The uric acid metabolism pathway as a therapeutic target in hyperuricemia related to metabolic syndrome

Bibliography

• Kylin E. [Studies of the hypertension-hyperglycemia-hyperuricemia syndrome] Studien uber das Hypertonie-Hyperglykamie-hyperurikamiesyndrome. Zentralbl Innere Med 1923;44:105-27
   Google Scholar
• Zavaroni I, Mazza S, Fantuzzi M, Changes in insulin and lipid metabolism in males with asymptomatic hypeuricaemia. J Intern Med 1993;234:25-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gercsh C, Palii SP, Kim KM, Inactivation of nitric oxide by UA. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2008;27:967-78
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mazzali M, Hughes J, Kim YG, Elevated UA increases blood pressure in the rat by a novel crystal-independent mechanism. Hypertension 2001;38:1101-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George J, Stuthers AD. Role of urate, xanthine oxidase and the effects of allopurinol in vascular oxidative stress. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2009;5:265-72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choi HK, Mount DB, Reginato AM. Pathogenesis of gout. Ann Inter Med 2004;143:499-516
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Lozada LG, Nakagawa T, Kang D-H, Herrera-Acosta, J. Hormonal and cytokine effects of UA. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2006;15:30-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facchini F, Chen I, Hollenbeck CB, Reaven GM. Relationship between resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake, urinary UA clearance, and plasma uric concentration. JAMA 1991;266:3008-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundstrom J, Sullivan L, D`Agostino RB, Relations of serum UA to longitudinal blood pressure tracking and hypertension incidence. Hypertension 2005;45:28-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alper AB Jr, Chen WC, Yau L, Childhood UA predicts adult blood pressure. The Bogalusa Heart Study. Hypertension 2005;45:34-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi HK, Ford ES. Prevalence of the MS in individuals with hyperuricemia. Am J Med 2007;120:442-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin KC, Tsao HM, Chen CH, Chou P. Hypertension was the major risk factor leading to development of cardiovascular diseases among men with hyperuricemia. J Rheumatol 2004;31:1152-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khosla UM, Zharikov S, Finch JL, Hyperuricemia induces endothelial dysfunction. Kidney Intern 2005;67:1739-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomita M, Mizuno S, Yamanaka H, Does hypeuricemia affect mortality? A prospective cohort study of Japanese male workers. J Epidemiol 2000;10:403-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ames BN, Cathcart R, Schwiers E, Hochstein P. UA provides an antioxidant defense in humans against oxidant-and radical-caused aging and cancer: a hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981;78:6858-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simao ANC, Dichi JB, Barbosa DS, Influence of UA and gamma-glutamyltransferase on total antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress in patients with MS. Nutrition 2008;24:675-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koprovski H, Spitsin SV, Hooper DC. Prospects for the treatment of multiple sclerosis by raising serum levels of UA, a scavenger of peroxynitrite. Ann Neurol 2001;49:139
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sautin YY, Nakagawa T, Zharikov S, Johnson RJ. Adverse effects of the classic antioxidant UA in adipocytes: NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative/nitrosative stress Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007;293:C584-96
   Google Scholar
• Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Antioxidant protection by compounds synthesized in vivo. 3rd edition. Oxford University Press; New York: 1999. p. 19-197
   Google Scholar
• Nieto FJ, Iribarren C, Gross MD, UA and serum antioxidant capacity: a reaction to atherosclerosis? Atherosclerosis 2000;148:131-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molnar D, Decsil T, Koletzko B. Reduced antioxidant status in obese children with multiMS. Intern J Obesity 2004;28:1197-202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sautin YY, Johnson RJ. UA: the oxidant-antioxidant paradox. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2008;27:608-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George J, Struthers A. The role of urate and xanthine oxidase in vascular oxidative stress: future directions. Therap Clinic Risk Manag 2009;5:799-803
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Imaram W, Gersch C, Kim KM, Radicals in the reaction between peroxynitrite and UA identified by electron spin resonance spectroscopy and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Free Radic Biol Med 2010;49:275-81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cecchini R, Aruoma OI, Halliwell B. The action of hydrogen peroxide on the formation of thiobarbitUA-reactive material from microsomes or from DNA damage by bleomycin or o-phenanthroline. Artefacts in the thiobarbit UA test. Free Rad Res Commun 1990;10:245-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuzkaya N, Weissmann N, Harrison DG, Dikalov S. Interactions of peroxynitrite with UA n the presence of ascorbate and thiols: implications for uncoupling endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Biochem Pharmacol 2005;70:343-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szabo C, Ischiropoulos H, Radi R. Peroxynitrite: biochemistry, pathophysiology and development of therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discovery 2007;6:662-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augusto O, Bonini MG, Amanso AM, Nitrogen dioxide and carbonate radical anion: two emerging radicals in biology. Free Radic Biol. Med 2002;32:841-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yiginer O, Ozcelik F, Inanc T, Allopurinol improves endothelial function and reduces oxidnt-inflammatory enzyme of myeloperoxidase in metabolic syndrome. Clin Res Cardiol 2008;97:334-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• George J, Carr E, Davies J, High-dose allopurinol improves endothelial function by profoundly reducing vascular oxidative stress and not by lowering UA. Circulation 2006;114:2508-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell SR, Thomason H, Sandler D, Antioxidant status in patients with uncomplicated insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Invest 1997;27:484-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden MR, Tyagi SC. UA: A new look at an old risk marker for cardiovascular disease, MS, and the diabetes mellitus: the urate redox shuttle. Nutr Metab 2004;1:1-10
   Google Scholar
• Cannon PJ, Stason WB, Demartini FE, Hypeuricemia in primary and renal hypertension. N Engl J Med 1966;275:457-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson RJ, Feig DI, Herrera-Acosta J, Kang D-H. Resurrection of UA as a causal risk factor in essential hypertension. Hypertension 2005;45:18-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathmann W, Funkhouser E, Dyer AR, Roseman JM. Relations of hyperuricemia with the various components of the IR syndrome in young black and white adults: the CARDIA study. Ann Epidemiol 1998;8:250-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feig DI, Kang DH, Johnson RJ. UA and cardiovascular disease. NEJM 2008;359:1811-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovind P, Rossing P, Tarnow L, Serum acid uric as a predictor for development of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2009;58:1668-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo TW, Sung KC, Shin HS, Relationship between serum UA concentration and IR and MS. Cir J 2005;69:928-33
   Google Scholar
• Mene P, Punzo G. UA: bystander or culprit in hypertension and progressive renal disease? J Hypertens 2008;26:2085-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagliardi ACM, Miname MH, Santos RD. UA: a marker of increased cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis 2009;202:11-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanellis J, Kang DH. UA as a mediator of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and vascular disease. Sem Nephrol 2005;25:39-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi JW, Ford ES, Gao X, Choi HK. Sugar sweetened soft drinks, diet soft drinks, and serum acid level: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59:109-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa T, Hu H, Zharikov S, A causal role for UA in fructose-induced MS. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006;290:F625-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercuro G, Vitale C, Cerquetani E, Effect of hyperuricemia upon endothelial function in patients at increased cardiovascular risk. Am J Cadiol 2004;94:932-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho W-J, Tsai W-P, Yu K-H, Association between endothelial function and hyperuricemia. Rheumatology 2010;49:1929-34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cook S, Hugli O, Egli M, Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors mimicking the human MS. Swiss Med Wkly 2003;133:360-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Lozada LG, Tapia E, Bautista-Garcia P, Effects of febuxostat on metabolic and renal alterations in rats with fructose-induced MS. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008;294:F710-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsouli SG, Liberopoulos EM, Mikhailidis DP, Elevated UA levels in MS: an active component or an innocent bystander? Metab Clin Exp 2006;55:1293-301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang J, Alderman MH. Serum UA and cardiovascular mortality the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study, 1971-1992. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2000;283:2404-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niskanen LK, Laaksonen DE, Nyyssonen K, UA level as a risk for cardiovascular and all-mortality in middle-age men: a prospective cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1546-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams IL, Wheatcroft SB, Shah AM, Kearney MT. Obesity, atherosclerosis and the vascular endothelium: mechanism of reduced nitric oxide bioavailability in obese human. Int J Obes 2002;26:754-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asl SZ, Ghasemi A, Azizi F. Serum nitric oxide metabolites in subjects with MS. Clin Biochem 2008;41:1342-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forstemann U. Janus-faced role of endothelial NO synthase in vascular disease: uncoupling of oxygen reduction from NO synthesis and its pharmacological reversal. Biol Chem 2006;387:1521-33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson RJ, Herrera-Acosta J, Screiner GF, Rodriguez-Iturbe B. Subtle acquired renal injury as a mechanism of salt sensitive hypertension. N Engl J Med 2002;346:913-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson RJ, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Kang D-H, A unifying pathway for essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2005;18:431-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekine T, Miyazaki H, Endou H. Molecular physiology of renal organic anion transporter. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006;290:F251-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onat H, Uyarel H, Hergenc G, Serum acid is a determinant of MS in a population-based study. Am J Hypertens 2006;19:1055-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford ES, Li C, Cook S, Choi HK. Serum concentrations of UA and the MS among US children and adolescents. Circulation 2007;115:2526-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedir A, Topbas M, Tanyeri F, Leptin might be a regulator of serum UA concentration in humans. Jpn Heart J 2005;44:527-36
   Google Scholar
• Lin JD, Chiou WK, Chang HY, Serum UA and leptin levels in MS: a quandary over the role of UA. Metabolism 2007;56:751-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FOX IH. Metabolic basis for disorders of purine nucleotide degradation. Metabolism 1981;30:616-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sui X, Church TS, Meriwether RA, UA and the development of MS in women and men. Metabolism 2008;57:845-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinig M, Johnson RJ. Role of UA in hypertension, renal disease, an MS. Cleve Clin J Med 2006;73:1059-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muscelli E, Natali A, Bianchi S, Effect of insulin on renal sodium and UA handling in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1996;9:746-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin SD, Tsai DH, Hsu SR. Association between serum UA level and components of the MS. J Chin Med Assoc 2006;69:512-16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emmerson B. Hyperlipidaemia in hyperuricaemia and gout. Ann Rheum Dis 1998;57:509-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinahones JF, Perez-Lindon G, Soriguer FJ, Dietary alterations in plasma very low density lipoprotein levels modify renal excretion of urates in hyperurecemic-hypertriglyceridemic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:1188-91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vourinen-Markkola H, Yki-Jarvinen H. Hyperuricemia and IR. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:25-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clausen JO, Borch-Johnsen, K, Ibsen H, Pedersen O. Analysis of the relationship between fasting serum UA and the insulin sensitivity index in a population-basedsample of 380 young healthy Caucasians. Eur J Endocrinol 1998;138:63-9
   Google Scholar
• Festa A, D’Agostino R Jr, Howard G, Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the IR syndrome. The IR Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Circulation 2000;102:42-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haffner SM. IR, inflammation and the prediabetic state. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:18-26J
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamakoshi K, Yatsuya H, Kondo T, The MS is associated with elevated circulating C-reactive protein in healthy reference range, a systemic low-grade inflammatory state. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;27:443-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos AC, Lopes C, Guimaraes JT, Barros H. Central obesity as a major determinant of increased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in MS. Intern J Obes 2005;29:1452-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trayhurn P, Wood IS. Adipokines: inflammation and the pleiotropic role of the white adipose tissue. Br J Nutr 2004;92:347-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokota T, Oritani K, Takahashi I, Adiponectin, a new member of the family of soluble defense collagens, negatively regulates the growth of mielomonocytic progenitors and the functions of the macrophages. Blood 2000;96:1723-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, Novel modulator for endothelial adhesion molecules: adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin. Circulation 1999;100:2473-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived plasma protein, inhibits endothelial NF-kappaB signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway. Circulation 2000;102:1296-301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotta K, Funahashi T, Bodkin NL, Circulating concentrations of the adipocyte protein adiponectin are decreased in parallel with reduced insulin sensitivity during the progress to type 2 diabetes in rhesus monkeys. Diabetes 2001;50:1126-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern PA, Ranganathan S, Li C, Adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor and IL-6 expression in human obesity and IR. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001;280:E745-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeda N, Takahashi M, Funahashi Y, PPAR-gamma ligands increase expression and plasma concentration of adiponectin, an adipose-driven protein. Diabetes 2001;50:2094-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotta K, Funahashi T, Arita Y, Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients. Artherioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:1595-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwashima Y, Katsuya T, Ishikawa K, Hypoadiponectinemia is an independent risk factor for hypertension. Hypertension 2004;43:1318-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santaniemi M, Kesaniemi YA, Ukkola O. Low plasma adiponectin concentration is an indicator of the MS. Eur J Endocr 2006;155:745-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waring WS, Webb DJ, Maxwell SRJ. UA as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Q J Med 2000;93:707-13
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin W, McRae S, Marek G, Hyperuricemia is a mediator of the proinflammatory imbalance in the adipose tissue in a murine model of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 2011;60:1258-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simao ANC, Lozovoy MAB, Simao TNC, Adiponectinemia is associated with uricemia but not with proinflammatory status in women with MS. J Nutr Metab 2012;2012: In press
   Google Scholar
• Patel DA, Srinivasan SR, Xu JH, Adiponectin and its correlates of cardiovascular risk in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Metab Clin Exp 2006;55:1551-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fam AG. Gout, diet, and the insulin resistance syndrome. J Rheumatol 2002;29:1350-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage PJ, Pressel SL, Curb JD, Influence of long term, low dose, diuretic-based, antihypertensive therapy on glucose, lipid UA, and potassium levels in older men and women with isolated systolic hypertension: the systolic hypertension in the elderly program. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:741-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsouli SG, Liberopoulos EM, Kiortsis DN, Combined treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers: a review of the current evidence. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2006;11:1-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman M, Aiyer KJ. UA: role in cardiovascular disease and effects of losartan. Curr Med Res Opin 2004;20:369-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sennesael JJ, Lamote JG, Violet I, Divergent effects of calcium channel and angiotensin converting enzyme blockade on glomerulotubular function in cyclosporine treated renal allograft recipients. Am J Kidney 1996;27:701-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liamis G, Bairaktari ET, Elisaf MS. Effect of fenofibrate on serum UA levels. Am J Kidney Dis 1999;34:594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milionis HJ, Kakafika AL, Tsouli SG, Effects of statin treatment in UA homeostasis in patients with primary hyperlipidemia. Am Heart J 2004;148:635-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youssef F, Gupta P, Seifalian AM, The effect of short-term treatment with simvastatin on renal function in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Angiology 2004;55:53-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fruehwald-Schultes B, Oltmanns KM, Toschek B, Short-term treatment with metformin decreases serum leptin concentration without affecting body weight and body fat content in normal-weight health men. Metabolism 2002;51:531-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tetradze L, Virsaladze D, Javashvili L, Relation of serum UA levels with basic metabolic parameters in patients with MS during insulin-sensitizing therapy. Georgian Med News 2007;151:44-7
   Google Scholar
• Barskova VG, Eliseev MS, Nasonov EL, Use of metformin (siofor) in patients with gout and IR (pilot 6-month results). Ter Arkh 2005;77(12):44-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Filippatos TD, Kiortsis DN, Liberopoulos EM, A review of the metabolic effects of sibutramine. Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21:457-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiortsis DN, Filippatos TD, Elisaf MS. The effects of orlistat on metabolic parameters and other cardiovascular risk factors. Diabetes Metab 2005;31:15-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspi D, Lubart E, Graff E, The effect of mini-dose aspirin on renal function and UA handling in elderly patients. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43-103-8
   Google Scholar
• Louthrenoo W, Kasitanon N, Wichainun R, Effects of minidose aspirinon renal function and renal UA handling in healthy young adults. J Clin Rheumatol 2002;8:299-304
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wortmann R.L. Gout and hyperuricemia. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol 2002;14:281-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yiginer O, Ozcelik F, Inanc T, Allopurinol improves endothelial function and reduces oxidant-inflammatory enzyme of myeloperoxidase in MS. Clin Res Cardiol 2008;97:334-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar