. The Exemestane Study Group. j. Clin. OncoL (2000) 18(7):1399–1411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BONNETERRE J, THURLIMANN B, ROBERTSON JF et al: Anastrozole versus tamoxifen as first-line therapy for advanced breast cancer in 668 postmenopausal women: results of the Tamoxifen or Arimidex Randomized Group Efficacy and Tolerability study. J. Clin. Oncol (2000) 18(22):3748–3757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NABHOLTZ JM, BUZDAR A, POLLAK M et al.: Anastrozole is superior to tamoxifen as first-line therapy for advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results of a North American multicenter randomized trial. Arimidex Study Group. j. Clin. Oncol (2000) 18(22):3758–3767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOURIDSEN H, GERSHANOVICH M, SUN Y et al.: Superior efficacy of letrozole versus tamoxifen as first-line therapy for postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer: results of a Phase III study of the International Letrozole Breast Cancer Group.' Clin. OncoL (2001) 19(10):2596–2606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PICCART MJ: Letrozole superior to tamoxifen as first-line therapy for women with oestrogen-sensitive advanced breast cancer. Presented at the 24th Annual San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium (2001).
   Google Scholar
• PARIDAENS R, DIRIX L, BEEX L et al.: Promising Results with Exemestane in the First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Randomized Phase II EORTC Trial with a Tamoxifen Control. Clin. Breast Cancer (2000) 1 (Suppl. 1):519–521.
   Google Scholar
• Anastrozole alone or in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone for adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: first results of the ATAC randomised trial. Lancet (2002) 359(9324):2131–2139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •First announcement showing the superiority of an aromatase inhibitor in an adjuvant setting.
   Google Scholar
• DIRIX L, PICCART MJ, LOHRISCH C: Efficacy and tolerance to exemestane versus tamoxifen in 1st line hormone therapy of postmenopausal metastatic breast cancer: a EORTC Phase II trial. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol (2001) 20:29a (Abstract 114).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOSS PE, M.D.G: The effects of exemestane on bone and lipids in the ovariectomised rat. Breast Cancer Res. Treat (2000) 64:51 (Abstract 132).
   Google Scholar
• MILLER WR: Aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Cancer Treat. Rev (1989) 16(2):83–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MACNEILL FA, JONES AL, JACOBS S et al.: The influence of aminoglutethimide and its analogue rogletimide on peripheral aromatisation in breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer (1992) 66(4):692–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MACNEILL FA, JACOBS S, DOWSETT M, LONNING PE, POWLES TJ: The effects of oral 4-hydroxyandrostenedione on peripheral aromatisation in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Cancer Chemother. PharmacoL (1995) 36(3):249–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LONNING PE, JACOBS S, JONES A et al: The influence of CGS 16949A on peripheral aromatisation in breast cancer patients. Br. J. Cancer (1991) 63(5):789–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JONES AL, MACNEILL F, JACOBS S et al: The influence of intramuscular 4-hydroxyandrostenedione on peripheral aromatisation in breast cancer patients. Eur. Cancer(1992) 10(6):1712–1716.
   Google Scholar
• GEISLER J, KING N, DOWSETT M et al.: Influence of anastrozole (Arimidex), a selective, non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor, on in vivo aromatisation and plasma oestrogen levels in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer (1996) 74(8):1286–1291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GEISLER J, HAYNES B, ANKER G, DOWSETT M, LONNING PE: Influence of letrozole and anastrozole on total body aromatization and plasma oestrogen levels in postmenopausal breast cancer patients evaluated in a randomized, crossover study. Clin. Oncol (2002) 20(3):751–757.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DOWSETT M, JONES A, JOHNSTON SR et al: In vivo measurement of aromatase inhibition by letrozole (CGS 20267) in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer. Clin.Cancer Res. (1995) 1(12):1511–1515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GEISLER J, KING N, ANKER G et al.: In vivo inhibition of aromatization by exemestane, a novel irreversible aromatase inhibitor, in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Clin. Cancer Res. (1998) 4(9)2089–2093.
   Google Scholar
• HARVEY HA, LIPTON A, WHITE DS et al.: Crossover comparison of tamoxifen and aminoglutethimide in advanced breast cancer. Cancer Res. (1982) 42(8 Suppl):3451s–3453s.
   Google Scholar
• LIPTON A, HARVEY HA, SANTEN RJ et al.: Randomized trial of aminoglutethimide versus tamoxifen in metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Res. (1982) 42(8 Suppl):3434s–3436s.
   Google Scholar
• SMITH IE, HARRIS AL, MORGAN M et al.: Tamoxifen versus aminoglutethimide in advanced breast carcinoma: a randomized crossover trial. Br. Med. I (Gin Res. Ed) (1981) 283(6304):1432–1434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUNDGREN S, GUNDERSEN S, KLEPP R et al.: Megestrol acetate versus aminoglutethimide for metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat(1989) 14(2):201–206.
   Google Scholar
• CANNEY PA, PRIESTMAN TJ, GRIFFITHS T et al.: Randomized trial comparing aminoglutethimide with high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate in therapy for advanced breast carcinoma. I Nat! Cancer Inst. (1988) 80(14):1147–1151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LONNING PE, KVINNSLAND S: Mechanisms of action of aminoglutethimide as endocrine therapy of breast cancer. Drugs (1988) 35(6):685–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THURLIMANN B, CASTIGLIONE M, HSU-SCHMITZ SF et al.: Formestane versus megestrol acetate in postmenopausal breast cancer patients after failure of tamoxifen: a Phase III prospective randomised cross over trial of second-line hormonal treatment (SAKK 20/90). Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Res. (SAKK). Eur. J. Cancer (1997) 33(7):1017–1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PEREZ CARRION R, ALBEROLA CANDEL V, CALABRESI F et al.: Comparison of the selective aromatase inhibitor formestane with tamoxifen as first-line hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. Ann. OncoL (1994) 5(Suppl. 7):519–524.
   Google Scholar
• MURRAY R, PITT P: Aromatase inhibition with 4-0HAndrostenedione after prior aromatase inhibition with aminoglutethimide in women with advanced breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Teat (1995) 35(3):249–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GEISLERJ, JOHANNESSEN DC, ANKER G, LONNING PE: Treatment with formestane alone and in combination with aminoglutethimide in heavily pretreated breast cancer patients: clinical and endocrine effects. Eur. J. Cancer (1996) 32A(5):789–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COSTA LA, KOPRESKI MS, DEMERS LM et al.: Effect of the potent aromatase inhibitor fadrozole hydrochloride (CGS 16949A) in postmenopausal women with breast carcinoma. Cancer (1999) 85(1):100–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MILLER AA, LIPTON A, HENDERSON IC et al.: Fadrozole hydrochloride in postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast carcinoma. Cancer (1996) 78(4):789–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RAATS JI, FALKSON G, FALKSON HC: A study of fadrozole, a new aromatase inhibitor, in postmenopausal women with advanced metastatic breast cancer. J. Clio. Oncol (1992) 10(1):111–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUZDAR AU, SMITH R, VOGEL C et al: Fadrozole HCL (CGS-16949A) versus megestrol acetate treatment of postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast carcinoma: results of two randomized double-blind controlled multfinstitutional trials. Cancer (1996) 77(12):2503–2513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEZWODA WR, GUDGEON A, FALKSON G, JORDAAN JP, GOEDHALS L: Fadrozole versus megestrol acetate: a double-blind randomised trial in advanced breast cancer. Oncology (1998) 55(5):416–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FALKSON CI, FALKSON HC: A randomised study of CGS 16949A (fadrozole) versus tamoxifen in previously untreated postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast cancer. Ann. Oncol (1996) 7(5):465–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THURLIMANN B, BERETTA K, BACCHI M et al.: First-line fadrozole HCI (CGS 16949A) versus tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. Prospective randomised trial of the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Res. SAKK 20/88. Ann. Oncol (1996) 7(5)471–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LONNING PE: Aromatase inhibitors and inactivators for breast cancer therapy. Drugs Aging (2002) 19(4):277–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Excellent review on aromatase inhibitors.
   Google Scholar
• GERSHANOVICH M, CHAUDRI HA, CAMPOS D et al.: Letrozole, a new oral aromatase inhibitor: randomised trial comparing 2.5 mg daily, 0.5 mg daily and aminoglutethimide in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. Letrozole International Trial Group (AR/ BC3). Ann. Oncol (1998) 9(6):639–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOSS PE: Preliminary data from ongoing adjuvant aromatase inhibitor trials. Clio. Cancer Res. (2001) 7(12 Suppl):4397s-4401s; discussion 4411s–4412s.
   Google Scholar
• ELLIS MJ, COOP A, SINGH B et al: Letrozole is more effective neoadjuvant endocrine therapy than tamoxifen for ErbB-1- and/or ErbB-2-positive, oestrogen receptor-positive primary breast cancer: evidence from a Phase III randomized trial. J. Clio. Oncol (2001) 19(18):3808–3816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROSE C: Letrozole (Femara) versus Anastrozole (Arimidex): Second-line treatment in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. Proc. Am. Soc. Clio. Oncol (2002) 21 (abstract 131).
   Google Scholar
• JONES S, VOGEL C, ARKHIPOV A et al.:Multicenter, Phase II trial of exemestane as third-line hormonal therapy of postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer. Aromasin Study Group. J. Clio. Oncol (1999) 17(11):3418–3425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THURLIMANN B, PARIDAENS R, SERIN D et al.: Third-line hormonal treatment with exemestane in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer progressing on aminoglutethimide: a Phase II multi-centre multinational study. Exemestane Study Group. Eur. J. Cancer (1997) 33(11):1767–1773.
   Google Scholar
• LONNING PE, BAJETTA E, MURRAY R et al.: Activity of exemestane in metastatic breast cancer after failure of non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors: a Phase II trial.' Clio. Oncol (2000) 18(11):2234–2244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOHRISCH C, PARIDAENS R, DIRIX L: No adverse impact on serum lipids of the irreversible aromatase inactivator exemestane in 1st line treatment of metastatic breast cancer. EORTC study with Pharmacia & Upjohn. Proc. Am. Soc. Clio. Oncol (2001) 20:43a (Abstract 167).
   Google Scholar
• FISHER B, BRYANT J, WOLMARK N et al.: Effect of preoperative chemotherapy on the outcome of women with operable breast cancer. Clio. Oncol (1998) 16(8):2672–2685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Milestone manuscript about neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
   Google Scholar
• VAN DER HAGE JA, VAN DE VELDE CJ, JULIEN JP et al.: Preoperative chemotherapy in primary operable breast cancer: results from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer trial 10902.j Clio. Oncol (2001) 19(22):4224–4237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMITH IC, HEYS SD, HUTCHEON AW et al.: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer: significantly enhanced response with docetaxel. Clio. Oncol (2002) 20(6):1456–1466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAURIAC L, MACGROGAN G, AVRIL A et al.: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for operable breast carcinoma larger than 3 cm: a unicentre randomized trial with a 124-month median follow-up. Institut Bergonie Bordeaux Groupe Sein (IBBGS). Ann. Oncol (1999) 10(1):47–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIXON JM, RENSHAW L, BELLAMY C et al: The effects of neoadjuvant anastrozole (Arimidex) on tumour volume in postmenopausal women with breast cancer: a randomized, double-blind, single-center study. Clio Cancer Res. (2000) 6(6):2229–2235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ELLIS MJ: Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer: medical perspectives. Clio Cancer Res. (2001) 7(12 Suppl):4388s-4391s; discussion 4411s–4412s.
   Google Scholar
• PERKINS DJ, KNISS DA: Rapid and transient induction of cyclooxygenase 2 by epidermal growth factor in human amnion-derived WISH cells. Biochem. J. (1997) 321(Pt 3):677–681.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PERKINS DJ, KNISS DA: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha promotes sustained cyclooxygenase-2 expression: attenuation by dexamethasone and NSAIDs. Prostaglandins (1997) 54(4):727–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIAZ A, CHEPENIK KP, KORN JH, REGINATO AM, JIMENEZ SA: Differential regulation of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 by interleulkin-1 beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta 1 in human lung fibroblasts. Exp. Cell Res. (1998) 241(1):222–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CROFFORD LJ: COX-1 and COX-2 tissue expression: implications and predictions. Rheumatol (1997) 24 Suppl. 49:15–19.
   Google Scholar
• KOKI AT, LEAHY KM, MASFERRER JL: Potential utility of COX-2 inhibitors in chemoprevention and chemotherapy. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (1999) 8(10):1623–1638.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WILLIAMS CS, MANN M, DUBOIS RN: The role of cyclooxygenases in inflammation, cancer and development. Oncogene (1999) 18(55):7908–7916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PARRETT ML, HARRIS RE, JOARDER FS et al.: Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human breast cancer. Int. J. Oncol (1997) 10:503–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RISTIMAKI A, SIVULA A, LUNDIN J et al: Prognostic significance of elevated cyclooxygenase-2 expression in breast cancer. Cancer Res. (2002) 62(3):632–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZHAO Y, AGARWAL VR, MENDELSON CR, SIMPSON ER: oestrogen biosynthesis proximal to a breast tumour is stimulated by PGE2 via cyclic AMP, leading to activation of promoter II of the CYP19 (aromatase) gene. Endocrinology (1996) 137(12):5739–5742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZHOU C, ZHOU D, ESTEBAN J et al.: Aromatase gene expression and its exon I usage in human breast tumours. Detection of aromatase messenger RNA by reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction. J. Steroid Biochem. Ma. Biol. (1996) 59(2):163–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRUEGGEMEIER RW, QUINN AL, PARRETT ML et al.: Correlation of aromatase and cyclooxygenase gene expression in human breast cancer specimens. Cancer Lett. (1999) 140(1-2):27–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEAHY KM, ORNBERG RL, WANG Y et al.: Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition by celecoxib reduces proliferation and induces apoptosis in angiogenic endothelial cells in vivo. Cancer Res. (2002) 62(3):625–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MASFERRER JL, LEAHY KM, KOKI AT et al.: Antiangiogenic and antitumour activities of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Cancer Res. (2000) 60(5):1306–1311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIU XH, KIRSCHENBAUM A, YAO S et al.: Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 suppresses angiogenesis and the growth of prostate cancer in vivo.' Urol. (2000) 164(3 Pt 1):820–825.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• VIGNON F, TERQUI M, WESTLEY B, DEROCQ D, ROCHEFORT H: Effects of plasma oestrogen sulfates in mammary cancer cells. Endocrinology (1980) 106(4):1079–1086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SANTNER SJ, FEIL PD, SANTEN RJ: In situ oestrogen production via the estrone sulfatase pathway in breast tumours: relative importance versus the aromatase pathway. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (1984) 59(1):29–33.
   Google Scholar
• PASQUALINI JR, GELLY C, LECERF F: Biological effects and morphological responses to estriol, estrio1-3- sulfate, estriol-17-sulfate and tamoxifen in a tamoxifen-resistant cell line (R-27) derived from MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Ear: Cancer Clin. Oncol (1986) 22(12):1495–1501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WILKING N, CARLSTROM K, GUSTAFSSON SA, SKOLDEFORS H, TOLLBOM 0: Oestrogen receptors and metabolism of oestrone sulfate in human mammary carcinoma. Ear. Cancer (1980) 16(10):1339–1344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VIGNON F, TERQUI M, WESTLEY B, DEROCQ D, ROCHEFORT H: Effects of plasma oestrogen sulfates in mammary cancer cells. Endocrinology (1980) 106(4):1079–1086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PASQUALINI JR, CHETRITE G, NESTOUR EL: Control and expression of oestrone sulphatase activities in human breast cancer. Endocrinol (1996) 150 Suppl:S99–S105.
   Google Scholar
• EVANS TR, ROWLANDS MG, LAW M, COOMBES RC: Intratumoural oestrone sulphatase activity as a prognostic marker in human breast carcinoma. Br. Cancer (1994) 69(3):555–561.
   Google Scholar
• LORIAUX DL, RUDER HJ, LIPSETT MB: The measurement of estrone sulfate in plasma. Steroids (1971) 18(4)463–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PASQUALINI JR, GELLY C, NGUYEN BL, VELLA C: Importance of oestrogen sulfates in breast cancer.' Steroid Biochern. (1989) 34(1-6):155–163.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SANTNER SJ, OHLSSON-WILHELM B, SANTEN RJ: Estrone sulfate promotes human breast cancer cell replication and nuclear uptake of estradiol in MCF-7 cell cultures. Int.' Cancer (1993) 54(1):119–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOO LW, HOWARTH NM, PUROHIT A et al.: Steroidal and non-steroidal sulfamates as potent inhibitors of steroid sulfatase. Med. Chem (1998) 41(7):1068–1083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BILLICH A, NUSSBAUMER P, LEHR P: Stimulation of MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation by estrone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate: inhibition by novel non steroidal steroid sulfatase inhibitors. Steroid Biochern. Ma Biol. (2000) 73(5):225–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PUROHIT A, WOO LW, BARROW D et al.: non-steroidal and steroidal sulfamates: new drugs for cancer therapy. Ma Cell. Endocrinol (2001) 171(1-2):129–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUNNARSSON C, OLSSON BM, STAL 0: Abnormal expression of 1713-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in breast cancer predicts late recurrence. Cancer Res. (2001) 61(23):8448–8451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SASANO H, SUZUKI T, TAKEYAMA J et al.: 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human breast and endometrial carcinoma. A new development in intracrinology. Oncology (2000) 59(Suppl. 1):5–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ARIGA N, MORIYA T, SUZUKI T et al: 17 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenaseType 1 and Type 2 in ductal carcinoma in situ and intraductal proliferative lesions of the human breast. AntiCancer Res.. (2000) 20(2B):1101–1108.
   Google Scholar
• SUZUKI T, MORIYA T, ARIGA N et al: 17Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenaseType 1 and Type 2 in human breast carcinoma: a correlation to clinicopathological parameters. Br. Cancer(2000) 82(3):518–523.
   Google Scholar
• SASANO H, FROST AR, SAITOH R et al: Aromatase and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 1 in human breast carcinoma. J Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (1996) 81(11):4042–4046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TREMBLAY MR, POIRIER D: Overview of a rational approach to design Type I 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors without oestrogenic activity: chemical synthesis and biological evaluation. Steroid Biochern. Ma Biol. (1998) 66(4):179–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JENSEN EV, JACOBSEN HI: Basic guides to the mechanism of oestrogen action. Rec Frog Holm. Res. (1962) 18:387–414.
   Google Scholar
• •Milestone in oestrogen receptor biology.
   Google Scholar
• GREENS, WALTER P, KUMAR V et al: Human oestrogen receptor eDNA: sequence, expression and homology to v-erb-A. Nature (1986) 320(6058):134–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Milestone in oestrogen receptor biology.
   Google Scholar
• KUIPER GG, ENMARK E, PELTO-HUIKKO M, NILSSON S, GUSTAFSSON JA: Cloning of a novel receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA (1996) 93(12):5925–5930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Milestone in oestrogen receptor biology.
   Google Scholar
• KREGE JH, HODGIN JB, COUSE JF et al.: Generation and reproductive phenotypes of mice lacking oestrogen receptor beta. Proc. Nati Acad. Sri. USA (1998) 95(26):15677–15682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PALMIERI C, CHENG GJ, SAJI S et al.: oestrogen receptor beta in breast cancer. Endocr: Relat Cancer (2002) 9(1):1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JENSEN EV, CHENG G, PALMIERI C et al.: oestrogen receptors and proliferation markers in primary and recurrent breast cancer. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA (2001) 98(26):15197–15202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROGER P, SAHLA ME, MAKELA S et al.: Decreased expression of oestrogen receptor beta protein in proliferative preinvasive mammary tumours. Cancer Res. (2001) 61(6):2537–2541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPEIRS V, SKLIRIS GP, BURDALL SE, CARDER PJ: Distinct expression patterns of ER alpha and ER beta in normal human mammary gland. j. Clin. Pathol (2002) 55(5)371–374.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SPEIRS V: Oestrogen receptor beta in breast cancer: good, bad or still too early to tell? Pathol (2002) 197(2):143–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAJI S, JENSEN EV, NILSSON S et al.: oestrogen receptors alpha and beta in the rodent mammary gland. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97(1):337–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAJI S, SAKAGUCHI H, ANDERSSON S, WARNER M, GUSTAFSSON J: Quantitative analysis of oestrogen receptor proteins in rat mammary gland. Endocrinology (2001) 142(7):3177–3186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAJI S, OMOTO Y, SHIMIZU C et al.: Expression of oestrogen Receptor (ER) betacx Protein in ERalpha-positive Breast Cancer: Specific Correlation with Progesterone Receptor. Cancer Res. (2002) 62(17):4849–4853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OMOTO Y, INOUE S, OGAWA S et al.: Clinical value of the wild type oestrogen receptor beta expression in breast cancer. Cancer Lett. (2001) 163(2):207–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOORE JT, MCKEE DD, SLENTZ-KESLER K et al.: Cloning and characterization of human oestrogen receptor beta isoforms. Biochem. Biophys Res. Commun. (1998) 247(1):75–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OGAWA S, INOUE S, WATANABE T et al.: Molecular cloning and characterization of human oestrogen receptor betacx: a potential inhibitor ofestrogen action in human. Nucleic Acids Res. (1998) 26(15):3505–3512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ADAMS JB, ARCHIBALD L, SEYMOUR-MUNN K: Dehydroepiandrosterone and androst-5-ene-3 beta,17 beta-diol in human mammary cancer cytosolic and nuclear compartments and their relationship to oestrogen receptor. Cancer Res. (1980) 40(10):3815–3820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAJID A, HABRIOUX G: Biological effects of adrenal androgens on MCF-7 and BT-20 human breast cancer cells. Oncology (1990) 47(3):269–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAGGIOLINI M, DONZE O, JEANNIN E, ANDO S, PICARD D: Adrenal androgens stimulate the proliferation of breast cancer cells as direct activators of oestrogen receptor alpha. Cancer Res. (1999) 59(19):4864–4869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KUIPER GG, CARLSSON B, GRANDIEN K et al.: Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of oestrogen receptors alpha and beta. Endocrinology (1997) 138(3):863–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HACKENBERG R, TURGETTO I, FILMER A, SCHULZ KD: oestrogen and androgen receptor mediated stimulation and inhibition of proliferation by androst-5-ene-3 beta,17 beta-diol in human mammary cancer cells. Steroid Biochem. Ma Biol. (1993) 46(5):597–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar