Trigeminal neuralgia: current treatments and future developments

Bibliography

• YOSHIMASU F, KURLAND LT, ELVEBACK LR: Tic douloureux in Rochester, Minnesota, 1945-1969. Neurology (1972) 22:952–956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEPSIC JG: Tic douloureux: etiology, refined treatment. N Engl. I Med. (1973) 288:680–681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KATUSIC S, BEARD CM, BERGSTRALH E et al.: Incidence and clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia, Rochester Minnesota, 1945-1984. Ann. Nemo]. (1990) 27:89–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MACDONALD BK, COCKERELL OC, SANDER JW, SHORVON SD: The incidence and lifetime prevalence of neurological disorders in a prospective community-based study in the UK. Brain (2000) 123:665–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••A very impressive study which containsdata on trigeminal neuralgia.
   Google Scholar
• MERSKEY H, BOGDUK N: Classification of chronic pain. Descriptors of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. (2nd ed.) IASP Press, Seattle, USA (1994).
   Google Scholar
• •Provides the diagnostic criteria for trigeminal neuralgia.
   Google Scholar
• BRISMAN R, KHANDJI AG, MOOIJ RB: Trigeminal nerve-blood vessel relationship as revealed by high-resolution imaging and its effects on pain relief after gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia. Neurosurgery (2002) 50: 1261–1267.
   Google Scholar
• ZAKRZEWSKA JM: Trigeminal neuralgia. In: Assessment and management of orofacial pain. Pain research and management. Vol. 14. Zakrzewska JM, Harrison SD (Eds) Elsevier Sciences, Amsterdam (2002):267–369.
   Google Scholar
• ••Up to date systematic review of medical andsurgical management of trigeminal neuralgia.
   Google Scholar
• DEVOR M, AMIR R, RAPPAPORT ZH: Pathophysiology of trigeminal neuralgia: the ignition hypothesis. Clin. Pain (2002) 18(1):4–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••A review of the mechanisms associated withtrigeminal neuralgia.
   Google Scholar
• NUMIKKO TJ, ELDRIDGE PR: Trigeminal neuralgia - pathophysiology, diagnosis and current treatment. Br. .1 Anaesth. (2001) 87(1):117–132.
   Google Scholar
• ZAKRZEWSKA JM, PATSALOS PN: Drugs used in the management of trigeminal neuralgia. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol (1992) 74:439–450.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RABINOVICH A, FANG J, SCRIVANI S: Diagnosis and management of trigeminal neuralgia. Col. Dent. Rev (2000) 5:4–7.
   Google Scholar
• SINDRUP SH, JENSEN T: Pharmacotherapy of trigeminal neuralgia. ClinT Pain (2002) 18:22–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROZEN TD: Antiepileptic drugs in the management of cluster headache and trigeminal neuralgia. Headache (2001) 41:25–33.
   Google Scholar
• MC QUAY H, CARROLL D, JADAD AR,WIFFEN, P, MOORE A: Anticonvulsant drugs for management of pain: a systemic review. Br. Med. (1995) 311:1047–1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This article is based on a Cochrane review which only includes drugs used in randomised controlled trials.
   Google Scholar
• BRAHAM J, SAIA A: Phenytoin in the treatment of trigeminal and other neuralgias. Lancet (1960) 2:892–893.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IANNONE A, BAKER AB, MORRELL F: Dilantin in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Neurology (1958) 8:126–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLOM S: Trigeminal neuralgia: its treatment with a new anticonvulsant drug (G32883). Lancet (1962) 1:839–840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PEIRIS JB, PETRERA GL, DEVENDRA SV, LIONEL ND: Sodium valproate in trigeminal neuralgia. Med. Aust. (1980) 2(5):278–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DESAI N, SHAH K, GAHNDHI I: Baclofen sodium valproate combination in carbamazepine resistant trigeminal neuralgia - a double blind clinical trial. Cephalalgia (1991) 11:321–322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KHAN OA: Gabapentin relieves trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis patients. Neurology (1998) 51(2):611–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIST T, FILADORA V, MINER M, LEMA M: Gabapentin for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: report of two cases. Neurology (1997) 48(5):1467.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• VALZANIA F, SRAFELLA AP, NASSETTI SA, TASSINARI CA: Gabapentin in idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Neurology (1998) 50(4):A379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUNARDI G, LEANDRI M, ALBANO C et al.: Clinical effectiveness of lamotrigine and plasma levels in essential and symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia. Neurology (1997) 48(6):1714–1717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CANAVERO S, BONACALZI V: Lamotrigine control of trigeminal neuralgia: an expanded study. Nemo]. (1997) 244(8):527.
   Google Scholar
• ZAKRZEWSKA JM, CHAUDRY Z, NURMIKKO TJ, PATTEN DW, MULLENS EL: Lamotrigine (lam ictal) in refractory trigeminal neuralgia: results from a double-blind placebo controlled crossover trial. Pain (1997) 73(2):223–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •This is a randomised control trial which used lamotrigine as adjuvant therapy to carbamazepine or phenytoin.
   Google Scholar
• FROMM GH, TERRENCE CE CHATTHA AS: Baclofen in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: double-blind study and long-term follow-up. Ann. Neurol (1984) 15(3):240–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••A randomised controlled trial.
   Google Scholar
• FROMM GH, TERRENCE CF: Comparison of L-baclofen and racemic baclofen in trigeminal neuralgia. Neurology (1987) 37(11):1725–1728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZAKRZEWSKA JM, PATSALOS PN: Long-term cohort study comparing medical (oxcarbazepine) and surgical management of intractable trigeminal neuralgia. Pain (2002) 95:259–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••This is the first study to compare outcomein a group of patients who have had both pharmacological and surgical treatments.
   Google Scholar
• FARAGO F: Trigeminal neuralgia: its treatment with two new carbamazepine analogues. Eur. Neurol (1987) 26:73–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REMILLARD G: Oxcarbazepine and intractable trigeminal neuralgia. Ept/epsia (1994) 35\(Suppl. 3):S28–S29.
   Google Scholar
• ZAKRZEWSKA JM, PATSALOS PN: Oxcarbazepine: a new drug in the management of intractable trigeminal neuralgia. J. Neurol Neurosurg. Psych/at. (1989) 52:472–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROYAL M, WIENECKE G, MOVVA V et al.: Open label trial of oxcarbazepine in neuropathic pain. Pain Med. (2001) 2:250–251.
   Google Scholar
• ZAKRZEWSKA JM: Consumer views on management of trigeminal neuralgia. Headache (2001) 41(4):369–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Highlights the discrepancies between patients' reports and clinicians' views on drug side effects.
   Google Scholar
• WIFFEN P, MCQUAY H, CARROLL D, JADAD A, MOORE A: Anticonvulsant drugs for acute and chronic pain. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev (2000) (2):CD001133.
   Google Scholar
• ••An excellent database which is updatedregularly.
   Google Scholar
• BURCHHIEL KJ, SLAVIN KV: On the natural history of trigeminal neuralgia. Neurosurgery (2000) 46(1):152–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCCLEAN G: 200mg a day of lamotrigine has no effect in neuropathic pain: a randomised, double blind, controlled trial. JAMA (1996) 276:319–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •An assumption is made that all neuropathic pain has the same mechanism of action.
   Google Scholar
• PATSALOS PN: Phenobarbitone to gabapentin: a guide to 82 years of anti-epileptic drug pharmacokinetic interactions. Seizure (1994) 3:163–170.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MOORE RA, GAVAGHAN D, TRAMER MR, COLLINS SL, MCQUAY HJ: Size is everything - large amounts of information are needed to overcome random effects in estimating direction and magnitude of treatment effects. Pain (1998) 78:209–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WALCHENBACH R, VOORMOLEN JH: Surgical treatment for trigeminal neuralgia. Br. Med. J. (1996) 313:1027–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAINES SJ, CHITTUM CJ: Which operation for trigeminal neuralgia? Practical Neurology (2003) 3:30–35.
   Google Scholar
• YOUNG RE VERMEULEN SS, GRIMM P, BLASKO J, POSEWITZ A: Gamma knife radiosurgery for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: idiopathic and tumor related. Neurology (1997) 48(3):608–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOPEZ BC, HAMLYN PJ, ZAKRZEWSKA JM: Systematic review of use of gamma knife in the management of trigeminal neuralgia. Neurosurgery (2003) Submitted.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TACCONI L, MILES JB: Bilateral trigeminal neuralgia: a therapeutic dilemma. Br: J. Neurosurg. (2000) 14:33–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZAKRZEWSKA JM: Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia. Clin. J. Pain (2002) 18(1):14–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STAJCIC Z, JUNIPER RP, TODOROVIC L: Peripheral streptomycin/ lidocaine injections versus lidocaine alone in the treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. A double blind controlled trial. Cran. Maxillo. Facial Surg. (1990) 18(6):243–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A randomised controlled trial.
   Google Scholar
• BITTAR GT, GRAFF-RADFORD SB: The effects of streptomycin/lidocaine block on trigeminal neuralgia: a double blind crossover placebo controlled study. Headache (1993) 33(3):155–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A randomised controlled trial.
   Google Scholar
• PATSALOS PN: The new generation ofantiepileptic drugs. Emerg. Drugs (1999) 4:87–106.
   Google Scholar
• CHESHIRE WP: Fosphenytoin: anintravenous option for the management of acute trigeminal neuralgia crisis. J. Pain Symptom Manag. (2001) 21:506–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZVARTAU-HIND M, DIN MU, GILANI A, LISAK RP, KHAN OA: Topiramate relieves refractory trigeminal neuralgia in MS patients. Neurology (2000) 55(2):1587–1588.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DI VADI PP, HAMANN W: The use of lamotrigine in neuropathic pain. Anaesthesia (1998) 53:804–809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SOLARO C, UCCELLI MM, BRICHOTTO G, GASPERINI C, MANCARDI G: Topiramate relieves idiopathic and symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia. J. Pain Symptom Manag. (2001) 21(5):367–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EKE T, TALBOT JF, LAWDEN MC: Severe persistent visual field constriction associated with vigabatrin. Br. Med. J. (1997) 314:180–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KNOWLES SR, SHAPIRO L, SHEAR NH: Serious dermatological reactions in children. Curt: Opin. Pediatr. (1997) 9:388–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'NEIL MG, PERDUN CS, WILSON MB, MC GOWN ST, PATEL S: Felbamate-associated fatal acute hepatic necrosis. Neurology (1996) 46:1457–1459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VOS BP, STRASSMAN AM, MACIEWICZ RJ: Behavioural evidence of trigeminal neuropathic pain following chronic constriction injury to the rat's infraorbital nerve. Neurosci. (1994) 14(5):2708–2723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IDANPAAN-HEIKKILA J, GUILBAUD G: Pharmacological studies on a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain: baclofen, but not carbamazepine, morphine or tricyclic antidepressants, attenuates the allodynia-like behaviour. Pain (1999) 79:281–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A newly developed rat model for trigeminal neuropathic pain was used to investigated the effects of drugs used clinically to treat trigeminal neuralgia.
   Google Scholar
• BRISMAN R: Gamma knife radiosurgery for primary management for trigeminal neuralgia. J. Neurosurg. (2000) 93\(Suppl. 3):159–161.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• COOK RJ, SACKETT DL: The number needed to treat: a clinically useful measure of treatment effect. Br. Med. J. (1995) 310:452–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Clearly explains a very useful concept.
   Google Scholar
• ALTMAN DG, ANDERSEN PK: Calculating the number to treat for trials where the outcome is time to an event. Br. Med. J(1999) 319: 1492–1495.
   Google Scholar
• •Provides a clear procedure for calculating numbers needed to treat.
   Google Scholar
• JAIN KK: An evaluation of intrathecal ziconotide for the treatment of chronic pain. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2000) 9:2403–2410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAMBELL FG, GRAHAM JG, ZILKHA KJ: Clinical trial of carbamazepine (Tegretol) in trigeminal neuralgia. j. Neural. Neurosurg. Psychiat. (1966) 29:265–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••A randomised controlled trial.
   Google Scholar
• NICOL CF: A four year double-blind study of tegretol in facial pain. Headache (1969) 9(1):54–57.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ••A randomised controlled trial.
   Google Scholar
• KILLIAN JM, FROMM GH: Carbamazepine in the treatment of neuralgia. Arch. Neurol (1968) 19:129–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••A randomised controlled trial.
   Google Scholar
• CACCIA MR: Clonazepam in facial neuralgia and cluster headache. Clinical and electrophysiological study. Eur. Neural. (1975) 13(6):560–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHANDRA B: The use of clonazepam in the treatment of tic douloureux (a preliminary report). Proc. Aust. Assoc. Neural. (1976) 13(1):119–122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• COURT JE, KASE CS: Treatment of tic douloureux with a new anticonvulsant (clonazepam).j Neurol Neurosurg. Psychiat. (1976) 39(3):297–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GILRON I, BOOHER SL, ROWAN MS, SMOLLER MS, MAX MB: A randomized, controlled trial of high-dose dextromethorphan in facial neuralgias. Neurology(2000) 55(7):964–971.
   Google Scholar
• ••A very small but randomised controlledtrial.
   Google Scholar
• IMAMURA Y, BENNETT GJ: Felbamate relieves several abnormal pain sensations in rats with experimental peripheral neuropathy.,/ Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (1995) 275:177–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHESHIRE WP: Felbamate relieved trigeminal neuralgia. Clin. Pain (1995) 11:139–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PATSALOS PN: Pharmacolkinetic profile oflevetiracetam: toward ideal characteristics. Pharmacol Thempeut. (2000) 85:77–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KLITGAARD H, MATAGNE A, GOBERT J, WULFERT E: Evidence for a unique profile of levetiracetam in rodent models of seizure and epilepsy. Eur. Pharmacol (1998) 353:191–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOOLF CJ, SALTER MW: Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain to pain. Science (2000) 288:1765–1769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAGELBERG E, LINDBLOM U: The mechanism of the pain in trigeminal neuralgia. I Neural. Neurosurg. Psychiat. (1959) 22:36–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PASCUAL J, BERCIANO J: Failure of mexiletine to control trigeminal neuralgia. Headache (1989) 29:517–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KALSO E, TRAMER MR, MCQUAY HJ, MOORE RA: Systemic local-anaesthetic-type drugs in chronic pain: a systematic review. Eur J. Pain (1998) 2:3–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LECHEN F, VAN DER DIJS B, LECHIN ME et al.: Pimozide therapy for trigeminal neuralgia. Arch. Neural. (1989) 46(9):960–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••A well-designed randomised controlledtrial.
   Google Scholar
• LECHEN F, VAN DER DIJS B, AMAT J et al.: Definite and sustained improvement with pimozide of two patients with severe trigeminal neuralgia. Some neurochemical, neurophysiological and euroendocrinological findings. I Med. (1988) 19(3-4):243–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPAZIANTE R, CAPPABIANCA P, SAINI M et al.: Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia by ophthalmic anesthetic [letter]. Neurosurg. (1992) 77(1):159–160.
   Google Scholar
• VASSILOUTHIS J: Relief of trigeminal neuralgia by proparacine. Neural. Neurosurg. Psychiat. (1994) 57:121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KONDZIOLKA D, LEMLEY T, KESTLE JR et al.: The effect of single-application topical ophthalmic anesthesia in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Neurosurg. (1994) 80(6)993–997.
   Google Scholar
• ••A high quality randomised controlled trialwhich illustrates how misleading case reports can be.
   Google Scholar
• MATSUMARA KS: Use of tiagabine for neuropathic pain. Neurology (2001) 56\(Suppl. 3):A351.
   Google Scholar
• FROMM GH, AUSMENTADO D, TERRANCE CF: A clinical and experimental investigation of the effects of tizanidine in trigeminal neuralgia. Pain (1993) 53(3):265–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VILMING ST, LYBERG T, LATASTE X: Tizanidine in the management of trigeminal neuralgia. Cephalgia (1986) 6(3):181–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••A randomised controlled trial.
   Google Scholar
• LINDSTROM P, LINDBLOM V: The analgesic effect of tocainide in trigeminal neuralgia. Pain (1987) 28:45–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••A randomised controlled trial.
   Google Scholar
• GILRON I, BPPHER SL, ROWAN JS, MAX MB: Topiramate in trigeminal neuralgia: a randomized, placebo-controlled multiple crossover pilot study. Clin. Neuropharmacol (2001) 24(2):109–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••A small but randomised controlled trial.
   Google Scholar
• DIN MU, ZVARTU-HIND M, GILANI A et al.: Topiramate relieves refractory trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis patients. Neurology (2000) 54:A60.
   Google Scholar
• HAUGH MJ, CONNOR GS: Trigeminal neuralgia: pain relief in patients treated with the anticonvulsant topiramate. Poster presentation at American Pain Society Georgia, USA (2 – 5 November 2000).
   Google Scholar
• ALVES ND, DE CASTRO-COSTRA CN, DE CARVALHO AM, SANTOS FJ, SILVEIRA DG: Possible analgesic effect of vigabatrin in animal experimental chronic neuropathic pain. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. (1999) 57:916–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEPPIK IE: Zonisamide. Epilepsia (1999) 40\(Suppl. 5):S23–S29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KESINGLAND AC, GENTRY CT, PANESAR MS: Analgesis profile of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, (+)-apibatidine and ABT-594 in models of persistent inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Pain (2000) 86:113–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TREZISE DJ, JOHN VH, XIE XM: Voltage- and use-dependent inhibition of Na+ channels in rat sensory neurones by 4030W82, a new antihyperalgesic agent. Br. J. Pharmacol (1998) 124:953–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CUTRER FM, MOSKOWITZ MA: The actions of valproate and neurosteroids in a model of trigeminal neuralgia. Headache (1996) 36:579–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRYE CA, VAN KUEREN KR, RAO PN, ERHSINE MS: Analgesic effects of the neurosteroid 3 alpha-androstanediol. Thalia Res. (1996) 709:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• HOVINGA CA: Novel anticonvulsant medications in development. Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs (2002) 119:1387–1406.
   Google Scholar
• FIELD MJ, HOLLOMAN EF, MCCLEARY S, HUGHES J, SINGH L: Evaluation of gabapentin and S-(+)-3-isobuytylgaba in a rat model of postoperative pain. I Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (1997) 282:1242–1246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HILL CM, BALKENOHL M, THOMAS DW et al.: Pregabalin in patients with postoperative dental pain. Eur: J. Pain (2001) 5(2):119–124.A randomised controlled trial.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASGHAR AH, HASON SJ, KING AE: Actions of anticonvulsant remacemide metabolite AR-R12495AA on afferent-evoked spinal synaptic transmission in vitro and on models of acute and chronic inflammation in the rat. Pharmacol Exp. The]: (2000) 294(3):876–883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SZALLASI A, BLUMBERG PM: Vanilloid(Capsaicin) receptors and mechanisms. Pharmacol Rev (1999) 51(2):159–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PALHAGEN S, CANGER R, HENRIKSEN O, VAN PERYS JA, RIVIERE ME, KAROLCHYK MA: Rufinamide: a double-blind, placebo-controlled proof of principle trial in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. (2001) 43:115–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LANGAN YM, LUCAS R, JEWELL H et al.: Talampanel, a new antiepileptic drug: Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and initial 1-week experience in patients with chronic intractable epilepsy. Ept/epsia (2003) 44(1):46–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FUSCO BM, ALESSANDRI M: Analgesic effect of capsaicin in idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Anaesth. Analg. (1992) 74(3):375–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EPSTEIN JB, MARCOE JH: Topical application of capsaicin for treatment of oral neuropathic pain and trigeminal neuralgia. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol (1994) 77(2):135–140.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MCQUAY HJ, TRAMER M, NYE BA, CARROLL D, WIFFEN PJ, MOORE RA: A systemic review of antidepressants in neuropathic pain. Pahl (1996) 68:217–227.
   Google Scholar
• ELLIOTT KJ, BRODSKY M, HYANANSKY A, FOLEY KM, INTURRISI CE: Dextromethorphan shows efficacy in experimental pain (nociception) and opioid tolerance. Neurology (1995) 45(12 Suppl. 8):566–568.
   Google Scholar
• CHRISTENSEN D, GAUTRON M, GUILBAUD G, KAYSER V: Combined systemic administration of the glycine/ NMDA receptor antagonist (+)-HA966 and morphine attenuates pain-related behaviour in a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain. Pahl (1999) 83:433–440.
   Google Scholar
• ARGOFF CE: A focused review on the use of botulinum toxins for neuropathic pain Clin. J. Pain (2002) 18:S177–S181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BORODIC GE, ACQUADRO MA: The use of botulinum toxin for the treatment of chronic facial pain. J. Pahl (2002) 3(1):21–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WAXMAN SG, DIB-HAJJ S, CUMMINS TR, BLACK JA: Sodium channels and pain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1999) 96:7635–7639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOYCE S, WYATT JK, WEBB JK et al.: Selective NMDA NR2B antagonists induce antinociception without motor dysfunction: correlation with restricted localisation of NR2B subunit in dorsal horn. Neuropharmacology (1999) 38(5):611–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TANIGUCHI K, SHINJO K, MIZUTANI M et al: Antinociceptive activity of CP-101,606, an NMDA receptor NR2B subunit antagonist. Br. .1.Pharmacol (1997) 122(5):809–812.
   Google Scholar