441
Views
131
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

TRAIL in cancer therapy: present and future challenges

, , , , MD PhD &
Pages 1299-1314 | Published online: 02 Oct 2007

Bibliography

  • PITTI RM, MARSTERS SA, RUPPERT S et al.: Induction of apoptosis by Apo-2 ligand, a new member of the TNF cytokine family. J. Biol. Chem. (1996) 271(22):12687-12690.
  • WILEY SR, SCHOOLEY K, SMOLAK PJ et al.: Identification and characterization of a new member of the TNF family that induces apoptosis. Immunity (1995) 3(6):673-682.
  • PAN G, O'ROURKE K, CHINNAIYAN AM et al.: The receptor for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. Science (1997) 276(5309):111-113.
  • CHAUDHARY PM, EBY M, JASMIN A et al.: Death receptor 5, a new member of the TNFR family, and DR4 induce FADD-dependent apoptosis and activate the NF-κB pathway. Immunity (1997) 7(6):821-830.
  • WALCZAK H, DEGLI-ESPOSTI MA, JOHNSON RS et al.: TRAIL-R2: a novel apoptosis-mediating receptor for TRAIL. EMBO J. (1997) 16(17):5386-5397.
  • DEGLI-ESPOSTI MA, SMOLAK PJ, WALCZAK H et al.: Cloning and characterization of TRAIL-R3, a novel member of the emerging TRAIL receptor family. J. Exp. Med. (1997) 186(7):1165-1170.
  • PAN G, NI J, WEI YF et al.: An antagonist decoy receptor and a death domain-containing receptor for TRAIL. Science (1997) 277(5327):815-818.
  • DEGLI-ESPOSTI MA, DOUGALL WC, SMOLAK PJ et al.: The novel receptor TRAIL-R4 induces NF-κB and protects against TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, yet retains an incomplete death domain. Immunity (1997) 7(6):813-820.
  • VARFOLOMEEV E, MAECKER H, SHARP D et al.: Molecular determinants of kinase pathway activation by apo2 ligand/TNF related apoptosis-inducing ligand. J. Biol. Chem. (2005) 280(49):40599-40608.
  • MICHEAU O, TSCHOPP J: Induction of TNF receptor I-mediated apoptosis via two sequential signaling complexes. Cell (2003) 114(2):181-190.
  • LIABAKK NB, ESPEVIK T: Monoclonal antibodies against TRAIL. Vitam. Horm. (2004) 67:65-79.
  • ZAMAI L, AHMAD M, BENNETT IM et al.: Natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity: differential use of TRAIL and Fas ligand by immature and mature primary human NK cells. J. Exp. Med. (1998) 188(12):2375-2380.
  • KAYAGAKI N, YAMAGUCHI N, NAKAYAMA M et al.: Type I interferons (IFNs) regulate TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) expression on human T cells: a novel mechanism for the antitumor effects of type I IFNs. J. Exp. Med. (1999) 189(9):1451-1460.
  • GRIFFITH TS, WILEY SR, KUBIN MZ et al.: Monocyte-mediated tumoricidal activity via the TNF-related cytokine, TRAIL. J. Exp. Med. (1999) 189(8):1343-1354.
  • KOGA Y, MATSUZAKI A, SUMINOE A, HATTORI H, HARA T: Neutrophil-derived TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL): a novel mechanism of antitumor effect by neutrophils. Cancer Res. (2004) 64(3):1037-1043.
  • KAYAGAKI N, YAMAGUCHI N, NAKAYAMA M et al.: Involvement of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in human CD4+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. J. Immunol. (1999) 162(5):2639-2647.
  • FANGER NA, MALISZEWSKI CR, SCHOOLEY K, GRIFFITH TS: Human dendritic cells mediate cellular apoptosis via TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). J. Exp. Med. (1999) 190(8):1155-1164.
  • LIU S, YU Y, ZHANG M, WANG W, CAO X: The involvement of TNF-α-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in the enhanced cytotoxicity of IFN-β-stimulated human dendritic cells to tumor cells. J. Immunol. (2001) 166(9):5407-5415.
  • YU Y, LIU S, WANG W et al.: Involvement of TNF-α-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in enhanced cytotoxicity of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated dendritic cells to activated T cells. Immunology (2002) 106(3):308-315.
  • KROLL TM, BOMMIASAMY H, BOISSY RE et al.: 4-Tertiary butyl phenol exposure sensitizes human melanocytes to dendritic cell-mediated killing: relevance to vitiligo. J. Invest. Dermatol. (2005) 124(4):798-806.
  • LU G, JANJIC BM, JANJIC J et al.: Innate direct anticancer effector function of human immature dendritic cells. II. Role of TNF, lymphotoxin-α(1)β(2), Fas ligand, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. J. Immunol. (2002) 168(4):1831-1839.
  • SHI J, IKEDA K, FUJII N et al.: Activated human umbilical cord blood dendritic cells kill tumor cells without damaging normal hematological progenitor cells. Cancer Sci. (2005) 96(2):127-133.
  • KAMOHARA H, MATSUYAMA W, SHIMOZATO O et al.: Regulation of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and TRAIL receptor expression in human neutrophils. Immunology (2004) 111(2):186-194.
  • CRETNEY E, SHANKER A, YAGITA H, SMYTH MJ, SAYERS TJ: TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand as a therapeutic agent in autoimmunity and cancer. Immunol. Cell Biol. (2006) 84(1):87-98.
  • CLARKE P, MEINTZER SM, GIBSON S et al.: Reovirus-induced apoptosis is mediated by TRAIL. J. Virol. (2000) 74(17):8135-8139.
  • HAN LH, SUN WS, MA CH et al.: Detection of soluble TRAIL in HBV infected patients and its clinical implications. World J. Gastroenterol. (2002) 8(6):1077-1080.
  • WANDINGER KP, LUNEMANN JD, WENGERT O et al.: TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) as a potential response marker for interferon-β treatment in multiple sclerosis. Lancet (2003) 361(9374):2036-2043.
  • ROBERTSON NM, ZANGRILLI JG, STEPLEWSKI A et al.: Differential expression of TRAIL and TRAIL receptors in allergic asthmatics following segmental antigen challenge: evidence for a role of TRAIL in eosinophil survival. J. Immunol. (2002) 169(10):5986-5996.
  • CRETNEY E, TAKEDA K, YAGITA H et al.: Increased susceptibility to tumor initiation and metastasis in TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-deficient mice. J. Immunol. (2002) 168(3):1356-1361.
  • SMYTH MJ, TAKEDA K, HAYAKAWA Y et al.: Nature's TRAIL - on a path to cancer immunotherapy. Immunity (2003) 18(1):1-6.
  • ZERAFA N, WESTWOOD JA, CRETNEY E et al.: Cutting edge: TRAIL deficiency accelerates hematological malignancies. J. Immunol. (2005) 175(9):5586-5590.
  • SEDGER LM, GLACCUM MB, SCHUH JC et al.: Characterization of the in vivo function of TNF-α-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, TRAIL/Apo2L, using TRAIL/Apo2L gene-deficient mice. Eur. J. Immunol. (2002) 32(8):2246-2254.
  • TAKEDA K, SMYTH MJ, CRETNEY E et al.: Critical role for TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in immune surveillance against tumor development. J. Exp. Med. (2002) 195(2):161-169.
  • HAYAKAWA Y, TAKEDA K, YAGITA H et al.: Critical contribution of IFN-γ and NK cells, but not perforin-mediated cytotoxicity, to anti-metastatic effect of α-galactosylceramide. Eur. J. Immunol. (2001) 31(6):1720-1727.
  • SEKI N, HAYAKAWA Y, BROOKS AD et al.: TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-mediated apoptosis is an important endogenous mechanism for resistance to liver metastases in murine renal cancer. Cancer Res. (2003) 63(1):207-213.
  • SMYTH MJ, CRETNEY E, TAKEDA K et al.: TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) contributes to interferon γ-dependent natural killer cell protection from tumor metastasis. J. Exp. Med. (2001) 193(6):661-670.
  • DIEHL GE, YUE HH, HSIEH K et al.: TRAIL-R as a negative regulator of innate immune cell responses. Immunity (2004) 21(6):877-889.
  • NESTEROV A, NIKRAD M, JOHNSON T, KRAFT AS: Oncogenic Ras sensitizes normal human cells to TNF-α-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res. (2004) 64(11):3922-3927.
  • WANG Y, QUON KC, KNEE DA, NESTEROV A, KRAFT AS: RAS, MYC, and sensitivity to TNF-α-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res. (2005) 65(4):1615-1616; author reply 1616-1617.
  • NIEMINEN AI, PARTANEN JI, HAU A, KLEFSTROM J: c-Myc primed mitochondria determine cellular sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. EMBO J. (2007) 26(4):1055-1067.
  • GROTZER MA, EGGERT A, ZUZAK TJ et al.: Resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in primitive neuroectodermal brain tumor cells correlates with a loss of caspase-8 expression. Oncogene (2000) 19(40):4604-4610.
  • KAGAWA S, HE C, GU J et al.: Antitumor activity and bystander effects of the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) gene. Cancer Res. (2001) 61(8):3330-3338.
  • WAJANT H, PFIZENMAIER K, SCHEURICH P: TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its receptors in tumor surveillance and cancer therapy. Apoptosis (2002) 7(5):449-459.
  • JIN Z, MCDONALD ER III, DICKER DT, EL-DEIRY WS: Deficient TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) death receptor transport to the cell surface in human colon cancer cells selected for resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. (2004) 279(34):35829-35839.
  • HORAK P, PILS D, HALLER G et al.: Contribution of epigenetic silencing of TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand receptor 1 (DR4) to TRAIL resistance and ovarian cancer. Mol. Cancer Res. (2005) 3(6):335-343.
  • LEE SH, SHIN MS, KIM HS et al.: Somatic mutations of TRAIL-receptor 1 and TRAIL-receptor 2 genes in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Oncogene (2001) 20(3):399-403.
  • NGUYEN T, ZHANG XD, HERSEY P: Relative resistance of fresh isolates of melanoma to TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis. Clin. Cancer Res. (2001) 7(3 Suppl.):S966-S973.
  • FISHER MJ, VIRMANI AK, WU L et al.: Nucleotide substitution in the ectodomain of trail receptor DR4 is associated with lung cancer and head and neck cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. (2001) 7(6):1688-1697.
  • KIM K, FISHER MJ, XU SQ, EL-DEIRY WS: Molecular determinants of response to TRAIL in killing of normal and cancer cells. Clin. Cancer Res. (2000) 6(2):335-346.
  • PARK WS, LEE JH, SHIN MS et al.: Inactivating mutations of KILLER/DR5 gene in gastric cancers. Gastroenterology (2001) 121(5):1219-1225.
  • MCDONALD ER III, CHUI PC, MARTELLI PF, DICKER DT, EL-DEIRY WS: Death domain mutagenesis of KILLER/DR5 reveals residues critical for apoptotic signaling. J. Biol. Chem. (2001) 276(18):14939-14945.
  • SPIERINGS DC, DE VRIES EG, VELLENGA E et al.: Tissue distribution of the death ligand TRAIL and its receptors. J. Histochem. Cytochem. (2004) 52(6):821-831.
  • VAN NOESEL MM, VAN BEZOUW S, SALOMONS GS et al.: Tumor-specific down-regulation of the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand decoy receptors DcR1 and DcR2 is associated with dense promoter hypermethylation. Cancer Res. (2002) 62(7):2157-2161.
  • SHIVAPURKAR N, TOYOOKA S, TOYOOKA KO et al.: Aberrant methylation of trail decoy receptor genes is frequent in multiple tumor types. Int. J. Cancer (2004) 109(5):786-792.
  • SHEIKH MS, HUANG Y, FERNANDEZ-SALAS EA et al.: The antiapoptotic decoy receptor TRID/TRAIL-R3 is a p53-regulated DNA damage-inducible gene that is overexpressed in primary tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Oncogene (1999) 18(28):4153-4159.
  • SANLIOGLU AD, KOKSAL IT, CIFTCIOGLU A et al.: Differential expression of TRAIL and its receptors in benign and malignant prostate tissues. J. Urol. (2007) 177(1):359-364.
  • AYDIN C, SANLIOGLU AD, KARACAY B et al.: Decoy receptor-2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) strategy employing three different siRNA constructs in combination defeats adenovirus-transferred TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand resistance in lung cancer cells. Hum. Gene Ther. (2007) 18(1):39-50.
  • RICCIONI R, PASQUINI L, MARIANI G et al.: TRAIL decoy receptors mediate resistance of acute myeloid leukemia cells to TRAIL. Haematologica (2005) 90(5):612-624.
  • GRIFFITH TS, CHIN WA, JACKSON GC, LYNCH DH, KUBIN MZ: Intracellular regulation of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human melanoma cells. J. Immunol. (1998) 161(6):2833-2840.
  • HAO C, BEGUINOT F, CONDORELLI G et al.: Induction and intracellular regulation of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) mediated apotosis in human malignant glioma cells. Cancer Res. (2001) 61(3):1162-1170.
  • MITSIADES N, POULAKI V, MITSIADES C, TSOKOS M: Ewing's sarcoma family tumors are sensitive to TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and express death receptor 4 and death receptor 5. Cancer Res. (2001) 61(6):2704-2712.
  • ZHANG XD, FRANCO A, MYERS K et al.: Relation of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor and FLICE-inhibitory protein expression to TRAIL-induced apoptosis of melanoma. Cancer Res. (1999) 59(11):2747-2753.
  • DANIELS RA, TURLEY H, KIMBERLEY FC et al.: Expression of TRAIL and TRAIL receptors in normal and malignant tissues. Cell Res. (2005) 15(6):430-438.
  • LINCZ LF, YEH TX, SPENCER A: TRAIL-induced eradication of primary tumour cells from multiple myeloma patient bone marrows is not related to TRAIL receptor expression or prior chemotherapy. Leukemia (2001) 15(10):1650-1657.
  • ZHANG XD, FRANCO AV, NGUYEN T, GRAY CP, HERSEY P: Differential localization and regulation of death and decoy receptors for TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in human melanoma cells. J. Immunol. (2000) 164(8):3961-3970.
  • MACFARLANE M, AHMAD M, SRINIVASULA SM et al.: Identification and molecular cloning of two novel receptors for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. J. Biol. Chem. (1997) 272(41):25417-25420.
  • TRUNEH A, SHARMA S, SILVERMAN C et al.: Temperature-sensitive differential affinity of TRAIL for its receptors. DR5 is the highest affinity receptor. J. Biol. Chem. (2000) 275(30):23319-23325.
  • LEE HW, LEE SH, LEE HW et al.: Homomeric and heteromeric interactions of the extracellular domains of death receptors and death decoy receptors. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2005) 330(4):1205-1212.
  • SHERIDAN JP, MARSTERS SA, PITTI RM et al.: Control of TRAIL-induced apoptosis by a family of signaling and decoy receptors. Science (1997) 277(5327):818-821.
  • MERINO D, LALAOUI N, MORIZOT A et al.: Differential inhibition of TRAIL-mediated DR5-DISC formation by decoy receptors 1 and 2. Mol. Cell Biol. (2006) 26(19):7046-7055.
  • MARSTERS SA, SHERIDAN JP, PITTI RM et al.: A novel receptor for Apo2L/TRAIL contains a truncated death domain. Curr. Biol. (1997) 7(12):1003-1006.
  • BERNARD D, QUATANNENS B, VANDENBUNDER B, ABBADIE C: Rel/NF-κB transcription factors protect against tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis by up-regulating the TRAIL decoy receptor DcR1. J. Biol. Chem. (2001) 276(29):27322-27328.
  • ZHANG XD, NGUYEN T, THOMAS WD, SANDERS JE, HERSEY P: Mechanisms of resistance of normal cells to TRAIL induced apoptosis vary between different cell types. FEBS Lett. (2000):193-199.
  • BOURALEXIS S, FINDLAY DM, ATKINS GJ et al.: Progressive resistance of BTK-143 osteosarcoma cells to Apo2L/TRAIL-induced apoptosis is mediated by acquisition of DcR2/TRAIL-R4 expression: resensitisation with chemotherapy. Br. J. Cancer (2003) 89(1):206-214.
  • SANLIOGLU AD, DIRICE E, AYDIN C et al.: Surface TRAIL decoy receptor-4 expression is correlated with TRAIL resistance in MCF7 breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer (2005) 5(1):54.
  • CLANCY L, MRUK K, ARCHER K et al.: Preligand assembly domain-mediated ligand-independent association between TRAIL receptor 4 (TR4) and TR2 regulates TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2005) 102(50):18099-18104.
  • FALSCHLEHNER C, EMMERICH CH, GERLACH B, WALCZAK H: TRAIL signalling: decisions between life and death. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. (2007) 39(7-8):1462-1475.
  • HU WH, JOHNSON H, SHU HB: TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptors signal NF-κB and JNK activation and apoptosis through distinct pathways. J. Biol. Chem. (1999) 274(43):30603-30610.
  • CHENG J, HYLANDER BL, BAER MR, CHEN X, REPASKY EA: Multiple mechanisms underlie resistance of leukemia cells to Apo2 ligand/TRAIL. Mol. Cancer Ther. (2006) 5(7):1844-1853.
  • FULDA S, KUFER MU, MEYER E et al.: Sensitization for death receptor- or drug-induced apoptosis by re-expression of caspase-8 through demethylation or gene transfer. Oncogene (2001) 20(41):5865-5877.
  • HOPKINS-DONALDSON S, ZIEGLER A, KURTZ S et al.: Silencing of death receptor and caspase-8 expression in small cell lung carcinoma cell lines and tumors by DNA methylation. Cell Death Differ. (2003) 10(3):356-364.
  • MCDONALD ER III, EL-DEIRY WS: Suppression of caspase-8- and -10-associated RING proteins results in sensitization to death ligands and inhibition of tumor cell growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2004) 101(16):6170-6175.
  • ROTH W, REED JC: FLIP protein and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Vitam. Horm. (2004) 67:189-206.
  • LEBLANC H, LAWRENCE D, VARFOLOMEEV E et al.: Tumor-cell resistance to death receptor-induced apoptosis through mutational inactivation of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 homolog Bax. Nat. Med. (2002) 8(3):274-281.
  • FULDA S, MEYER E, DEBATIN KM: Inhibition of TRAIL-induced apoptosis by Bcl-2 overexpression. Oncogene (2002) 21(15):2283-2294.
  • HERSEY P, ZHANG XD: Overcoming resistance of cancer cells to apoptosis. J. Cell Physiol. (2003) 196(1):9-18.
  • CHEN X, THAKKAR H, TYAN F et al.: Constitutively active Akt is an important regulator of TRAIL sensitivity in prostate cancer. Oncogene (2001) 20(42):6073-6083.
  • BORTUL R, TAZZARI PL, CAPPELLINI A et al.: Constitutively active Akt1 protects HL60 leukemia cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis through a mechanism involving NF-κB activation and cFLIP(L) up-regulation. Leukemia (2003) 17(2):379-389.
  • KOBAYASHI S, WERNEBURG NW, BRONK SF, KAUFMANN SH, GORES GJ: Interleukin-6 contributes to Mcl-1 up-regulation and TRAIL resistance via an Akt-signaling pathway in cholangiocarcinoma cells. Gastroenterology (2005) 128(7):2054-2065.
  • WHANG YE, YUAN XJ, LIU Y, MAJUMDER S, LEWIS TD: Regulation of sensitivity to TRAIL by the PTEN tumor suppressor. Vitam. Horm. (2004) 67:409-426.
  • MARTELLI AM, TAZZARI PL, TABELLINI G et al.: A new selective AKT pharmacological inhibitor reduces resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, TRAIL, all-trans-retinoic acid, and ionizing radiation of human leukemia cells. Leukemia (2003) 17(9):1794-1805.
  • PUDUVALLI VK, SAMPATH D, BRUNER JM et al.: TRAIL-induced apoptosis in gliomas is enhanced by Akt-inhibition and is independent of JNK activation. Apoptosis (2005) 10(1):233-243.
  • RYCHAHOU PG, MURILLO CA, EVERS BM: Targeted RNA interference of PI3K pathway components sensitizes colon cancer cells to TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Surgery (2005) 138(2):391-397.
  • OKA N, TANIMOTO S, TAUE R et al.: Role of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt pathway in bladder cancer cell apoptosis induced by TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Cancer Sci. (2006) 97(10):1093-1098.
  • JIN Z, EL-DEIRY WS: Distinct signaling pathways in TRAIL- versus TNF-induced apoptosis. Mol. Cell Biol. (2006) 26(21):8136-8148.
  • MARTINON F, HOLLER N, RICHARD C, TSCHOPP J: Activation of a pro-apoptotic amplification loop through inhibition of NF-κB-dependent survival signals by caspase-mediated inactivation of RIP. FEBS Lett. (2000) 468(2-3):134-136.
  • KIM YS, SCHWABE RF, QIAN T, LEMASTERS JJ, BRENNER DA: TRAIL-mediated apoptosis requires NF-κB inhibition and the mitochondrial permeability transition in human hepatoma cells. Hepatology (2002) 36(6):1498-1508.
  • EHRHARDT H, FULDA S, SCHMID I et al.: TRAIL induced survival and proliferation in cancer cells resistant towards TRAIL-induced apoptosis mediated by NF-κB. Oncogene (2003) 22(25):3842-3852.
  • SHETTY S, GLADDEN JB, HENSON ES et al.: TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) up-regulates death receptor 5 (DR5) mediated by NF-κB activation in epithelial derived cell lines. Apoptosis. (2002) 7(5):413-420.
  • BRAEUER SJ, BUNEKER C, MOHR A, ZWACKA RM: Constitutively activated NF-κB, but not induced NF-κB, leads to TRAIL resistance by up-regulation of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein in human cancer cells. Mol. Cancer Res. (2006) 4(10):715-728.
  • WADA T, PENNINGER JM: Mitogen-activated protein kinases in apoptosis regulation. Oncogene (2004) 23(16):2838-2849.
  • TRAN SE, HOLMSTROM TH, AHONEN M, KAHARI VM, ERIKSSON JE: MAPK/ERK overrides the apoptotic signaling from Fas, TNF, and TRAIL receptors. J. Biol. Chem. (2001) 276(19):16484-16490.
  • LEE TJ, LEE JT, PARK JW, KWON TK: Acquired TRAIL resistance in human breast cancer cells are caused by the sustained cFLIP(L) and XIAP protein levels and ERK activation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2006) 351(4):1024-1030.
  • BORGES J, PANDIELLA A, ESPARIS-OGANDO A: Erk5 nuclear location is independent on dual phosphorylation, and favours resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Cell Signal. (2007) 19(7):1473-1487.
  • FRESE S, PIRNIA F, MIESCHER D et al.: PG490-mediated sensitization of lung cancer cells to Apo2L/TRAIL-induced apoptosis requires activation of ERK2. Oncogene (2003) 22(35):5427-5435.
  • JIN Z, DICKER DT, EL-DEIRY WS: Enhanced sensitivity of G1 arrested human cancer cells suggests a novel therapeutic strategy using a combination of simvastatin and TRAIL. Cell Cycle (2002) 1(1):82-89.
  • RETZER-LIDL M, SCHMID RM, SCHNEIDER G: Inhibition of CDK4 impairs proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells and sensitizes towards TRAIL-induced apoptosis via downregulation of survivin. Int. J. Cancer (2007) 121(1):66-75.
  • KOBAYASHI S, LEE SH, MENG XW et al.: Serine 64 phosphorylation enhances the antiapoptotic function of Mcl-1. J. Biol. Chem. (2007) 282(25):18407-18417.
  • IVANOV VN, ZHOU H, HEI TK: Sequential treatment by ionizing radiation and sodium arsenite dramatically accelerates TRAIL-mediated apoptosis of human melanoma cells. Cancer Res. (2007) 67(11):5397-5407.
  • RAY S, SHYAM S, FRAIZER GC, ALMASAN A: S-phase checkpoints regulate Apo2 ligand/TRAIL and CPT-11-induced apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. Mol. Cancer Ther. (2007) 6(4):1368-1378.
  • KELLEY SK, ASHKENAZI A: Targeting death receptors in cancer with Apo2L/TRAIL. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. (2004) 4(4):333-339.
  • WALCZAK H, MILLER RE, ARIAIL K et al.: Tumoricidal activity of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in vivo. Nat. Med. (1999) 5(2):157-163.
  • YOUNES A, KADIN ME: Emerging applications of the TNF family of ligands and receptors in cancer therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. (2003) 21(18):3526-3534.
  • DEBATIN KM, KRAMMER PH: Death receptors in chemotherapy and cancer. Oncogene (2004) 23(16):2950-2966.
  • ASHKENAZI A, PAI RC, FONG S et al.: Safety and antitumor activity of recombinant soluble Apo2 ligand. J. Clin. Invest. (1999) 104(2):155-162.
  • KELLEY SK, HARRIS LA, XIE D et al.: Preclinical studies to predict the disposition of Apo2L/TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in humans: characterization of in vivo efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and safety. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2001) 299(1):31-38.
  • LAWRENCE D, SHAHROKH Z, MARSTERS S et al.: Differential hepatocyte toxicity of recombinant Apo2L/TRAIL versions. Nat. Med. (2001) 7(4):383-385.
  • NAKA T, SUGAMURA K, HYLANDER BL et al.: Effects of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand alone and in combination with chemotherapeutic agents on patients' colon tumors grown in SCID mice. Cancer Res. (2002) 62(20):5800-5806.
  • OIKONOMOU E, KOTHONIDIS K, ZOGRAFOS G et al.: Newly established tumourigenic primary human colon cancer cell lines are sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Br. J. Cancer (2007) 97(1):73-84.
  • MITSIADES CS, TREON SP, MITSIADES N et al.: TRAIL/Apo2L ligand selectively induces apoptosis and overcomes drug resistance in multiple myeloma: therapeutic applications. Blood (2001) 98(3):795-804.
  • POLLACK IF, ERFF M, ASHKENAZI A: Direct stimulation of apoptotic signaling by soluble Apo2l/TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand leads to selective killing of glioma cells. Clin. Cancer Res. (2001) 7(5):1362-1369.
  • HYLANDER BL, PITONIAK R, PENETRANTE RB et al.: The anti-tumor effect of Apo2L/TRAIL on patient pancreatic adenocarcinomas grown as xenografts in SCID mice. J. Transl. Med. (2005) 3(1):22.
  • JO M, KIM TH, SEOL DW et al.: Apoptosis induced in normal human hepatocytes by TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Nat. Med. (2000) 6(5):564-567.
  • HAO C, SONG JH, HSI B et al.: TRAIL inhibits tumor growth but is nontoxic to human hepatocytes in chimeric mice. Cancer Res. (2004) 64(23):8502-8506.
  • KOSCHNY R, HOLLAND H, SYKORA J et al.: Bortezomib sensitizes primary human astrocytoma cells of WHO grades I to IV for TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis. Clin. Cancer Res. (2007) 13(11):3403-3412.
  • OIKONOMOU E, KOTHONIDIS K, ZOGRAFOS G et al.: Newly established tumourigenic primary human colon cancer cell lines are sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Br. J. Cancer (2007) 97(1):73-84.
  • BAADER E, TOLOCZKO A, FUCHS U et al.: TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-mediated proliferation of tumor cells with receptor-proximal apoptosis defects. Cancer Res. (2005) 65(17):7888-7895.
  • TRAUZOLD A, SIEGMUND D, SCHNIEWIND B et al.: TRAIL promotes metastasis of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncogene (2006) 25(56):7434-7439.
  • THAI LE M, LABRINIDIS A, HAY S et al.: Apo2l/TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand prevents breast cancer-induced bone destruction in a mouse model. Cancer Res. (2006) 66(10):5363-5370.
  • VAN DER SLOOT AM, TUR V, SZEGEZDI E et al.: Designed TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand variants initiating apoptosis exclusively via the DR5 receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2006) 103(23):8634-8639.
  • SHIN JN, PARK SY, CHA JH et al.: Generation of a novel proform of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) protein that can be reactivated by matrix metalloproteinases. Exp. Cell Res. (2006) 312(19):3892-3898.
  • WENGER T, MATTERN J, HAAS TL et al.: Apoptosis mediated by lentiviral TRAIL transfer involves transduction-dependent and -independent effects. Cancer Gene Ther. (2006) 14(3):316-326.
  • KIM KU, SEO SY, HEO KY et al.: Antitumor activity of TRAIL recombinant adenovirus in human malignant glioma cells. J. Korean Med. Sci. (2005) 20(6):1046-1052.
  • YOO J, CHOI S, HWANG KS et al.: Adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer of a secreted form of TRAIL inhibits tumor growth and occurrence in an experimental tumor model. J. Gene Med. (2006) 8(2):163-174.
  • MOHR A, HENDERSON G, DUDUS L et al.: AAV-encoded expression of TRAIL in experimental human colorectal cancer leads to tumor regression. Gene Ther. (2004) 11(6):534-543.
  • SHAH K, TUNG CH, BREAKEFIELD XO, WEISSLEDER R: In vivo imaging of S-TRAIL-mediated tumor regression and apoptosis. Mol. Ther. (2005) 11(6):926-931.
  • SOVA P, REN XW, NI S et al.: A tumor-targeted and conditionally replicating oncolytic adenovirus vector expressing TRAIL for treatment of liver metastases. Mol. Ther. (2004) 9(4):496-509.
  • SONG K, BENHAGA N, ANDERSON RL, KHOSRAVI-FAR R: Transduction of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand into hematopoietic cells leads to inhibition of syngeneic tumor growth in vivo. Cancer Res. (2006) 66(12):6304-6311.
  • WENGER T, MATTERN J, HAAS TL et al.: Apoptosis mediated by lentiviral TRAIL transfer involves transduction-dependent and -independent effects. Cancer Gene Ther. (2007) 14(3):316-326.
  • MATSUBARA H, MIZUTANI Y, HONGO F et al.: Gene therapy with TRAIL against renal cell carcinoma. Mol. Cancer Ther. (2006) 5(9):2165-2171.
  • KASMAN L, LU P, VOELKEL-JOHNSON C: The histone deacetylase inhibitors depsipeptide and MS-275, enhance TRAIL gene therapy of LNCaP prostate cancer cells without adverse effects in normal prostate epithelial cells. Cancer Gene Ther. (2006) 14(3):327-334.
  • PAN Q, LIU B, LIU J et al.: Synergistic induction of tumor cell death by combining cisplatin with an oncolytic adenovirus carrying TRAIL. Mol. Cell. Biochem. (2007).
  • ISHII M, IWAI M, HARADA Y et al.: Soluble TRAIL gene and actinomycin D synergistically suppressed multiple metastasis of TRAIL-resistant colon cancer in the liver. Cancer Lett. (2007) 245(1-2):134-143.
  • KEANE MM, ETTENBERG SA, NAU MM, RUSSELL EK, LIPKOWITZ S: Chemotherapy augments TRAIL-induced apoptosis in breast cell lines. Cancer Res. (1999) 59(3):734-741.
  • LACOUR S, MICHEAU O, HAMMANN A et al.: Chemotherapy enhances TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand DISC assembly in HT29 human colon cancer cells. Oncogene (2003) 22(12):1807-1816.
  • SINGH TR, SHANKAR S, CHEN X, ASIM M, SRIVASTAVA RK: Synergistic interactions of chemotherapeutic drugs and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand/Apo-2 ligand on apoptosis and on regression of breast carcinoma in vivo. Cancer Res. (2003) 63(17):5390-5400.
  • BUCHSBAUM DJ, ZHOU T, LOBUGLIO AF: TRAIL receptor-targeted therapy. Future Oncol. (2006) 2(4):493-508.
  • GLINIAK B, LE T: TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand's antitumor activity in vivo is enhanced by the chemotherapeutic agent CPT-11. Cancer Res. (1999) 59(24):6153-6158.
  • MICHEAU O: Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein: an attractive therapeutic target? Expert Opin. Ther. Targets (2003) 7(4):559-573.
  • CHINNAIYAN AM, PRASAD U, SHANKAR S et al.: Combined effect of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and ionizing radiation in breast cancer therapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97(4):1754-1759.
  • CIUSANI E, CROCI D, GELATI M et al.: In vitro effects of topotecan and ionizing radiation on TRAIL/Apo2L-mediated apoptosis in malignant glioma. J. Neurooncol. (2005) 71(1):19-25.
  • GONG B, ALMASAN A: Apo2 ligand/TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and death receptor 5 mediate the apoptotic signaling induced by ionizing radiation in leukemic cells. Cancer Res. (2000) 60(20):5754-5760.
  • MARINI P, SCHMID A, JENDROSSEK V et al.: Irradiation specifically sensitises solid tumour cell lines to TRAIL mediated apoptosis. BMC Cancer (2005) 5:5.
  • WISSINK EH, VERBRUGGE I, VINK SR et al.: TRAIL enhances efficacy of radiotherapy in a p53 mutant, Bcl-2 overexpressing lymphoid malignancy. Radiother. Oncol. (2006) 80(2):214-222.
  • SHANKAR S, SINGH TR, SRIVASTAVA RK: Ionizing radiation enhances the therapeutic potential of TRAIL in prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo: intracellular mechanisms. Prostate (2004) 61(1):35-49.
  • FINNBERG N, GRUBER JJ, FEI P et al.: DR5 knockout mice are compromised in radiation-induced apoptosis. Mol. Cell Biol. (2005) 25(5):2000-2013.
  • GANTEN TM, KOSCHNY R, SYKORA J et al.: Preclinical differentiation between apparently safe and potentially hepatotoxic applications of TRAIL either alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. Clin. Cancer Res. (2006) 12(8):2640-2646.
  • MEURETTE O, FONTAINE A, REBILLARD A et al.: Cytotoxicity of TRAIL/anticancer drug combinations in human normal cells. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (2006) 1090:209-216.
  • KOSCHNY R, WALCZAK H, GANTEN TM: The promise of TRAIL-potential and risks of a novel anticancer therapy. J. Mol. Med. (2007).
  • GEORGAKIS GV, LI Y, HUMPHREYS R et al.: Activity of selective fully human agonistic antibodies to the TRAIL death receptors TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 in primary and cultured lymphoma cells: induction of apoptosis and enhancement of doxorubicin- and bortezomib-induced cell death. Br. J. Haematol. (2005) 130(4):501-510.
  • MOTOKI K, MORI E, MATSUMOTO A et al.: Enhanced apoptosis and tumor regression induced by a direct agonist antibody to TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2. Clin. Cancer Res. (2005) 11(8):3126-3135.
  • PUKAC L, KANAKARAJ P, HUMPHREYS R et al.: HGS-ETR1, a fully human TRAIL-receptor 1 monoclonal antibody, induces cell death in multiple tumour types in vitro and in vivo. Br. J. Cancer (2005) 92(8):1430-1441.
  • VOELKEL-JOHNSON C: An antibody against DR4 (TRAIL-R1) in combination with doxorubicin selectively kills malignant but not normal prostate cells. Cancer Biol. Ther. (2003) 2(3):283-290.
  • GONG J, YANG D, KOHANIM S et al.: Novel in vivo imaging shows up-regulation of death receptors by paclitaxel and correlates with enhanced antitumor effects of receptor agonist antibodies. Mol. Cancer Ther. (2006) 5(12):2991-3000.
  • MARINI P, DENZINGER S, SCHILLER D et al.: Combined treatment of colorectal tumours with agonistic TRAIL receptor antibodies HGS-ETR1 and HGS-ETR2 and radiotherapy: enhanced effects in vitro and dose-dependent growth delay in vivo. Oncogene (2006) 25(37):5145-5154.
  • NAWROCKI ST, CAREW JS, DOUGLAS L et al.: Histone deacetylase inhibitors enhance lexatumumab-induced apoptosis via a p21Cip1-dependent decrease in survivin levels. Cancer Res. (2007) 67(14):6987-6994.
  • TAKEDA K, YAMAGUCHI N, AKIBA H et al.: Induction of tumor-specific T cell immunity by anti-DR5 antibody therapy. J. Exp. Med. (2004) 199(4):437-448.
  • ZHANG L, ZHANG X, BARRISFORD GW, OLUMI AF: Lexatumumab (TRAIL-receptor 2 mAb) induces expression of DR5 and promotes apoptosis in primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma in a mouse orthotopic model. Cancer Lett. (2007) 251:146-147.
  • KOORNSTRA JJ, KLEIBEUKER JH, VAN GEELEN CM et al.: Expression of TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) and its receptors in normal colonic mucosa, adenomas, and carcinomas. J. Pathol. (2003) 200(3):327-335.
  • OZAWA F, FRIESS H, KLEEFF J et al.: Effects and expression of TRAIL and its apoptosis-promoting receptors in human pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett. (2001) 163(1):71-81.
  • HOTTE SJ, HIRTE HW, CHEN EX et al.: HGS-ETR1, a fully human monoclonal antibody to the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand death receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1) in patients with advanced solid cancer: results of a Phase I trial. J. Clin. Oncol., 2005 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (2005) 23(16S):3052.
  • PACEY S, PLUMMER RE, ATTARD G et al.: Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of HGS-ETR2, a human monoclonal antibody to TRAIL R2, in patients with advanced solid malignancies. J. Clin. Oncol., ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (2005) 23(16S):3055.
  • YOUNES A, VOSE J, ZELENETZ AD et al.: Results of a Phase II trial of HGS-ETR1 (agonistic human monoclonal antibody to TRAIL receptor 1) in subjects with relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (ETR1-HM01). 47th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Hematology, Atlanta, USA (10 – 13 December 2005).
  • KELLEY RF, TOTPAL K, LINDSTROM SH et al.: Receptor-selective mutants of apoptosis-inducing ligand 2/TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand reveal a greater contribution of death receptor (DR) 5 than DR4 to apoptosis signaling. J. Biol. Chem. (2005) 280(3):2205-2212.
  • MACFARLANE M, INOUE S, KOHLHAAS SL et al.: Chronic lymphocytic leukemic cells exhibit apoptotic signaling via TRAIL-R1. Cell Death Differ. (2005) 12(7):773-782.
  • KURBANOV BM, FECKER LF, GEILEN CC, STERRY W, EBERLE J: Resistance of melanoma cells to TRAIL does not result from upregulation of antiapoptotic proteins by NF-κB but is related to downregulation of initiator caspases and DR4. Oncogene (2007) 26(23):3364-3377.
  • SUH WS, KIM YS, SCHIMMER AD et al.: Synthetic triterpenoids activate a pathway for apoptosis in AML cells involving downregulation of FLIP and sensitization to TRAIL. Leukemia (2003) 17(11):2122-2129.
  • HYER ML, CROXTON R, KRAJEWSKA M et al.: Synthetic triterpenoids cooperate with TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand to induce apoptosis of breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. (2005) 65(11):4799-4808.
  • SCHIMMER AD, THOMAS MP, HURREN R et al.: Identification of small molecules that sensitize resistant tumor cells to TNF-family death receptors. Cancer Res. (2006) 66(4):2367-2375.
  • PANNER A, PARSA AT, PIEPER RO: Use of APO2L/TRAIL with mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther. (2006) 6(9):1313-1322.
  • INOUE T, SHIRAKI K, FUKE H et al.: Proteasome inhibition sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cells to TRAIL by suppressing caspase inhibitors and AKT pathway. Anticancer Drugs (2006) 17(3):261-268.
  • SAYERS TJ, MURPHY WJ: Combining proteasome inhibition with TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (Apo2L/TRAIL) for cancer therapy. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. (2006) 55(1):76-84.
  • KAUFMANN SH, STEENSMA DP: On the TRAIL of a new therapy for leukemia. Leukemia (2005) 19(12):2195-2202.
  • ZHANG XD, GILLESPIE SK, BORROW JM, HERSEY P: The histone deacetylase inhibitor suberic bishydroxamate: a potential sensitizer of melanoma to TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induced apoptosis. Biochem. Pharmacol. (2003) 66(8):1537-1545.
  • VASILEVSKAYA IA, O'DWYER PJ: 17-Allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin overcomes TRAIL resistance in colon cancer cell lines. Biochem. Pharmacol. (2005) 70(4):580-589.
  • MA Y, LAKSHMIKANTHAN V, LEWIS RW, KUMAR MV: Sensitization of TRAIL-resistant cells by inhibition of heat shock protein 90 with low-dose geldanamycin. Mol. Cancer Ther. (2006) 5(1):170-178.
  • WANG X, JU W, RENOUARD J et al.: 17-Allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin synergistically potentiates TNF-induced lung cancer cell death by blocking the NF-κB pathway. Cancer Res. (2006) 66(2):1089-1095.
  • ALLADINA SJ, SONG JH, DAVIDGE ST, HAO C, EASTON AS: TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human vascular endothelium is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt through the short form of cellular FLIP and Bcl-2. J. Vasc. Res. (2005) 42(4):337-347.
  • FULDA S, DEBATIN KM: 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine and IFN-γ cooperate to sensitize for TRAIL-induced apoptosis by upregulating caspase-8. Oncogene (2006) 25(37):5125-5133.
  • ERAMO A, PALLINI R, LOTTI F et al.: Inhibition of DNA methylation sensitizes glioblastoma for TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-mediated destruction. Cancer Res. (2005) 65(24):11469-11477.
  • RAVI R, BEDI A: Sensitization of tumor cells to Apo2 ligand/TRAIL-induced apoptosis by inhibition of casein kinase II. Cancer Res. (2002) 62(15):4180-4185.
  • MERCHANT MS, YANG X, MELCHIONDA F et al.: Interferon-γ enhances the effectiveness of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor agonists in a xenograft model of Ewing's sarcoma. Cancer Res. (2004) 64(22):8349-8356.
  • PAPAGEORGIOU A, LASHINGER L, MILLIKAN R et al.: Role of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in interferon-induced apoptosis in human bladder cancer cells. Cancer Res. (2004) 64(24):8973-8979.
  • FULDA S, DEBATIN KM: Sensitization for anticancer drug-induced apoptosis by the chemopreventive agent resveratrol. Oncogene (2004) 23(40):6702-6711.
  • SHIRAISHI T, YOSHIDA T, NAKATA S et al.: Tunicamycin enhances TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. (2005) 65(14):6364-6370.
  • LU M, KWAN T, YU C et al.: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists promote TRAIL-induced apoptosis by reducing survivin levels via cyclin D3 repression and cell cycle arrest. J. Biol. Chem. (2005) 280(8):6742-6751.
  • ALTUCCI L, GRONEMEYER H: Retinoids and TRAIL: two cooperating actors to fight against cancer. Vitam. Horm. (2004) 67:319-345.
  • IZERADJENE K, DOUGLAS L, TILLMAN DM, DELANEY AB, HOUGHTON JA: Reactive oxygen species regulate caspase activation in TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-resistant human colon carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Res. (2005) 65(16):7436-7445.
  • OLTERSDORF T, ELMORE SW, SHOEMAKER AR et al.: An inhibitor of Bcl-2 family proteins induces regression of solid tumours. Nature (2005) 435(7042):677-681.
  • YEOW WS, BARAS A, CHUA A et al.: Gossypol, a phytochemical with BH3-mimetic property, sensitizes cultured thoracic cancer cells to Apo2 ligand/TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. (2006) 132(6):1356-1362.
  • FULDA S, WICK W, WELLER M, DEBATIN KM: Smac agonists sensitize for Apo2L/TRAIL- or anticancer drug-induced apoptosis and induce regression of malignant glioma in vivo. Nat. Med. (2002) 8(8):808-815.
  • LI L, THOMAS RM, SUZUKI H et al.: A small molecule Smac mimic potentiates TRAIL- and TNFα-mediated cell death. Science (2004) 305(5689):1471-1474.
  • PETRUCCI E, PASQUINI L, PETRONELLI A et al.: A small molecule Smac mimic potentiates TRAIL-mediated cell death of ovarian cancer cells. Gynecol. Oncol. (2007) 105(2):481-492.
  • REN X, XU Z, MYERS JN, WU X: Bypass NF-κB-mediated survival pathways by TRAIL and Smac. Cancer Biol. Ther. (2007) [Epub ahead of print].
  • KARIKARI CA, ROY I, TRYGGESTAD E et al.: Targeting the apoptotic machinery in pancreatic cancers using small-molecule antagonists of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein. Mol. Cancer Ther. (2007) 6(3):957-966.
  • DI PAOLO NC, TUVE S, NI S et al.: Effect of adenovirus-mediated heat shock protein expression and oncolysis in combination with low-dose cyclophosphamide treatment on antitumor immune responses. Cancer Res. (2006) 66(2):960-969.
  • UNO T, TAKEDA K, KOJIMA Y et al.: Eradication of established tumors in mice by a combination antibody-based therapy. Nat. Med. (2006) 12(6):693-698.
  • LIANG X, LIU Y, ZHANG Q et al.: Hepatitis B virus sensitizes hepatocytes to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through Bax. J. Immunol. (2007) 178(1):503-510.
  • MUNDT B, WIRTH T, ZENDER L et al.: TNF related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces hepatic steatosis in viral hepatitis and after alcohol intake. Gut (2005) 54(11):1590-1596.
  • HIGUCHI H, BRONK SF, TANIAI M, CANBAY A, GORES GJ: Cholestasis increases TNF-related apoptotis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-R2/DR5 expression and sensitizes the liver to TRAIL-mediated cytotoxicity. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. (2002) 303(2):461-467.
  • ANEL A, BOSQUE A, NAVAL J et al.: Apo2L/TRAIL and immune regulation. Front. Biosci. (2007) 12:2074-2084.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.