Contributions of HIV-1 Nef to immune dysregulation in HIV-infected patients: a therapeutic target?

Bibliography

• Hankins C. Overview of the current state of the epidemic. Curr HIV AIDS Rep 2013;10(2):113-23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1998;338(13):853-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sierra-Aragon S, Walter H. Targets for inhibition of HIV replication: entry, enzyme action, release and maturation. Intervirology 2012;55(2):84-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa F, Lodwick RK, Smith CJ, et al. Projected life expectancy of people with HIV according to timing of diagnosis. AIDS 2012;26(3):335-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allers K, Hutter G, Hofmann J, et al. Evidence for the cure of HIV infection by CCR5Delta32/Delta32 stem cell transplantation. Blood 2011;117(10):2791-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saez-Cirion A, Bacchus C, Hocqueloux L, et al. Post-treatment HIV-1 controllers with a long-term virological remission after the interruption of early initiated antiretroviral therapy ANRS VISCONTI Study. PLoS Pathog 2013;9(3):e1003211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes D. Talk of HIV cure goes viral. Lancet Infect Dis 2013;13(4):298-9
   Google Scholar
• Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. A long-term latent reservoir for HIV-1: discovery and clinical implications. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;54(1):6-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang MW, Shafer RW. HIV-1 antiretroviral resistance: scientific principles and clinical applications. Drugs 2012;72(9):e1-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbeau P, Reynes J. Immune reconstitution under antiretroviral therapy: the new challenge in HIV-1 infection. Blood 2011;117(21):5582-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friis-Moller N, Reiss P, Sabin CA, et al. Class of antiretroviral drugs and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2007;356(17):1723-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izzedine H, Harris M, Perazella MA. The nephrotoxic effects of HAART. Nat Rev Nephrol 2009;5(10):563-73
   Google Scholar
• Villarroya F, Domingo P, Giralt M. Drug-induced lipotoxicity: lipodystrophy associated with HIV-1 infection and antiretroviral treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta 2010;1801(3):392-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez AD, Balasubramanyam A. Dysregulation of glucose metabolism in HIV patients: epidemiology, mechanisms, and management. Endocrine 2012;41(1):1-10
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad N, Venkatesan S. Nef protein of HIV-1 is a transcriptional repressor of HIV-1 LTR. Science 1988;241(4872):1481-5
   Google Scholar
• Kirchhoff F, Greenough TC, Brettler DB, et al. Brief report: absence of intact nef sequences in a long-term survivor with nonprogressive HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med 1995;332(4):228-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kestler HW III, Ringler DJ, Mori K, et al. Importance of the nef gene for maintenance of high virus loads and for development of AIDS. Cell 1991;65(4):651-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Learmont J, Tindall B, Evans L, et al. Long-term symptomless HIV-1 infection in recipients of blood products from a single donor. Lancet 1992;340(8824):863-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deacon NJ, Tsykin A, Solomon A, et al. Genomic structure of an attenuated quasi species of HIV-1 from a blood transfusion donor and recipients. Science 1995;270(5238):988-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyer WB, Zaunders JJ, Yuan FF, et al. Mechanisms of HIV non-progression; robust and sustained CD4+ T-cell proliferative responses to p24 antigen correlate with control of viraemia and lack of disease progression after long-term transfusion-acquired HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2008;5:112
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Learmont JC, Geczy AF, Mills J, et al. Immunologic and virologic status after 14 to 18 years of infection with an attenuated strain of HIV-1. A report from the Sydney Blood Bank Cohort. N Engl J Med 1999;340(22):1715-22
   Google Scholar
• Zaunders J, Dyer WB, Churchill M. The Sydney Blood Bank Cohort: implications for viral fitness as a cause of elite control. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2011;6(3):151-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorry PR, McPhee DA, Verity E, et al. Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of attenuated, nef-deleted HIV-1 strains in vivo. Retrovirology 2007;4:66
   Google Scholar
• Mwimanzi P, Markle TJ, Martin E, et al. Attenuation of multiple Nef functions in HIV-1 elite controllers. Retrovirology 2013;10:1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanna Z, Kay DG, Rebai N, et al. Nef harbors a major determinant of pathogenicity for an AIDS-like disease induced by HIV-1 in transgenic mice. Cell 1998;95(2):163-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhasselt B, Naessens E, Verhofstede C, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus nef gene expression affects generation and function of human T cells, but not dendritic cells. Blood 1999;94(8):2809-18
   Google Scholar
• Stove V, Naessens E, Stove C, et al. Signaling but not trafficking function of HIV-1 protein Nef is essential for Nef-induced defects in human intrathymic T-cell development. Blood 2003;102(8):2925-32
   Google Scholar
• Stove V, Verhasselt B. Modelling thymic HIV-1 Nef effects. Curr HIV Res 2006;4(1):57-64
   Google Scholar
• Zhu X, Guo Y, Yao S, et al. Synergy between Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) vIL-6 and HIV-1 Nef protein in promotion of angiogenesis and oncogenesis: role of the AKT signaling pathway. Oncogene 2013; [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Arien KK, Verhasselt B. HIV Nef: role in pathogenesis and viral fitness. Curr HIV Res 2008;6(3):200-8
   Google Scholar
• Arhel NJ, Kirchhoff F. Implications of Nef: host cell interactions in viral persistence and progression to AIDS. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009;339:147-75
   Google Scholar
• Landi A, Iannucci V, Nuffel AV, et al. One protein to rule them all: modulation of cell surface receptors and molecules by HIV Nef. Curr HIV Res 2011;9(7):496-504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia JV, Miller AD. Serine phosphorylation-independent downregulation of cell-surface CD4 by nef. Nature 1991;350(6318):508-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levesque K, Finzi A, Binette J, Cohen EA. Role of CD4 receptor down-regulation during HIV-1 infection. Curr HIV Res 2004;2(1):51-9
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz O, Marechal V, Le Gall S, et al. Endocytosis of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules is induced by the HIV-1 Nef protein. Nat Med 1996;2(3):338-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen GB, Gandhi RT, Davis DM, et al. The selective downregulation of class I major histocompatibility complex proteins by HIV-1 protects HIV-infected cells from NK cells. Immunity 1999;10(6):661-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stumptner-Cuvelette P, Morchoisne S, Dugast M, et al. HIV-1 Nef impairs MHC class II antigen presentation and surface expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98(21):12144-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeire J, Vanbillemont G, Witkowski W, Verhasselt B. The Nef-infectivity enigma: mechanisms of enhanced lentiviral infection. Curr HIV Res 2011;9(7):474-89
   Google Scholar
• Shelton MN, Huang MB, Ali SA, et al. Secretion modification region-derived peptide disrupts HIV-1 Nef's interaction with mortalin and blocks virus and Nef exosome release. J Virol 2012;86(1):406-19
   Google Scholar
• Lenassi M, Cagney G, Liao M, et al. HIV Nef is secreted in exosomes and triggers apoptosis in bystander CD4+ T cells. Traffic 2010;11(1):110-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muratori C, Cavallin LE, Kratzel K, et al. Massive secretion by T cells is caused by HIV Nef in infected cells and by Nef transfer to bystander cells. Cell Host Microbe 2009;6(3):218-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Wittki S, Brau T, et al. HIV Nef, paxillin, and Pak1/2 regulate activation and secretion of TACE/ADAM10 proteases. Mol Cell 2013;49(4):668-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayanan A, Iordanskiy S, Das R, et al. Exosomes derived from HIV-1 infected cells contain TAR RNA. J Biol Chem 2013;288(27):20014-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhuri R, Lindwasser OW, Smith WJ, et al. Downregulation of CD4 by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef is dependent on clathrin and involves direct interaction of Nef with the AP2 clathrin adaptor. J Virol 2007;81(8):3877-90
   Google Scholar
• Stove V, Van de Walle I, Naessens E, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus Nef induces rapid internalization of the T-cell coreceptor CD8alphabeta. J Virol 2005;79(17):11422-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saksela K, Cheng G, Baltimore D. Proline-rich (PxxP) motifs in HIV-1 Nef bind to SH3 domains of a subset of Src kinases and are required for the enhanced growth of Nef+ viruses but not for down-regulation of CD4. EMBO J 1995;14(3):484-91
   Google Scholar
• Baur AS, Sawai ET, Dazin P, et al. HIV-1 Nef leads to inhibition or activation of T cells depending on its intracellular localization. Immunity 1994;1(5):373-84
   Google Scholar
• Stolp B, Reichman-Fried M, Abraham L, et al. HIV-1 Nef interferes with host cell motility by deregulation of Cofilin. Cell Host Microbe 2009;6(2):174-86
   Google Scholar
• Meuwissen PJ, Stolp B, Iannucci V, et al. Identification of a highly conserved valine-glycine-phenylalanine amino acid triplet required for HIV-1 Nef function. Retrovirology 2012;9:34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthumani K, Choo AY, Hwang DS, et al. HIV-1 Nef-induced FasL induction and bystander killing requires p38 MAPK activation. Blood 2005;106(6):2059-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geleziunas R, Xu W, Takeda K, et al. HIV-1 Nef inhibits ASK1-dependent death signalling providing a potential mechanism for protecting the infected host cell. Nature 2001;410(6830):834-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf D, Witte V, Laffert B, et al. HIV-1 Nef associated PAK and PI3-kinases stimulate Akt-independent Bad-phosphorylation to induce anti-apoptotic signals. Nat Med 2001;7(11):1217-24
   Google Scholar
• Qiao X, He B, Chiu A, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Nef suppresses CD40-dependent immunoglobulin class switching in bystander B cells. Nat Immunol 2006;7(3):302-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu W, Santini PA, Sullivan JS, et al. HIV-1 evades virus-specific IgG2 and IgA responses by targeting systemic and intestinal B cells via long-range intercellular conduits. Nat Immunol 2009;10(9):1008-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swingler S, Zhou J, Swingler C, et al. Evidence for a pathogenic determinant in HIV-1 Nef involved in B cell dysfunction in HIV/AIDS. Cell Host Microbe 2008;4(1):63-76
   Google Scholar
• Swingler S, Brichacek B, Jacque JM, et al. HIV-1 Nef intersects the macrophage CD40L signalling pathway to promote resting-cell infection. Nature 2003;424(6945):213-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maccormac LP, Jacque JM, Chain B. The functional consequences of delivery of HIV-1 Nef to dendritic cells using an adenoviral vector. Vaccine 2004;22(3-4):528-35
   Google Scholar
• Quaranta MG, Tritarelli E, Giordani L, Viora M. HIV-1 Nef induces dendritic cell differentiation: a possible mechanism of uninfected CD4(+) T cell activation. Exp Cell Res 2002;275(2):243-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhry A, Das SR, Hussain A, et al. The Nef protein of HIV-1 induces loss of cell surface costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 in APCs. J Immunol 2005;175(7):4566-74
   Google Scholar
• Leonard JA, Filzen T, Carter CC, et al. HIV-1 Nef disrupts intracellular trafficking of major histocompatibility complex class I, CD4, CD8, and CD28 by distinct pathways that share common elements. J Virol 2011;85(14):6867-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter CA, Ehrlich LS. Cell biology of HIV-1 infection of macrophages. Annu Rev Microbiol 2008;62:425-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe S, Zhu T, Muller WA. The contribution of monocyte infection and trafficking to viral persistence, and maintenance of the viral reservoir in HIV infection. J Leukoc Biol 2003;74(5):635-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardacci R, Antinori A, Kroemer G, Piacentini M. Cell death mechanisms in HIV-associated dementia: the involvement of syncytia. Cell Death Differ 2005;12(Suppl 1):855-8
   Google Scholar
• Verollet C, Zhang YM, Le Cabec V, et al. HIV-1 Nef triggers macrophage fusion in a p61Hck- and protease-dependent manner. J Immunol 2010;184(12):7030-9
   Google Scholar
• Churchill MJ, Chiavaroli L, Wesselingh SL, Gorry PR. Persistence of attenuated HIV-1 rev alleles in an epidemiologically linked cohort of long-term survivors infected with Nef-deleted virus. Retrovirology 2007;4:43
   Google Scholar
• Ghiglione Y, Rodriguez AM, De Candia C, et al. HIV-mediated up-regulation of invariant chain (CD74) correlates with generalized immune activation in HIV+ subjects. Virus Res 2012;163(1):380-4
   Google Scholar
• Lamers SL, Fogel GB, Huysentruyt LC, McGrath MS. HIV-1 nef protein visits B-cells via macrophage nanotubes: a mechanism for AIDS-related lymphoma pathogenesis? Curr HIV Res 2010;8(8):638-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinman RM. The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity. Annu Rev Immunol 1991;9:271-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banchereau J, Steinman RM. Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 1998;392(6673):245-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piguet V, Steinman RM. The interaction of HIV with dendritic cells: outcomes and pathways. Trends Immunol 2007;28(11):503-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tebit DM, Ndembi N, Weinberg A, Quinones-Mateu ME. Mucosal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Curr HIV Res 2012;10(1):3-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman CM, Wu L. HIV interactions with monocytes and dendritic cells: viral latency and reservoirs. Retrovirology 2009;6:51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geijtenbeek TB, van Kooyk Y. DC-SIGN: a novel HIV receptor on DCs that mediates HIV-1 transmission. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2003;276:31-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon DS, Gregorio G, Bitton N, et al. DC-SIGN-mediated internalization of HIV is required for trans-enhancement of T cell infection. Immunity 2002;16(1):135-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sol-Foulon N, Moris A, Nobile C, et al. HIV-1 Nef-induced upregulation of DC-SIGN in dendritic cells promotes lymphocyte clustering and viral spread. Immunity 2002;16(1):145-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankel SS, Wenig BM, Burke AP, et al. Replication of HIV-1 in dendritic cell-derived syncytia at the mucosal surface of the adenoid. Science 1996;272(5258):115-17
   Google Scholar
• Anderluh M, Jug G, Svajger U, Obermajer N. DC-SIGN antagonists, a potential new class of anti-infectives. Curr Med Chem 2012;19(7):992-1007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Izquierdo-Useros N, Lorizate M, Puertas MC, et al. Siglec-1 is a novel dendritic cell receptor that mediates HIV-1 trans-infection through recognition of viral membrane gangliosides. PLoS Biol 2012;10(12):e1001448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quaranta MG, Napolitano A, Sanchez M, et al. HIV-1 Nef impairs the dynamic of DC/NK crosstalk: different outcome of CD56(dim) and CD56(bright) NK cell subsets. FASEB J 2007;21(10):2323-34
   Google Scholar
• McDonald D, Wu L, Bohks SM, et al. Recruitment of HIV and its receptors to dendritic cell-T cell junctions. Science 2003;300(5623):1295-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudnicka D, Feldmann J, Porrot F, et al. Simultaneous cell-to-cell transmission of human immunodeficiency virus to multiple targets through polysynapses. J Virol 2009;83(12):6234-46
   Google Scholar
• Messmer D, Ignatius R, Santisteban C, et al. The decreased replicative capacity of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239Delta(nef) is manifest in cultures of immature dendritic cells and T cells. J Virol 2000;74(5):2406-13
   Google Scholar
• Daniel MD, Kirchhoff F, Czajak SC, et al. Protective effects of a live attenuated SIV vaccine with a deletion in the nef gene. Science 1992;258(5090):1938-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sodora DL, Sheridan KE, Marx PA, Connor RI. Immunization with a live, attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus vaccine leads to restriction of viral diversity in Rhesus macaques not protected from pathogenic challenge. J Virol 1999;73(5):4443-6
   Google Scholar
• Petit C, Buseyne F, Boccaccio C, et al. Nef is required for efficient HIV-1 replication in cocultures of dendritic cells and lymphocytes. Virology 2001;286(1):225-36
   Google Scholar
• Bregnard C, Zamborlini A, Leduc M, et al. Comparative proteomic analysis of HIV-1 particles reveals a role for Ezrin and EHD4 in the Nef-dependent increase of virus infectivity. J Virol 2013;87(7):3729-40
   Google Scholar
• Haller C, Tibroni N, Rudolph JM, et al. Nef does not inhibit F-actin remodelling and HIV-1 cell-cell transmission at the T lymphocyte virological synapse. Eur J Cell Biol 2011;90(11):913-21
   Google Scholar
• Jolly C, Kashefi K, Hollinshead M, Sattentau QJ. HIV-1 cell to cell transfer across an Env-induced, actin-dependent synapse. J Exp Med 2004;199(2):283-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolp B, Fackler OT. How HIV takes advantage of the cytoskeleton in entry and replication. Viruses 2011;3(4):293-311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dustin ML. A dynamic view of the immunological synapse. Semin Immunol 2005;17(6):400-10
   Google Scholar
• Arhel N, Lehmann M, Clauss K, et al. The inability to disrupt the immunological synapse between infected human T cells and APCs distinguishes HIV-1 from most other primate lentiviruses. J Clin Invest 2009;119(10):2965-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schindler M, Munch J, Kutsch O, et al. Nef-mediated suppression of T cell activation was lost in a lentiviral lineage that gave rise to HIV-1. Cell 2006;125(6):1055-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoulouze MI, Sol-Foulon N, Blanchet F, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection impairs the formation of the immunological synapse. Immunity 2006;24(5):547-61
   Google Scholar
• Pan X, Rudolph JM, Abraham L, et al. HIV-1 Nef compensates for disorganization of the immunological synapse by inducing trans-Golgi network-associated Lck signaling. Blood 2012;119(3):786-97
   Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Hwang SL, Chan VS, et al. Binding of HIV-1 gp120 to DC-SIGN promotes ASK-1-dependent activation-induced apoptosis of human dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog 2013;9(1):e1003100
   Google Scholar
• Barron MA, Blyveis N, Palmer BE, et al. Influence of plasma viremia on defects in number and immunophenotype of blood dendritic cell subsets in human immunodeficiency virus 1-infected individuals. J Infect Dis 2003;187(1):26-37
   Google Scholar
• Brown KN, Trichel A, Barratt-Boyes SM. Parallel loss of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells from blood and lymphoid tissue in simian AIDS. J Immunol 2007;178(11):6958-67
   Google Scholar
• Geyer M, Fackler OT, Peterlin BM. Structure–function relationships in HIV-1 Nef. EMBO Rep 2001;2(7):580-5
   Google Scholar
• Wells JA, McClendon CL. Reaching for high-hanging fruit in drug discovery at protein-protein interfaces. Nature 2007;450(7172):1001-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parra J, Portilla J, Pulido F, et al. Clinical utility of maraviroc. Clin Drug Investig 2011;31(8):527-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olszewski A, Sato K, Aron ZD, et al. Guanidine alkaloid analogs as inhibitors of HIV-1 Nef interactions with p53, actin, and p56lck. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101(39):14079-84
   Google Scholar
• Manninen A, Huotari P, Hiipakka M, et al. Activation of NFAT-dependent gene expression by Nef: conservation among divergent Nef alleles, dependence on SH3 binding and membrane association, and cooperation with protein kinase C-theta. J Virol 2001;75(6):3034-7
   Google Scholar
• Hiipakka M, Huotari P, Manninen A, et al. Inhibition of cellular functions of HIV-1 Nef by artificial SH3 domains. Virology 2001;286(1):152-9
   Google Scholar
• Betzi S, Restouin A, Opi S, et al. Protein–protein interaction inhibition (2P2I) combining high throughput and virtual screening: application to the HIV-1 Nef protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104(49):19256-61
   Google Scholar
• Emert-Sedlak L, Kodama T, Lerner EC, et al. Chemical library screens targeting an HIV-1 accessory factor/host cell kinase complex identify novel antiretroviral compounds. ACS Chem Biol 2009;4(11):939-47
   Google Scholar
• Narute PS, Smithgall TE. Nef alleles from all major HIV-1 clades activate Src-family kinases and enhance HIV-1 replication in an inhibitor-sensitive manner. PLoS ONE 2012;7(2):e32561
   Google Scholar
• Chutiwitoonchai N, Hiyoshi M, Mwimanzi P, et al. The identification of a small molecule compound that reduces HIV-1 Nef-mediated viral infectivity enhancement. PLoS ONE 2011;6(11):e27696
   Google Scholar
• Dikeakos JD, Atkins KM, Thomas L, et al. Small molecule inhibition of HIV-1-induced MHC-I down-regulation identifies a temporally regulated switch in Nef action. Mol Biol Cell 2010;21(19):3279-92
   Google Scholar
• Hassan R, Suzu S, Hiyoshi M, et al. Dysregulated activation of a Src tyrosine kinase Hck at the Golgi disturbs N-glycosylation of a cytokine receptor Fms. J Cell Physiol 2009;221(2):458-68
   Google Scholar
• Oneyama C, Agatsuma T, Kanda Y, et al. Synthetic inhibitors of proline-rich ligand-mediated protein-protein interaction: potent analogs of UCS15A. Chem Biol 2003;10(5):443-51
   Google Scholar
• Muyldermans S. Nanobodies: natural single-domain antibodies. Annu Rev Biochem 2013;82:775-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchet J, Basmaciogullari SE, Chrobak P, et al. Inhibition of the Nef regulatory protein of HIV-1 by a single-domain antibody. Blood 2011;117(13):3559-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchet J, Herate C, Guenzel CA, et al. Single-domain antibody-SH3 fusions for efficient neutralization of HIV-1 Nef functions. J Virol 2012;86(9):4856-67
   Google Scholar
• Breuer S, Schievink SI, Schulte A, et al. Molecular design, functional characterization and structural basis of a protein inhibitor against the HIV-1 pathogenicity factor Nef. PLoS One 2011;6(5):e20033
   Google Scholar
• Harris M. The role of myristoylation in the interactions between human immunodeficiency virus type I Nef and cellular proteins. Biochem Soc Trans 1995;23(3):557-61
   Google Scholar
• Lulf S, Horenkamp FA, Breuer S, Geyer M. Nef surfaces: where to interfere with function. Curr HIV Res 2011;9(7):543-51
   Google Scholar
• Emert-Sedlak LA, Narute P, Shu ST, et al. Effector kinase coupling enables high-throughput screens for direct HIV-1 Nef antagonists with antiretroviral activity. Chem Biol 2013;20(1):82-91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanna Z, Weng X, Kay DG, et al. The pathogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 Nef in CD4C/HIV transgenic mice is abolished by mutation of its SH3-binding domain, and disease development is delayed in the absence of Hck. J Virol 2001;75(19):9378-92
   Google Scholar
• Creedon H, Brunton VG. Src kinase inhibitors: promising cancer therapeutics? Crit Rev Oncog 2012;17(2):145-59
   Google Scholar
• Byeon SE, Yi YS, Oh J, et al. The role of Src kinase in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. Mediators Inflamm 2012;2012:512926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorry PR, Churchill M, Learmont J, et al. Replication-dependent pathogenicity of attenuated nef-deleted HIV-1 in vivo. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007;46(4):390-4
   Google Scholar