Ectopic calcification in diabetic vascular disease

Bibliography

• Berry C, Tardif JC, Bourassa MG. Coronary heart disease in patients with diabetes: part I: recent advances in prevention and noninvasive management. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:631-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avogaro A, de Kreutzenberg SV, Fadini G. Endothelial dysfunction: causes and consequences in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008;82(Suppl 2):S94-S101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sattar N. Revisiting the links between glycaemia, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Diabetologia 2013;56:686-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alman AC, Maahs DM, Rewers MJ, et al. Ideal cardiovascular health and the prevalence and progression of coronary artery calcification in adults with and without type 1 diabetes. Diabetes care 2014;37:521-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jiwakanon S, Chiu YW, Mehrotra R. Measuring vascular calcification clinical practice. Semin Dial 2010;23:263-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ostrom MP, Gopal A, Ahmadi N, et al. Mortality incidence and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis assessed by computed tomography angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1335-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavridou A, Petridis I, Vasileiadis M, et al. Association of VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphism with carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011;94:236-41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schiffrin EL, Lipman ML, Mann JF. Chronic kidney disease: effects on the cardiovascular system. Circulation 2007;116:85-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amann K. Media calcification and intima calcification are distinct entities in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3:1599-605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drueke TB. Arterial intima and media calcification: distinct entities with different pathogenesis or all the same? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3:1583-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu M, Rementer C, Giachelli CM. Vascular calcification: an update on mechanisms and challenges in treatment. Calcif Tissue Int 2013;93:365-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koulaouzidis G, Charisopoulou D, Maffrett S, et al. Differences in clinical profile of individuals with severe and markedly elevated coronary artery calcification detected by electron beam computed tomography. Angiology 2013;64:435-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rutsch F, Nitschke Y, Terkeltaub R. Genetics in arterial calcification: pieces of a puzzle and cogs in a wheel. Circ Res 2011;109:578-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann Bowman MA, McNally EM. Genetic pathways of vascular calcification. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2012;22:93-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assimes TL, Knowles JW, Basu A, et al. Susceptibility locus for clinical and subclinical coronary artery disease at chromosome 9p21 in the multi-ethnic ADVANCE study. Hum Mol Genet 2008;17:2320-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Donnell CJ, Kavousi M, Smith AV, et al. Genome-wide association study for coronary artery calcification with follow-up in myocardial infarction. Circulation 2011;124:2855-64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen NX, Moe SM. Vascular calcification: pathophysiology and risk factors. Curr Hypertens Rep 2012;14:228-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen NX, Moe SM. Arterial calcification in diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2003;3:28-32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qasim A, Mehta NN, Tadesse MG, et al. Adipokines, insulin resistance, and coronary artery calcification. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:231-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadini GP, Pauletto P, Avogaro A, et al. The good and the bad in the link between insulin resistance and vascular calcification. Atherosclerosis 2007;193:241-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen NX, Duan D, O'Neill KD, et al. High glucose increases the expression of Cbfa1 and BMP-2 and enhances the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21:3435-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Jiang LS, Dai LY. High glucose potentiates collagen synthesis and bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced early osteoblast gene expression in rat spinal ligament cells. Endocrinology 2010;151:63-74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-Aly Z, Shao JS, Lai CF, et al. Aortic Msx2-Wnt calcification cascade is regulated by TNF-alpha-dependent signals in diabetic Ldlr-/- mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007;27:2589-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng SL, Shao JS, Charlton-Kachigian N, et al. MSX2 promotes osteogenesis and suppresses adipogenic differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal progenitors. J Biol Chem 2003;278:45969-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proudfoot D, Davies JD, Skepper JN, et al. Acetylated low-density lipoprotein stimulates human vascular smooth muscle cell calcification by promoting osteoblastic differentiation and inhibiting phagocytosis. Circulation 2002;106:3044-50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parhami F, Basseri B, Hwang J, et al. High-density lipoprotein regulates calcification of vascular cells. Circ Res 2002;91:570-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakanishi R, Rajani R, Cheng VY, et al. Increase in epicardial fat volume is associated with greater coronary artery calcification progression in subjects at intermediate risk by coronary calcium score: a serial study using non-contrast cardiac CT. Atherosclerosis 2011;218:363-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gorter PM, de Vos AM, van der Graaf Y, et al. Relation of epicardial and pericoronary fat to coronary atherosclerosis and coronary artery calcium in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Am J Cardiol 2008;102:380-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Wierzbicki AS. Epicardial fat and vascular risk: a narrative review. Curr Opin Cardiol 2013;28:458-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yerramasu A, Dey D, Venuraju S, et al. Increased volume of epicardial fat is an independent risk factor for accelerated progression of sub-clinical coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2012;220:223-30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rattazzi M, Bertacco E, Puato M, et al. Hypertension and vascular calcification: a vicious cycle? J Hypertens 2012;30:1885-93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Savoia C, Burger D, Nishigaki N, et al. Angiotensin II and the vascular phenotype in hypertension. Expert Rev Mol Med 2011;13:e11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osako MK, Nakagami H, Shimamura M, et al. Cross-talk of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand signaling with renin-angiotensin system in vascular calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013;33:1287-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong ZB, Boughner DR, Drangova M, et al. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker inhibits arterial calcification in a pre-clinical model. Cardiovasc Res 2011;90:165-70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu SY, Yu YR, Cai Y, et al. Endogenous aldosterone is involved in vascular calcification in rat. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012;237:31-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arribas SM, Hinek A, Gonzalez MC. Elastic fibres and vascular structure in hypertension. Pharmacol Ther 2006;111:771-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simionescu A, Simionescu DT, Vyavahare NR. Osteogenic responses in fibroblasts activated by elastin degradation products and transforming growth factor-beta1: role of myofibroblasts in vascular calcification. Am J Pathol 2007;171:116-23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aikawa E, Nahrendorf M, Sosnovik D, et al. Multimodality molecular imaging identifies proteolytic and osteogenic activities in early aortic valve disease. Circulation 2007;115:377-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deuell KA, Callegari A, Giachelli CM, et al. RANKL enhances macrophage paracrine pro-calcific activity in high phosphate-treated smooth muscle cells: dependence on IL-6 and TNF-alpha. J Vasc Res 2012;49:510-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iribarren C, Sidney S, Sternfeld B, et al. Calcification of the aortic arch: risk factors and association with coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. JAMA 2000;283:2810-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow JD, Frei B, Longmire AW, et al. Increase in circulating products of lipid peroxidation (F2-isoprostanes) in smokers. Smoking as a cause of oxidative damage. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1198-203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke A, Fitzgerald GA. Oxidative stress and smoking-induced vascular injury. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2003;46:79-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen T, Frestad D, Kober L, et al. Development and progression of coronary artery calcification in long-term smokers: adverse effects of continued smoking. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:255-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson B, Towler DA. Arterial calcification and bone physiology: role of the bone-vascular axis. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012;8:529-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rattazzi M, Bennett BJ, Bea F, et al. Calcification of advanced atherosclerotic lesions in the innominate arteries of ApoE-deficient mice: potential role of chondrocyte-like cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:1420-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dao HH, Essalihi R, Bouvet C, et al. Evolution and modulation of age-related medial elastocalcinosis: impact on large artery stiffness and isolated systolic hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2005;66:307-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essalihi R, Dao HH, Yamaguchi N, et al. A new model of isolated systolic hypertension induced by chronic warfarin and vitamin K1 treatment. Am J Hypertens 2003;16:103-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raggi P, Bellasi A, Ferramosca E, et al. Association of pulse wave velocity with vascular and valvular calcification in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2007;71:802-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEniery CM, McDonnell BJ, So A, et al. Aortic calcification is associated with aortic stiffness and isolated systolic hypertension in healthy individuals. Hypertension 2009;53:524-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:1318-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardoso CR, Ferreira MT, Leite NC, et al. Prognostic impact of aortic stiffness in high-risk type 2 diabetic patients: the rio deJaneiro type 2 diabetes cohort study. Diabetes Care 2013;36:3772-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bostrom K, Watson KE, Horn S, et al. Bone morphogenetic protein expression in human atherosclerotic lesions. J Clin Invest 1993;91:1800-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tintut Y, Alfonso Z, Saini T, et al. Multilineage potential of cells from the artery wall. Circulation 2003;108:2505-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demer LL, Tintut Y. Vascular calcification: pathobiology of a multifaceted disease. Circulation 2008;117:2938-48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson RC, Leopold JA, Loscalzo J. Vascular calcification: pathobiological mechanisms and clinical implications. Circ Res 2006;99:1044-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds JL, Joannides AJ, Skepper JN, et al. Human vascular smooth muscle cells undergo vesicle-mediated calcification in response to changes in extracellular calcium and phosphate concentrations: a potential mechanism for accelerated vascular calcification in ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:2857-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shroff RC, Shanahan CM. The vascular biology of calcification. Semin Dial 2007;20:103-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanahan CM, Crouthamel MH, Kapustin A, et al. Arterial calcification in chronic kidney disease: key roles for calcium and phosphate. Circ Res 2011;109:697-711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shroff RC, McNair R, Skepper JN, et al. Chronic mineral dysregulation promotes vascular smooth muscle cell adaptation and extracellular matrix calcification. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;21:103-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo G, Ducy P, McKee MD, et al. Spontaneous calcification of arteries and cartilage in mice lacking matrix GLA protein. Nature 1997;386:78-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bostrom K, Tsao D, Shen S, et al. Matrix GLA protein modulates differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2 in C3H10T1/2 cells. J Biol Chem 2001;276:14044-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofbauer LC, Schoppet M. Clinical implications of the osteoprotegerin/RANKL/RANK system for bone and vascular diseases. JAMA 2004;292:490-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venuraju SM, Yerramasu A, Corder R, et al. Osteoprotegerin as a predictor of coronary artery disease and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:2049-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus C, Rohde D, Weidenhammer C, et al. S100A1 in cardiovascular health and disease: closing the gap between basic science and clinical therapy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009;47:445-55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCormick MM, Rahimi F, Bobryshev YV, et al. S100A8 and S100A9 in human arterial wall. Implications for atherogenesis. J Biol Chem 2005;280:41521-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang Y, Yun KE, Jung HS, et al. A1C and coronary artery calcification in nondiabetic men and women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013;33:2026-31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burke AP, Kolodgie FD, Zieske A, et al. Morphologic findings of coronary atherosclerotic plaques in diabetics: a postmortem study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24:1266-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otto CM. Calcific aortic stenosis–time to look more closely at the valve. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1395-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi A, Targher G, Zoppini G, et al. Aortic and mitral annular calcifications are predictive of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2012;35:1781-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller JD, Weiss RM, Heistad DD. Calcific aortic valve stenosis: methods, models, and mechanisms. Circ Res 2011;108:1392-412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rattazzi M, Bertacco E, Del Vecchio A, et al. Aortic valve calcification in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013;28:2968-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz R, Wong ND, Kronmal R, et al. Features of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus as predictors of aortic valve calcification in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circulation 2006;113:2113-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorusso R, Gelsomino S, Luca F, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with faster degeneration of bioprosthetic valve: results from a propensity score-matched italian multicenter study. Circulation 2012;125:604-14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Briand M, Lemieux I, Dumesnil JG, et al. Metabolic syndrome negatively influences disease progression and prognosis in aortic stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:2229-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briand M, Pibarot P, Despres JP, et al. Metabolic syndrome is associated with faster degeneration of bioprosthetic valves. Circulation 2006;114:I512-17
   Google Scholar
• Bertacco E, Millioni R, Arrigoni G, et al. Proteomic analysis of clonal interstitial aortic valve cells acquiring a pro-calcific profile. J Proteome Res 2010;9:5913-21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rattazzi M, Iop L, Faggin E, et al. Clones of interstitial cells from bovine aortic valve exhibit different calcifying potential when exposed to endotoxin and phosphate. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:2165-72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li F, Cai Z, Chen F, et al. Pioglitazone attenuates progression of aortic valve calcification via down-regulating receptor for advanced glycation end products. Basic Res Cardiol 2012;107:306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu Y, Lund DD, Weiss RM, et al. Pioglitazone attenuates valvular calcification induced by hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013;33:523-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson KE, Bostrom K, Ravindranath R, et al. TGF-beta 1 and 25-hydroxycholesterol stimulate osteoblast-like vascular cells to calcify. J Clin Invest 1994;93:2106-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wada T, McKee MD, Steitz S, et al. Calcification of vascular smooth muscle cell cultures: inhibition by osteopontin. Circ Res 1999;84:166-78
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tintut Y, Patel J, Territo M, et al. Monocyte/macrophage regulation of vascular calcification in vitro. Circulation 2002;105:650-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamagishi S, Fujimori H, Yonekura H, et al. Advanced glycation endproducts accelerate calcification in microvascular pericytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999;258:353-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bostrom KI, Jumabay M, Matveyenko A, et al. Activation of vascular bone morphogenetic protein signaling in diabetes mellitus. Circ Res 2011;108:446-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo XH, Zhao LL, Yuan LQ, et al. Development of arterial calcification in adiponectin-deficient mice: adiponectin regulates arterial calcification. J Bone Miner Res 2009;24:1461-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeadin M, Butcher M, Werstuck G, et al. Effect of leptin on vascular calcification in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009;29:2069-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Register TC, Divers J, Bowden DW, et al. Relationships between serum adiponectin and bone density, adiposity and calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the african american-diabetes heart study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:1916-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collett G, Wood A, Alexander MY, et al. Receptor tyrosine kinase Axl modulates the osteogenic differentiation of pericytes. Circ Res 2003;92:1123-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alexander MY, Wilkinson FL, Kirton JP, et al. Identification and characterization of vascular calcification-associated factor, a novel gene upregulated during vascular calcification in vitro and in vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:1851-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collett GD, Canfield AE. Angiogenesis and pericytes in the initiation of ectopic calcification. Circ Res 2005;96:930-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan EF, Hussein AI, Al-Awadhi BA, et al. Vascular development during distraction osteogenesis proceeds by sequential intramuscular arteriogenesis followed by intraosteal angiogenesis. Bone 2012;51:535-45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yao Y, Jumabay M, Wang A, et al. Matrix Gla protein deficiency causes arteriovenous malformations in mice. J Clin Invest 2011;121:2993-3004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Costa PZ, Soares R. Neovascularization in diabetes and its complications. Unraveling the angiogenic paradox. Life Sci 2013;92:1037-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao Y, Jumabay M, Ly A, et al. A role for the endothelium in vascular calcification. Circ Res 2013;113:495-504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadini GP, Rattazzi M, Matsumoto T, et al. Emerging role of circulating calcifying cells in the bone-vascular axis. Circulation 2012;125:2772-81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eghbali-Fatourechi GZ, Lamsam J, Fraser D, et al. Circulating osteoblast-lineage cells in humans. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1959-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossl M, Modder UI, Atkinson EJ, et al. Osteocalcin expression by circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1314-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadini GP, Albiero M, Menegazzo L, et al. Widespread increase in myeloid calcifying cells contributes to ectopic vascular calcification in type 2 diabetes. Circ Res 2011;108:1112-21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fadini GP, Albiero M, Menegazzo L, et al. Procalcific phenotypic drift of circulating progenitor cells in type 2 diabetes with coronary artery disease. Exp Diabetes Res 2012;2012:921685
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albiero M, Rattazzi M, Menegazzo L, et al. Myeloid calcifying cells promote atherosclerotic calcification via paracrine activity and allograft inflammatory factor-1 overexpression. Basic Res Cardiol 2013;108:368
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menegazzo L, Albiero M, Millioni R, et al. Circulating myeloid calcifying cells have antiangiogenic activity via thrombospondin-1 overexpression. FASEB J 2013;27:4355-65
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freigang S, Ampenberger F, Weiss A, et al. Fatty acid-induced mitochondrial uncoupling elicits inflammasome-independent IL-1alpha and sterile vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nat Immunol 2013;14:1045-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossl M, Khosla S, Zhang X, et al. Role of circulating osteogenic progenitor cells in calcific aortic stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:1945-53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peris P, Atkinson EJ, Gossl M, et al. Effects of bisphosphonate treatment on circulating osteogenic endothelial progenitor cells in postmenopausal women. Mayo Clin Proc 2013;88:46-55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anand DV, Lim E, Darko D, et al. Determinants of progression of coronary artery calcification in type 2 diabetes role of glycemic control and inflammatory/vascular calcification markers. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:2218-25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dayan A, Narin B, Biteker M, et al. Coronary calcium score, albuminuria and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetic patients: associations and prognostic implications. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012;98:98-103
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flammer AJ, Gossl M, Li J, et al. Patients with an HbA1c in the prediabetic and diabetic range have higher numbers of circulating cells with osteogenic and endothelial progenitor cell markers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:4761-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiramijyan S, Ahmadi N, Isma'eel H, et al. Impact of coronary artery calcium progression and statin therapy on clinical outcome in subjects with and without diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 2013;111:356-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexopoulos N, Melek BH, Arepalli CD, et al. Effect of intensive versus moderate lipid-lowering therapy on epicardial adipose tissue in hyperlipidemic post-menopausal women: a substudy of the BELLES trial (Beyond Endorsed Lipid Lowering with EBT Scanning). J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:1956-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohler ER III, Wang H, Medenilla E, et al. Effect of statin treatment on aortic valve and coronary artery calcification. J Heart Valve Dis 2007;16:378-86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor AJ, Bindeman J, Feuerstein I, et al. Community-based provision of statin and aspirin after the detection of coronary artery calcium within a community-based screening cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1337-41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chia S, Raffel OC, Takano M, et al. Association of statin therapy with reduced coronary plaque rupture: an optical coherence tomography study. Coron Artery Dis 2008;19:237-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilmanov D, Bevilacqua S, Mazzone A, et al. Do statins slow the process of calcification of aortic tissue valves? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2010;11:297-301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge H, Zhang Q, Wang BY, et al. Therapeutic effect of statin on aortic stenosis: a review with meta-analysis. J Clin Pharm Ther 2010;35:385-93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Terry JG, Carr JJ, Kouba EO, et al. Effect of simvastatin (80 mg) on coronary and abdominal aortic arterial calcium (from the coronary artery calcification treatment with zocor [CATZ] study). Am J Cardiol 2007;99:1714-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitrow PP, Jawień M, Gackowski A. The influence of statins on levels of calcification biomarkers in patients with aortic sclerosis or mild aortic stenosis. J Heart Valve Dis 2011;20:18-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saremi A, Bahn G, Reaven PD, et al. Progression of vascular calcification is increased with statin use in the veterans affairs diabetes trial (VADT). Diabetes Care 2012;35:2390-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe IZ, Mendelsohn ME. Angiotensin II and aldosterone regulate gene transcription via functional mineralocortocoid receptors in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 2005;96:643-50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jaffe IZ, Tintut Y, Newfell BG, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor activation promotes vascular cell calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007;27:799-805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao JS, Cheng SL, Charlton-Kachigian N, et al. Teriparatide (human parathyroid hormone (1-34)) inhibits osteogenic vascular calcification in diabetic low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 2003;278:50195-202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao JS, Cheng SL, Pingsterhaus JM, et al. Msx2 promotes cardiovascular calcification by activating paracrine Wnt signals. J Clin Invest 2005;115:1210-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spanakis EK, Sellmeyer DE. Nonuremic calciphylaxis precipitated by teriparatide [rhPTH(1-34)] therapy in the setting of chronic warfarin and glucocorticoid treatment. Osteoporos Int 2013. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borissova AM, Tankova T, Kirilov G, et al. The effect of vitamin D3 on insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Clin Pract 2003;57:258-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VL, et al. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:820-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razzaque MS. The dualistic role of vitamin D in vascular calcifications. Kidney Int 2011;79:708-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jono S, Nishizawa Y, Shioi A, et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases in vitro vascular calcification by modulating secretion of endogenous parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Circulation 1998;98:1302-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathew S, Lund RJ, Chaudhary LR, et al. Vitamin D receptor activators can protect against vascular calcification. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;19:1509-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Moreno JM, Munoz-Castaneda JR, Herencia C, et al. In vascular smooth muscle cells paricalcitol prevents phosphate-induced Wnt/beta-catenin activation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012;303:F1136-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizobuchi M, Finch JL, Martin DR, et al. Differential effects of vitamin D receptor activators on vascular calcification in uremic rats. Kidney Int 2007;72:709-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fusaro M, Noale M, Tripepi G, et al. Long-term proton pump inhibitor use is associated with vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional study using propensity score analysis. Drug Saf 2013;36:635-42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chatrou ML, Winckers K, Hackeng TM, et al. Vascular calcification: the price to pay for anticoagulation therapy with vitamin K-antagonists. Blood Rev 2012;26:155-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard O, Spaak J, Goldsmith D. Regression of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease - feasible or fantasy? a review of the clinical evidence. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013;76:560-72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koumaras C, Tziomalos K, Stavrinou E, et al. Effects of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and beta-blockers on markers of arterial stiffness. J Am Soc Hypertens 2013. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar