Emerging treatments for asthma

Bibliography

• BOUSQUET J, JEFFERY PK, BUSSE WW, JOHNSON M, VIGNOLA AM: Asthma. From bronchoconstriction to airways inflammation and remodeling. Am. j Respir. Grit. Care Med. (2000) 161:1720–1745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAZARUS SC: Inflammation, inflammatory mediators, and mediator antagonists in asthma../. Clin. Pharmacol (1998) 38:577–582.
   Google Scholar
• CHIAPPARA G, GAGLIARDO R, SIENA A et al.: Airway remodelling in the pathogenesis of asthma. Carr: Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol (2001) 1:85–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SALVI S: Pollution and allergic airways disease. Carr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol (2001) 1:35–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GIEMBYCZ MA, CORRIGAN CJ, SEYBOLD J, NEWTON R, BARNES PJ: Identification of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterases 3, 4 and 7 in human CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes: role in regulating proliferation and the biosynthesis of interleukin-2. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1996) 118:1945–1958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WANG P, WU P, OHLETH KM, EGAN RW, BILLAH MM: Phosphodiesterase 4B2 is the predominant phosphodiesterase species and undergoes differential regulation of gene expression in human monocytes and neutrophils. Pharmacol (1999) 56:170–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TORPHY TJ: Phosphodiesterase isoenzymes - molecular targets for novel anti-asthma agents. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. (1998) 157:351–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOTSIMBOS TC, ERNST P, HAMID QA: Interleukin-13 and interleukin-4 are coexpressed in atopic asthma. Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians (1996) 108:368–373.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BODEY KJ, SEMPER AE, REDINGTON AE et al: Cytokine profiles of BAL T cells and T-cell clones obtained from human asthmatic airways after local allergen challenge. Allergy (1999) 54:1083–1093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YUYAMA N, DAVIES DE, AKAIWA M et al.: Analysis of novel disease-related genes in bronchial asthma. Cytokine (2002) 19:287–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KUMAR RK, HERBERT C, YANG M et al: Role of interleukin-13 in eosinophil accumulation and airway remodeling in a mouse model of chronic asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy (2002) 32:1104–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KUPERMAN DA, HUANG X, KOTH LL et al: Direct effects of interleukin-13 on epithelial cells cause airway hyperreactivity and mucus overproduction in asthma. Nat. Med. (2002) 8:885–889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLEASE K, JAKUBZICK C, WESTWICK J et al.: Therapeutic effect of IL-13 immunoneutralization during chronic experimental fungal asthma. Immunol (2001) 166:5219–5224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLEASE K, JAKUBZICK C, SCHUH JM et al: IL-13 fusion cytotoxin ameliorates chronic fungal-induced allergic airway disease in mice. J. Immunol (2001) 167:6583–6592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAMELMANN E, GELFAND EW: IL-5-induced airway eosinophilia-the key to asthma? Immunol Rev (2001) 179:182–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FOSTER PS, HOGAN SP, RAMSAY AJ,MATTHAEI KI, YOUNG IG: Interleukin 5 deficiency abolishes eosinophila, airways hyperreactivity, and lung damage in a mouse asthma model. J. Exp. Med. (1996) 183:195–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VERMEER PD, HARSON R, EIN WALTER LA, MONINGER T, ZABNER J: Interleultin-9 induces goblet cell hyperplasia during repair of human airway epithelia. Am. I Respir. Cell Ma Biol. (2003) 28:286–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCMILLAN SJ, BISHOP B, TOWNSEND MJ, MCKENZIE AN, LLOYD CM: The absence of interleukin 9 does not affect the development of allergen-induced pulmonary inflammation nor airway hyperreactivity. J. Exp. Med. (2002) 195:51–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHENG G, ARIMA M, HONDA K et al:Anti-interleukin-9 antibody treatments inhibits airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in mouse asthma model. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2002) 166:409–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAZZARELLA G, BIANCO A, CATENA E, DE PALMA R, ABBATE GF: Thl/Th2 lymphocyte polarization in asthma. Allergy (2000) 55:6–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TOURNOY KG, KIPS JC, PAUWELS RA: Is Thl the solution for Th2 in asthma? Clin. Exp. Allergy (2002) 32:17–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEONARD P, SUR S: Interleuldn-12: potential role in asthma therapy. Biodrugs (2003) 17:1–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GANGUR V, OPPENHEIM JJ: Are chemokines essential or secondary participants in allergic responses? Ann. Allergy Asthma Irnmunol (2000) 84:569–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUHL R: Omalizumab (Xolair) improves quality of life in adult patients with allergic asthma: a review. Respir. Med. (2003) 97:123–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEINLY CS, SEMPOWSKI GD, LEE DM et al.: Comparison of thymocyte development and cytokine production in CD7-deficient, CD28-deficient and CD7/ CD28 double-deficient mice. mt. Immunoi (2001) 13:157–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DRIVER AG, KUKOLY CA, ALI S, MUSTAFA SJ: Adenosine in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in asthma. Am. Rev Rapti: Dis. (1993) 148:91–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARLOS TM, HARLAN JM: Leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules. Blood (1994) 84:2068–2101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLOEMEN PG, HENRICKS PA, NIJKAMP FP: Cell adhesion molecules and asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy(1997) 27: 128–141.
   Google Scholar
• HORNER AA, PAZ E: Immunostimulatory sequence oligonucleotide-based vaccination and immunomodulation: two unique but complementary strategies for the treatment of allergic disease. Allergy Cho. Immunol (2002) 110:706–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARNES PJ, ADCOCK IM: Transcription factors and asthma. Ear: Respit (1998) 12:221–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DONG C, DAVIS RJ, FLAVELL RA: MAP kinases in the immune response. Ann. Rev Immunol (2002) 20:55-57.••An excellent review on MAP kinases.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ESCOTT KJ, BELVISI MG, BIRRELL MA: Effect of the p38 kinase inhibitor, SB 203580, on allergic airway inflammation in the rat. Br. Pharmacol (2000) 131:173–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNDERWOOD DC, OSBORN RR, KOTZER CJ et al.: SB 239063, a potent p38 MAP kinase inhibitor reduces inflammatory cytokine production, airways eosinophil infiltration, and persistence. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (2000) 293:281–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VVESTON CR, DAVIS RJ: The JNK signal transduction pathway. Can: Opin. Genet. Dev (2002) 12:14–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BENNETT BL, SASAKI DT, MURRAY BW et al.: 5P600125, an anthrapyrazolone inhibitor of jun N-terminal kinase. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA (2001) 98:13681–13686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •First report describing a small molecule, selective, JNK inhibitor.
   Google Scholar
• HUBBARD SR, TILL JH: Protein tyrosine kinase structure and function. Ann. Rev Biochem. (2000) 69:373–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUANG TJ, ADCOCK IM, CHUNG KF: A novel transcription factor inhibitor, 5P100030, inhibits cytokine gene expression, but not airway eosinophilia or hyperresponsiveness in sensitized and allergen-exposed rat. Br. Pharmacol. (2001) 134:1029–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PERNIS AB, ROTHMAN PB: JAK-STAT signaling in asthma. .1 Clio. Invest. (2002) 109:1279–1283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AKIMOTO T, NUMATA F, TAMURA M et al.: Abrogation of bronchial eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)6-deficient mice. J. Exp. Med. (1998) 187:1537–1542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MIYATA S, MATSUYAMA T, KODAMA T et al.: STAT6 deficiency in a mouse model of allergen-induced airways inflammation abolishes eosinophilia but induces infiltration of CD8+ T cells. Clio. Exp. Allergy (1999) 29:114–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHIMODA K, VAN DEURSEN J, SANGSTER MY et al.: Lack of IL-4-induced Th2 response and IgE class switching in mice with disrupted STAT6 gene. Nature (1996) 380:630–633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MULLINGS RE, WILSON SJ, PUDDICOMBE SM et al: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT-6) expression and function in asthmatic bronchial epithelium. Allergy Clio. Immunol (2001) 108:832–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAN EERDEWEGH P, LITTLE RD, DUPUIS J et al.: Association of the ADAM33 gene with asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Nature (2002) 418:426–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •An interesting paper describing the association between ADAM33 gene and asthma.
   Google Scholar
• ECONOMIDES AN, CARPENTER LR, RUDGE JS et al: Cytokine traps: multi-component, high affinity blockers of cytokine action. Nat. Med. (2003) 9:47–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •An interesting paper describing a novel mechanism for blockade of cytokine action.
   Google Scholar
• CORREN J, CASALE T, DENIZ Y, ASHBY M: Omalizumab, a recombinant humanized anti-IgE antibody, reduces asthma-related emergency room visits and hospitalizations in patients with allergic asthma. I Allergy Clio. Immunoi (2003) 111:87–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NYCE JW, METZGER WJ: DNA antisense therapy for asthma in an animal model. Nature (1997) 385:721–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KLINE JN: Effects of CpG DNA on Thl/Th2 balance in asthma. Curt Top. Microbial. Immunoi (2000) 247:211–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar