New ABC transporters in multi-drug resistance

Bibliography

• DANO K: Active outward transport of daunomycin in resistant Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1973) 323:466–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BECK WT, MUELLER TJ, TANZER LR: Altered surface membrane glycoproteins in vinca alkaloid-resistant human leukemic lymphoblasts. Cancer Res. (1979) 39:2070–2076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BIEDLER JL RIEHM H: Cellular resistance to actinomy-cin D in Chinese hamster cells in vitro: cross-resistance, radioautographic and cytogenetic studies. Cancer Res. (1970) 30:1174–1184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KARTNER N, RIORDAN JR, LING V: Cell surface P-glycoprotein associated with multidrug resistance in mammalian cell lines. Science (1983) 221:1285–1288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GERMANN UA: P-glycoprotein -a mediator of multidrug resistance in tumour cells. Eur. J Cancer (1996) 32A:927–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHAROM FJ: Characterization and functional reconsti-tution of the multidrug transporter. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. (1995) 27:15–22.
   Google Scholar
• TSURUO T, IIDA H, TSUKAGOSHI S et al: Overcoming of vincristine resistance in P388 leukemia in vivo and in vitro through enhancing cytotoxicity of vincristine and vinblastine by verapamil. Cancer Res. (1981) 41:1967–1972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRADSHAW DM, ARCECI RJ: Clinical relevance of transmembrane drug efflux as a mechanism of multidrug resistance. J Clin. Oncol (1998) 16:3674–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FERRY DR, TRAUNECKER H, KERR DJ: Clinical trials of P-glycoprotein reversal in solid tumours. Eur. J. Cancer (1996) 32A: 1070–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TEW KD, HOUGHTON PJ, HOUGHTON JA: Preclinical and clinical modulation of anticancer drugs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA (1993).
   Google Scholar
• HIGGINS CF: ABC transporters: from microorganisms to man. Ann. Rev. Cell. Biol. (1992) 8:67–113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HIGGINS CF: The ABC of channel regulation. Cell (1995) 82:693–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HIGGINS CF, GALLAGHER MP, MIMMACK ML, PEARCE SR: A family of closely related ATP-binding subunits from prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Bioessays (1988) 8:111–116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KLEIN I, SARKADI B, VARADI A: An inventory of thehuman ABC proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1999) 1461:237–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •An excellent review of the classification of ABC proteins.
   Google Scholar
• ALLIKMETS R, GERRARD B, HUTCHINSON A, DEAN M:Characterization of the human ABC superfamily: isolation and mapping of 21 new genes using the expressed sequence tags database. Hum. Mol. Genet. (1996) 5:1649–1655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHRIML LM, DEAN M: Identification of 18 mouse ABC genes and characterization of the ABC superfamily in mus musculus. Genomics (2000) 64:24–31.
   Google Scholar
• ••Classification of mouse ABC genes.
   Google Scholar
• LING V: Multidrug resistance: molecular mechanisms and clinical relevance. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol (1997) 40 (Suppl.):S3–S8.
   Google Scholar
• SCHNEIDER E, PAUL D, IVY P, COWAN KH: Multidrug resistance. Cancer Chemother. Biol. Response Modif (1999) 18:152–177.
   Google Scholar
• SANDOR V, FOJO T, BATES SE: Future perspectives for the development of P-glycoprotein modulators. Drug Resist. Updates (1998) 1:190–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FISHER GA, LUM BL, HAUSDORFF J, SIKIC BI: Pharma-cological considerations in the modulation of multidrug resistance. Eur. J. Cancer (1996) 32A:1082–1088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GIACCONE G, LINN SC, WELINK J et al: A dose-findingand pharmacokinetic study of reversal of multidrug resistance with SDZ PSC 833 in combination with doxorubicin in patients with solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. (1997) 3:2005–2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRACASSO PM, WESTERVELDT P, FEARS CA et al.: Phase I study of paclitaxel in combination with a multidrug resistance modulator, PSC 833 (Valspodar), in refrac-tory malignancies. J Clin. Oncol (2000) 18: 1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAUNCEY TR, RANKIN C, ANDERSON JE et al: APhase I study of induction chemotherapy for older patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) using mitoxantrone, etoposide and the MDR modulator PSC 833: a Southwest Oncology Group study 9617. Leuk. Res. (2000) 24:567–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROWINSKY EK, SMITH L, WANG YM et al.: Phase I andpharmacokinetic study of paclitaxel in combination with biricodar, a novel agent that reverses multidrug resistance conferred by overexpression of both MDR1 and MRP. j Clin. Oncol. (1998) 16:2964–2976.
   Google Scholar
• SPARREBOOM A, PLANTING AS, JEWELL RC et al: Clinical pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin in combination with GF12 0 91 8, a potent inhibitor of MDR1 P-gly co p r o tein AntiCancer Drugs (1999) 10:719–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DANTZIG AH, SHEPARD RL, LAW KL et al: Selectivity of the multidrug resistance modulator, LY335979, for P-glycoprotein and effect on cytochrome P-450 activi-ties. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (1999) 200:854–862.
   Google Scholar
• MARTIN C, BERRIDGE G, MISTRY P et al: The molecularinteraction of the high affinity reversal agent XR9576 with P-glycoprotein. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1999) 128:403–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEWMAN MJ, RODARTE JC, ROMANO SJ et al: Preclinicalcharacterization and clinical safety/pharmacokinetics of 0C144-093, a novel inhibitor of p-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Cancer Res. (1999) 40.
   Google Scholar
• STUPP R, BAUER J, PAGANI O et al.: Ventriculararrhythmia and Torsade de Pointe: dose limiting toxicities of the MDR-modulator S9788 in a Phase I trial. Ann. Oncol. (1998) 9:1233–1242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAN ZUYLEN L, SPARREBOOM A, VAN DER GAAST A et al.: The orally administered P-glycoprotein inhibitor R101933 does not alter the plasma pharmacokinetics of docetaxel. Clin. Cancer Res. (2000) 6:1365–1371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COLE SPC, BHARDWAJ G, GERLACH JH et al: Overex-pression of a transporter gene in a multidrug-resistant human lung cancer cell line. Science (1992) 258:1650–1654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAKOS E, EVERS R, SZAKACS G et al: Functionalmultidrug resistance protein (MRP1) lacking the N-terminal transmembrane domain. J. Biol. Chem. (1998) 273:32167–32175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LORICO A, RAPPA G, FLAVELL RA, SARTORELLI AC:Double knockout of the MRP gene leads to increased drug sensitivity in vitro. CancerRes. (1996) 56:5351–5355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Evidence that rat MRP may confer intrinsic resistance.
   Google Scholar
• JEDLITSCHKY G, LEIER I, BUCHHOLZ U, CENTER M, KEPPLER D: ATP-dependent transport of glutathion S-conjugates by multidrug resistance-associated protein. Cancer Res. (1994) 54:4833–4836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JEDLITSCHKY G, LEIER I, BUCHHOLZ U et al.: Transportof glutathione, glucuronate and sulfate conjugates by the MRP gene-encoded conjugate export pump. Cancer Res. (1996) 56:988–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHEN ZS, FURUKAWA T, SUMIZAWA T et al.: ATP-Dependent efflux of CPT-11 and SN-38 by the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) and its inhibition by PAK-104P. Mot. Pharmacol. (1999) 55:921–928.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HOOIJBERG JH, BROXTERMAN HJ, KOOL M et al.: Antifo-late resistance mediated by the multidrug resistance proteins MRP1 and MRP2. Cancer Res. (1999) 59:2532–2535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Demonstration that methotrexate is a substrate for MRP1 and MRP2.
   Google Scholar
• LOE DW, DEELEY RG, COLE SP: Characterization ofvincristine transport by the M(r) 190, 000 multidrug resistance protein (MRP): evidence for cotransport with reduced glutathione. Cancer Res. (1998) 58. 58:5130–5136.
   Google Scholar
• HIPFNER DR, DEELEY RG, COLE SP: Structural, mechanistic and clinical aspects of MRP1. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1999) 1461:359–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Excellent review of MRP1.
   Google Scholar
• BORST P, EVERS R, KOOL M, WIJNHOLDS J: A family of drug transporters: the multidrug resistance-associated proteins. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (2000) 92:1295–1302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Excellent review of MRP family of proteins.
   Google Scholar
• RAPPA G, LORICO A, FLAVELL RA, SARTORELLI AC:Evidence that the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) functions as a co-transporter of glutathione and natural product toxins. CancerRes. (1997)57:5232–5237.
   Google Scholar
• SCHINKEL AH, WAGENAAR E, VAN DEEMTER L, MOL CA, BORST P: Absence of the MDR1a P-Glycoprotein in mice affects tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone, digoxin and cyclosporin A. J Clin. Invest. (1995) 96:1698–1705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Normal role of Pgp.
   Google Scholar
• CORDON-CARDO C, O'BRIEN JP, CASALS D et al.: Multidrug-resistance gene (P-glycoprotein) is expressed by endothelial cells at blood-brain barrier sites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1989) 86:695–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEAULIEU E, DEMEULE M, GHITESCU L, BELIVEAU R: P-glycoprotein is strongly expressed in the luminal membranes of the endothelium of blood vessels in the brain. Biochem. J (1997) 326 (Pt 2): 539–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAULUSMA CC, BOSMA PJ, ZAMAN GJR et al.: Congenitaljaundice in rats with a mutation in a multidrug resistance-associated protein gene. Science (1996) 271:1126–1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHINKEL AH: P-Glycoprotein, a gatekeeper in theblood-brain barrier. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. (1999) 36:179–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Excellent review.
   Google Scholar
• JONKER JW, WAGENAAR E, VAN DEEMTER L et al.: Role ofblood-brain barrier P-glycoprotein in limiting brain accumulation and sedative side-effects of asimadoline, a peripherally acting analgaesic drug. Br. J. Pharmacol (1999) 127:43–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WIJNHOLDS J, EVERS R, VAN LEUSDEN MR et al.: Increased sensitivity to anticancer drugs and decreased inflammatory response in mice lacking the multidrug resistance-associated protein. Nature Med. (1997) 3:1275–1279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LORICO A, RAPPA G, FINCH RA et al: Disruption of themurine MRP (multidrugresistance protein) gene leads to increased sensitivity to etoposide (VP-16) and increased levels of glutathione. Cancer Res. (1997) 57:5238–5242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOOL M, DE HAAS M, SCHEFFER GL et al.: Analysis ofexpression of cMOAT (MRP2), MRP3, MRP4 and MRP5, homologues of the multidrug resistance-associated protein gene in human cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. (1997) 57:3537–3547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BELINSKY MG, KRUH GD: MOAT-E (ARA) is a full-lengthMRP/cMOAT subfamily transporter expressed in kidney and liver. Br. J Cancer (1999) 80:1342–1349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BELINSKY MG, BAIN LJ, BALSARA BB, TESTA JR, KRUH GD: Characterization of MOAT-C and MOAT-D, new members of the MRP/cMOAT subfamily of transporter proteins. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1998) 90:1735–1741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUCHLER M, KONIG J, BROM M et al.: cDNN cloning of the hepatocyte canalicular isoform of the multidrug resistance protein, cMrp, reveals a novel conjugate export pump deficient in hyperbilirubinemic mutant rats. J Biol. Chem. (1996) 271:15091–15098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TOH S, WADA M, UCHIUMI T et al.: Genomic structure ofthe can alicular multispecific organic anion-transporter gene (MRP2 /cMOAT) and mutations in the ATP-binding-cassette region in Dubin-Johnson syndrome. Am. J. Hum. Genet. (1999) 64:739–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHAUB TP, KARTENBECK J, KONIG J et al.: Expressionof the MRP2 gene-encoded conjugate export pump in human kidney proximal tubules and in renal cell carcinoma. jAm. Soc. Nephrol. (1999) 10:1159–1169.
   Google Scholar
• COLE SPC, SPARKS KE, FRASER K et al.: Pharmacologicalcharacterization of multidrug resistant MRP-transfected human tumor cells. Cancer Res. (1994) 54:5902–5910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOIKE K, KAWABE T, TANAKA T et al: A canalicularmultispecific organic anion transporter (cMOAT) antisense cDNA enhances drug sensitivity in human hepatic cancer cells. Cancer Res. (1997) 57:5475–5479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CUT Y, KONIG J, BUCHHOLZ JK et al: Drug resistanceand ATP-dependent conjugate transport mediated by the apical multidrug resistance protein, MRP2, permanently expressed in human and canine cells. Mol. Pharmacol. (1999) 55:929–937.
   Google Scholar
• MASUDA M, FIZUKA Y, YAMAZAKI M et al.: Methotrexateis excreted into the bile by canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter in rats. Cancer Res. (1997) 57 :3506–3510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TANIGUCHI K, WADA M, KOHNO K et al.: A humancanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter (cMOAT) gene is overexpressed in cisplatin-resistant human cancer cell lines with decreased drug accumu-lation. Cancer Res. (1996) 56:4124–4129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZENG H, BAIN LJ, BELINSKY MG, KRUH GD: Expressionof multidrug resistance protein-3 (multispecific organic anion transporter-D) in human embryonic kidney 293 cells confers resistance to anticancer agents. Cancer Res. (1999) 59:5964–5967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOOL M, VAN DER LINDEN M, DE HAAS M et al.: MRP3, anorganic anion transporter able to transport anti-cancer drugs. Proc. Nati Acad. ScL USA (1999) 96 :6914–6919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ORTIZ DF, LI S, IYER R et al.: MRP3, a new ATP-bindingcassette protein localized to the canalicular domain of the hepatocyte. Am. J. Physiol. (1999) 276:G1493–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KONIG J, ROST D, CUT Y, KEPPLER D: Characterization ofthe human multidrug resistance protein isoform MRP3 localized to the basolateral hepatocyte membrane. Hepatology (1999) 29:1156–1163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCALEER MA, BREEN MA, WHITE NL, MATTHEWS N: pABC11 (also known as MOAT-C and MRP5), a member of the ABC family of proteins, has anion transporter activity but does not confer multidrug resistance when overexpressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. J. Biol. Chem. (1999) 274:23541–23548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHILDS S, YEH RL, GEORGES E, LING V: Identification ofa sister gene to P-glycoprotein. Cancer Res. (1995) 55:2029–2034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GERLOFF T, STIEGER B, HAGENBUCH B et al.: The sisterof P-glycoprotein represents the canalicular bile salt export pump of mammalian liver. J. Biol. Chem. (1998) 273:10046–10050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHILDS S, YEH RL, HUT D, LING V: Taxol resistancemediated by transfection of the liver-specific sister gene of P-glycoprotein. Cancer Res. (1998) 58:4160–4167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LECUREUR V, SUN D, HARGROVE P et al.: Cloning and expression of murine sister of P-glycoprotein reveals a more discriminating transporter than MDR1 /P-gly co p r o tein Mol. Pharmacol. (2000) 57:24–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAING NM, BELINSKY MG, KRUH GD et al.: Amplification of the ATP-binding cassette 2 transporter gene is functionally linked with enhanced efflux of estramustine in ovarian carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. (1998) 58:1332–1337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROCCARDO C, LUCIANI M, CHIMINI G: The ABCA subclass of mammalian transporters. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. (1999) 1 461 :395–404.
   Google Scholar
• BERGER J, ALBET S, BENTEJAC M et al.: The four murineperoxisomal ABC-transporter genes differ in constitu-tive, inducible and developmental expression. Eur. Biochem. (1999) 2 65:719–727.
   Google Scholar
• MOSSER J, DOUAR AM, SARDE CO et al.: PutativeX-linked adrenoleukodystrophy gene shares unexpected homology with ABC transporters. Nature (1993) 361:726–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARTIER N, LOPEZ J, MOULLIER P et al: Retroviral-mediated gene transfer corrects very-long-chain fatty acid metabolism in adrenoleukodystrophy fibroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA (1995) 92:1674–1678.
   Google Scholar
• SHINNOH N, YAMADA T, YOSHIMURA T et al: Adreno-leukodystrophy: the restoration of peroxisomal beta-oxidation by transfection of normal cDNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1995) 210:830–836.
   Google Scholar
• LIU LX, JANVIER K, BERTEAUX-LECELLIER V et al.: Homo-and heterodimerization of peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette half-transporters. J. Biol. Chem. (1999) 274 :32738–32743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NETIK A, FORSS-PETTER S, HOLZINGER A et al.: Adrenoleukodystrophy-related protein can compen-sate functionally for adrenoleukodystrophy protein deficiency (X-ALD): implications for therapy. Hum. Mol. Genet. (1999) 8:907–913.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ABELE R, TAMPE R: Function of the transport complexTAP in cellular immune recognition. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1999) 1 461 :405–419.
   Google Scholar
• POWIS SJ, TOWNSEND AR, DEVERSON EV et al.: Restora-tion of antigen presentation to the mutant cell line RMA-S by an MHC-linked transporter. Nature (1991) 354:528–531.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DE LA SALLE H, HANAU D, FRICKER D et al.: Homozygoushuman TAP peptide transporter mutation in HIA class I deficiency. Science (1994) 265 : 237–41.
   Google Scholar
• TEISSERENC H, SCHMITT W, BLAKE N et al.: A case ofprimary immunodeficiency due to a defect of the major histocompatibility gene complex class I processing and presentation pathway. Immunol Lett. (1997) 57:183–187.
   Google Scholar
• FURUKAWA H, MURATA S, YABE T et al.: Splice acceptor site mutation of the transporter associated with antigen processing-1 gene in human bare lymphocyte syndrome. J Clin. Invest. (1999) 103:755–758.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DE LA SALLE H, ZIMMER J, FRICKER D et al: HLA class I deficiencies due to mutations in subunit 1 of the peptide transporter TAP1. J. Clin. Invest. (1999) 103:R9–R13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ARMANDOLA EA, MOMBURG F, NIJENHUIS M et al: Apoint mutation in the human transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP2) alters the peptide transport specificity. Eur. J. Immunol. (1996) 26:1748–1755.
   Google Scholar
• MOMBURG F, ARMANDOLA EA, POST M, HAMMERLING GJ: Residues in TAP2 peptide transporters controlling substrate specificity. J Immunol. (1996) 156:1756–1763.
   Google Scholar
• ALLIKMETS R, RASKIND WH, HUTCHINSON A et al: Mutation of a putative mitochondrial iron transporter gene (ABC7) in X-linked sideroblastic anemia and ataxia (XLSA/A). Hum. Mol. Genet. (1999) 8:743–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CSERE P, LILL R, KISPAL G: Identification of a human mitochondrial ABC transporter, the functional orthologue of yeast Atm1p. FEBS Lett. (1998) 441:266–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOGUE DL, LIU L, LING V: Identification and characteri-zation of a mammalian mitochondrial ATP-binding cassette membrane protein. J. Mol. Biol. (1999) 285:379–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHEN H, ROSSIER C, LALIOTI MD et al: Cloning of the cDNA for a human homologue of the Drosophila white gene and mapping to chromosome 21 q22.3. Am. J. Hum. Genet. (1996) 59:66–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CROOP JM, TILLER GE, FLETCHER JA et al: Isolation and characterization of a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila white gene. Gene (1997) 185:77–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MACKENZIE SM, BROOKER MR, GILL TR et al.: Mutations in the white gene of Drosophila melanogaster affecting ABC transp orters that determine eye coloura-tion. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1999) 1419:173–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EWART GD, CANNELL D, COX GB, HOWELLS AJ: Mutational analysis of the traffic ATPase (ABC) transporters involved in uptake of eye pigment precursors in Drosophila melanogaster. Implications for structure-function relationships. J. Biol Chem. (1994) 269:10370–10377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VENKATESWARAN A, REPA JJ, LOBACCARO JM et al: Human white/murine ABCS mRNA levels are highly induced in lipid-loaded macrophages. A transcrip-tional role for specific oxysterols. J. Biol. Chem. (2000) 275:14700–14707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALLIKMETS R, SCHRIML LM, HUTCHINSON A, ROMANO-SPICA V, DEAN M: A human placenta-specific ATP-binding cassette gene (ABCP) on chromosome 4q22 that is involved in multidrug resistance. Cancer Res. (1998) 58:5337–5339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DOYLE LA, YANG W, ABRUZZO LV et al: A multidrugresistance transporter from human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1998) 95:15665–15670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MIYAKE K, MICKLEY L, LITMAN T et al: Molecularcloning of cDNAs which are highly overexpressed in mitoxantrone-resistant cells: demonstration of homology to ABC transport genes. Cancer Res. (1999) 59:8–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DOYLE LA, YANG W, ABRUZZO LE et al: Cloning andcharacterization of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), a novel ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that may contribute to the multidrug-resistance phenotype of MCF-7/AdrVp breast cancer cells. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Cancer Res. (1998) 39.
   Google Scholar
• CHEN Y-N, MICKLEY LA, SCHWARTZ AM et al: Charac-terization of Adriamycin-resistant human breast cancer cells which display overexpression of a novel resistance-related membrane protein. J. Biol. Chem. (1990) 265:10073–10080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEE JS, SCALA S, MATSUMOTO Y et al.: Reduced drug accumulation and multidrug resistance in human breast cancer cells without associated P-glycoprotein or MRP overexpression. J. Cell. Biochem. (1997) 65:513–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YANG C-HJ, HORTON JK, COWAN K, SCHNEIDER E: Cross-resistance to camptothecin analogues in a mitoxantrone-resistant human breast carcinoma cell line is not due to DNA topoisomerase I alterations. Cancer Res. (1995) 55:4004–4009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAYLOR CW, DALTON WS, PARRISH PR et al.: Different mechanisms of decreased drug accumulation in doxorubicin and mitoxantrone resistant variants of the MCF7 human breast cancer cell line. Br. J. Cancer (1991) 63 :923–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAKAGAWA M, SCHNEIDER E, DIXON KH et al: Reduced intracellular drug accumulation in the absence of P-glycoprotein (mdr1) overexpression in mitoxantrone-resistant human MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. (1992) 52:6175–6181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DALTON WS, CRESS AE, ALBERTS DS, TRENT JM: Cytoge-netic and phenotypic analysis of a human colon carcinoma cell line resistant to mitoxantrone. Cancer Res. (1988) 48:1882–1888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RABINDRAN SK, HE H, SINGH M et al: Reversal of a novel multidrug resistance mechanism in human colon carcinoma cells by fumitremorgin C. Cancer Res. (1998) 58:5850–5858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Inhibition of MXR by FTC.
   Google Scholar
• HAZLEHURST LA, FOLEY NE, GLEASON-GUZMAN MC et al.: Multiple mechanisms confer drug resistance to mitoxantrone in the human 8226 myeloma cell line. Cancer Res. (1999) 59:1021–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIETEL M, ARPS H, LAGE H, NIENDORF A: Membrane vesicle formation due to acquired mitoxantrone resistance in human gastric carcinoma cell line EPG85-257. Cancer Res. (1990) 50:6100–6106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KELLNER U, HUTCHINSON L, SEIDEL A et al.: Decreased drug accumulation in a mitoxantrone-resistant gastric carcinoma cell line in the absence of P-glycoprotein. Int. J. Cancer (1997) 71:817–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROSS DD, YANG W, ABRUZZO LV et al.: Atypical multidrug resistance: breast cancer resistance protein messenger RNA expression in mitoxantrone-selected cell lines. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1999) 91:429–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••MXR overexpression coincides with mitoxantrone-resistantphenotype.
   Google Scholar
• MA J, MALIEPAARD M, NOOTER K et al: Reduced cellular accumulation of topotecan: a novel mechanism of resistance in a human ovarian cancer cell line. Br. J. Cancer (1998) 77:1645–1652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MALIEPAARD M, VAN GASTELEN MA, DE JONG LA et al: Overexpression of the BCRP/MXR/ABCP gene in a topotecan-selected ovarian tumor cell line. Cancer Res. (1999) 59:4559–4563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALLEN JD, BRINKHUIS RF, WIJNHOLDS J, SCHINKEL AH: The mouse Bcrp1/Mxr/Abcp gene: amplification and overexpression in cell lines selected for resistance to topotecan, mitoxantrone, or doxorubicin. Cancer Res. (1999) 59:4237–4241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••MXR is overexpressed regardless of selecting agent.
   Google Scholar
• LITMAN T, BRANGI M, HUDSON E et al: The multidrug-resistant phenotype associated with overexpression of the new ABC half-transporter, MXR (ABCG2). J. Cell. ScL (2000) 113:2011–2021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Confocal images of drug-resistant cell lines.
   Google Scholar
• BRANGI M, LITMAN T, CIOTTI M et al: Camptothecin resistance: role of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC), mitoxantrone-resistance half-transporter (MXR) and potential for glucuronidation in MXR-expressing cells. Cancer Res. (1999) 59:5938–5946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YANG CJ, HORTON JK, COWAN KH, SCHNEIDER E: Cross-resistance to camptothecin analogues in a mitoxantrone-resistant human breast carcinoma cell line is not due to DNA topoisomerase I alterations. Cancer Res. (1995) 55:4004–4009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RABINDRAN SK, ROSS DD, DOYLE LA, YANG W, GREENBERGER LM: Fumitremorgin C reverses multidrug resistance in cells transfected with the breast cancer resistance protein. Cancer Res. (2000) 60:47–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KNUTSEN T, RAO VK, RIED T et al.: Amplification of 4q21-q22 and the MXR gene in independently derived mitoxantrone-resistant cell lines. Genes Chromosomes Cancer (2000) 27:110–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MICKLEY LA, SPENGLER BA, KNUTSEN TA, BIEDLER JL, FOJO T: Gene rearrangement: a novel mechanism for MDR-1 gene activation. J. Clin. Invest. (1997) 99:1947–1957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROCCHI E, KHODJAKOV A, VOLK EL et al: The product of the ABC half-transporter gene ABCG2 (BCRP/MXR/ABCP) is expressed in the plasma membrane. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2000) 271:42–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHEFFER GL, MAILEPAARD. M., PIJNENBORG ACLM et al: Breast cancer resistance protein is localized at the plasma membrane in mitoxantrone-and topotecan-resistant cell lines. Cancer Res. (2000) 60:2589–2593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE BRUIN M, MIYAKE K, LITMAN T, ROBEY R, BATES SE: Reversal of resistance by GF120918 in cell lines expressing the ABC half-transporter, MXR. Cancer Lett. (1999) 146:117–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHELGEL S, KLIMECKI W, LIST AF: Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) associated drug export and p53 inactivation impact flavopiridol (FLA) antitumor activity. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Cancer Res. (1999) 40.
   Google Scholar
• EWART GD, HOWELLS AJ: ABC transporters involved in transport of eye pigment precursors in Drosophila melanogaster. In: Methods in Enzymology (Volume 292). Ambudkar S, Gottesman MM (Eds.) Academic Press, San Diego, USA (1998):213–224.
   Google Scholar
• SHANI N, VALLE D: A Saccharomyces cerevisiae homolog of the human adrenoleukodystrophy transporter is a heterodimer of two half ATP-binding cassette transporters. Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA (1996) 93:11901–11906.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ROSS DD: Novel mechanisms of drug resistance in leukemia. Leukemia (2000) 14:467–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZHOU DC, RAMOND S, VIGUIE F et al.: Sequential emergence of MRP-and MDR1-gene over-expression aswell as MDR1-gene translocation inhomoharringtonine-selected K562 human leukemia cell lines. Int. J. Cancer (1996) 65:365–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MATSUMOTO Y, TAKANO H, FOJO T: Cellular adapta-tion to drug exposure: evolution of the drug-resistant phenotype. Cancer Res. (1997) 57:5086–5092.
   Google Scholar
• CHEN CC, MEADOWS B, REGIS J et al.: Detection of in vivo p-glycoprotein inhibition by PSC 833 using Tc-99m sestamibi. Clin. Cancer Res. (1997) 4:545–552.
   Google Scholar
• BAKKER M, VAN DER GRAAF WT, PIERS DA et al.: 99mTc-Sestamibi scanning with SDZ PSC 833 as a functional detection method for resistance modulation in patients with solid tumours. AntiCancer Res. (1999) 19:2349–2353.
   Google Scholar
• LUKER GD, FACASSO PM, DOBKIN J, PIWNICA-WORMS D: Modulation of the multidrug resistance p-glycoprotein: detection with technetium-99m-sestamibi in vivo. .1 Nucl. Med. (1997) 38:369–372.
   Google Scholar
• CHEN WS, LUKER KE, DAHLHEIMER JL et al.: Effects of MDR1 and MDR3 P-glycoproteins, MRP1 and BCRP/MXR/ABCP on the transport of (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin. Biochem. PharmacoL (2000) 60:413–426.
   Google Scholar
• WITHERSPOON SM, EMERSON DL, KERR BM et al.: Flow cytometric assay of modulation of P-glycoprotein function in whole blood by the multidrug resistance inhibitor GG918. Clin. Cancer Res. (1996) 2:7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROBEY R, BAKKE S, STEIN W et al.: Efflux of rhodamine from CD56+ cells as a surrogate marker for reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux by PSC 833. Blood (1999) 93:306–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEE JS, PAULL K, ALVAREZ M et al: Rhodamine efflux patterns predict P-glycoprotein substrates in the National Cancer Institute Drug Screen. Mol. Pharmacol. (1994) 46:627–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar