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Miscellaneous

Tissue factor – a therapeutic target for thrombotic disorders

Pages 159-174 | Published online: 25 Feb 2005

Bibliography

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  • •The first careful analysis of the tissue and cellular distribution of TF, which was made possible by cloning the gene and preparing mAb. Introduces the notion of constitutively expressed TF as a 'haemostatic envelope'.
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  • •Physiologically relevant concentrations of homocysteine induce expression of TF by monocytes, which may explain the thrombotic diathesis associated with hyperhomocysteinaemia.
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  • •An early study showing the relationship between sepsis, monocyte TF expression and DIC.
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  • ••Description of an assay for TF activity inwhole blood (almost all of which is attributable to monocytes). Since the blood can be frozen at collection, without isolation of cells, this type of assay should facilitate elucidation of the importance of circulating TF in epidemiologic studies.
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  • •Induction of monocyte TF expression may explain at least a part of the thrombotic diathesis associated with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. This offers the possibility of developing targeted therapeutic interventions for a condition in which conventional anticoagulants frequently fail.
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  • FALCIANI M, GORI AM, FEDI S et al:Elevated tissue factor and tissue factor pathway inhibitor circulating levels in ischaemic heart disease patients. Thromb. Haemost. (1998) 79:495–499.
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  • GANDO S, NANZAKI S, SASAKI S, KEMMOTSU O: Significant correlations between tissue factor and thrombin markers in trauma and septic patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromb. Haemost. (1998) 79:1111–1115.
  • ARNAUD E, BARBALAT V, NICAUD V et al.: Polymorphisms in the 5' regulatory region of the tissue factor gene and the risk of myocardial infarction and venous thromboembolism: the ECTIM and PATHROS studies. Etude Cas-Temoins de l'Infarctus du Myocarde. Paris Thrombosis Case-Control Study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (2000) 20:892–898.
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  • KAIKITA K, OGAWA H, YASUE H et al: Tissue factor expression on macrophages in coronary plaques in patients with unstable angina. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (1997) 17:2232–2237.
  • ••Important evidence for the role of TF inatherosclerotic plaques in the pathogenesis of unstable angina.
  • MORRISSEY JH: Tissue factor: an enzyme cofactor and a true receptor. Thromb. Haemost. (2001) 86:66–74.
  • ABE K, SHOJI M, CHEN J et al: Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production and angiogenesis by the cytoplasmic tail of tissue factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1999) 96:8663–8668.
  • RAO LV: Tissue factor as a tumor procoagulant. Cancer Metastasis Rev (1992) 11:249–266.
  • MUELLER BM, REISFELD RA, EDGINGTON TS, RUF W: Expression of tissue factor by melanoma cells promotes efficient hematogenous metastasis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1992) 89:11832–11836.
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  • BROMBERG ME, SUNDARAM R, HOMER RJ, GAREN A, KONIGSBERG WH: Role of tissue factor in metastasis: functions of the cytoplasmic and extracellular domains of the molecule. Thromb. Haemost. (1999) 82:88–92.
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  • ERNOFSSON M, TENNO T, SIEGBAHN A: Inhibition of tissue factor surface expression in human peripheral blood monocytes exposed to cytokines. Br Haematol (1996) 95:249–257.
  • CRUTCHLEY DJ, HIRSH MJ: The stableprostacyclin analog, iloprost and prostaglandin El inhibit monocyte procoagulant activity in vitro. Blood (1991) 78:382–386.
  • LYBERG T: Effect of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP on thromboplastin (factor III) synthesis in human monocytes in vitro. Thromb. Haemost. (1983) 50:804–809.
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  • SUSEN S, HAZZAN M, LABALETTE M et al.: Pentoxifylline prevents upregulation of monocyte tissue factor in renal transplant recipients undergoing post-graft complications. Thromb. Haemost. (2000) 84:764–769.
  • •A clinical trial showing that pentoxifylline inhibits the rise in monocyte TF expression that occurs shortly after organ transplantation.
  • KOYAMA T, SHIBAKURA M, OHSAWA M, KAMIYAMA R, HIROSAWA S: Anticoagulant effects of lalpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on human myelogenous leukemia cells and monocytes. Blood (1998) 92:160–167.
  • OHSAWA M, KOYAMA T, YAMAMOTO K etal.: la,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and its potent synthetic analogs downregulate tissue factor and upregulate thrombomodulin expression in monocytic cells, counteracting the effects of tumor necrosis factor and oxidized LDL. Circulation (2000) 102:2867–2872.
  • ASAKURA H, AOSHIMA K, SUGA Y et al: Beneficial effect of the active form of vitamin D3 against LPS-induced DIC but not against tissue-factor-induced DIC in rat models. Thromb. Haemost. (2001) 85:287–290.
  • BARSTAD RM, HAMERS MJ, STEPHENS RW, SAKARIASSEN KS: Retinoic acid reduces induction of monocyte tissue factor and tissue factor/ factor VIIa-dependent arterial thrombus formation. Blood (1995) 86:212–218.
  • OETH P, YAO J, FAN ST, MACKMAN N: Retinoic acid selectively inhibits lipopolysaccharide induction of tissue factor gene expression in human monocytes. Blood (1998) 91:2857–2865.
  • BOTTLES KD, MORRISSEY JH: Dexamethasone enhances agonist induction of tissue factor in monocytes but not in endothelial cells. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis (1993) 4:405–414.
  • NAPOLEONE E, DI SANTO A, CAMERA M, TREMOLI E, LORENZET R: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors downregulate tissue factor synthesis in monocytes. Circ. Res. (2000) 86:139–143.
  • NAGATA K, ISHIBASHI T, SAKAMOTO T etal.: Effects of blockade of the renin-angiotensin system on tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 synthesis in human cultured monocytes. Hyperteris. (2001) 19:775–783.
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  • BOHRER H, QIU F, ZIMMERMANN T et al.: Role of NF-KB in the mortality of sepsis. J. OM. Invest. (1997) 100:972–985.
  • ••An impressive demonstration in a mousemodel of sepsis of the potential benefits of gene transfer therapy. Two plasmid constructs were administered intravenously before endotoxin challenge. One expressed IkB, an inhibitor of NF-kB, which is one of the key transcription factors involved in the inducible expression of TE The other expressed an antisense sequence to the TF gene. Both constructs reduced markers activation of coagulation and both improved survival.
  • ZHANG Y, DENG Y, WENDT T et al.: Intravenous somatic gene transfer with antisense tissue factor restores blood flow by reducing tumor necrosis factor-induced tissue factor expression and fibrin deposition in mouse meth-A sarcoma. OM. Invest. (1996) 97:2213–2224.
  • OSTERUD B: The role of platelets in decrypting monocyte tissue factor. Semin. Hematol. (2001) 38:2–5.
  • ••A good review of a topic that remainscomplex but is likely of considerable importance: the intercellular interactions that regulate monocyte activation and TF expression.
  • HALVORSEN H, OLSEN JO, OSTERUD B: Granulocytes enhance LPS-induced tissue factor activity in monocytes via an interaction with platelets. j Leukoc. Biol. (1993) 54:275–282.
  • OSTERUD B: Platelet activating factor enhancement of lipopolysaccharide-induced tissue factor activity in monocytes: requirement of platelets and granulocytes. Leukoc. Biol. (1992) 51:462–465.
  • GIESEN PL, RAUCH U, BOHRMANN B et al.: Blood-borne tissue factor: another view of thrombosis. Proc. Nati Acad. Sri. USA (1999) 96:2311–2315.
  • •Demonstration that monocyte-derived TF may play a role in thrombus formation in flowing blood.
  • PRESTA L, SIMS P, MENG YG et al.: Generation of a humanized, high affinity anti-tissue factor antibody for use as a novel antithrombotic therapeutic. Thromb. Haemost. (2001) 85:379–389.
  • PAWASHE AB, GOLINO E AMBROSIO G et al.: A monoclonal antibody against rabbit tissue factor inhibits thrombus formation in stenotic injured rabbit carotid arteries. Circ. Res. (1994) 74:56–63.
  • JANG IK, GOLD HK, LEINBACH RC et al.: Antithrombotic effect of a monoclonal antibody against tissue factor in a rabbit model of platelet-mediated arterial thrombosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. (1992) 12:948–954.
  • TAYLOR FB JR, CHANG A, RUF W et al.: Lethal E. coli septic shock is prevented by blocking tissue factor with monoclonal antibody. Circ. Shock (1991) 33:127–134.
  • ••A key demonstration in a baboon model ofthe value of blocking the TF pathway in sepsis.
  • BIEMOND BJ, LEVI M, TEN CATE H etal.: Complete inhibition of endotoxin-induced coagulation activation in chimpanzees with a monoclonal Fab fragment against factor VII/VIIa. Thromb. Haemost. (1995) 73:223–230.
  • DICKINSON CD, RUF W: Active site modification of factor VIIa affects interactions of the protease domain with tissue factor. j Biol. Chem. (1997) 272:19875–19879.
  • RAO LV, EZBAN M: Active site-blocked activated factor VII as an effective antithrombotic agent: mechanism of action. Blood Cavil]. Fibririolysis (2000) 11\(Suppl. 1):5135–5143.
  • GOLINO E RAGNI M, CIRILLO P et al.: Antithrombotic effects of recombinant human, active site-blocked Factor VIIa in a rabbit model of recurrent arterial thrombosis. Circ. Res. (1998) 82:39–46.
  • GOLINO E RAGNI M, CIRILLO P et al.: Recombinant human, active site-blocked Factor VIIa reduces infarct size and no-reflow phenomenon in rabbits. Am. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. (2000) 278:H1507–H1516.
  • JANG Y, GUZMAN LA, LINCOFF AM et al.: Influence of blockade at specific levels of the coagulation cascade on restenosis in a rabbit atherosclerotic femoral artery injury model. Circulation (1995) 92:3041–3050.
  • ••A valuable attempt to compare the efficacyof intervention at different steps in the coagulation cascade in preventing restenosis after arterial injury in a rabbit model. Inhibition of coagulation at the level of TF/EVIIa by either of two agents (FVIIai or TERI) was more effective than inhibition at the level of FXa or at the level of thrombin.
  • COURTMAN DW, SCHWARTZ SM, HART CE: Sequential injury of the rabbit abdominal aorta induces intramural coagulation and luminal narrowing independent of intimal mass. Extrinsic pathway inhibition eliminates luminal narrowing. Circ. Res. (1998) 82:996–1006.
  • HARKER LA, HANSON SR, WILCOX JN, KELLY AB: Antithrombotic and antilesion benefits without hemorrhagic risks by inhibiting tissue factor pathway. Haemostasis (1996) 26\(Suppl. 1):76–82.
  • HEDNER U, ERHARDTSEN E: Future possibilities in the regulation of the extrinsic pathway: rFVIIa and TFPI. Ann. Med. (2000) 32 (Suppl. 1):68–72.
  • ARNLJOTS B, EZBAN M, HEDNER U: Prevention of experimental arterial thrombosis by topical administration of active site-inactivated factor VIIa. j Vasc. &mg. (1997) 25:341–346.
  • HOLST J, KRISTENSEN AT, KRISTENSEN HI, EZBAN M, HEDNER U: Local application of recombinant active-site inhibited human clotting Factor VITa reduces thrombus weight and improves patency in a rabbit venous thrombosis model. Eur. j Vasc. Endovasc. &lig. (1998) 15:515–520.
  • Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Executive committee for the asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis study. JAMA (1995) 273:1421–1428.
  • BARNETT HJ, TAYLOR DW, ELIASZIW M etal.: Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. North American symptomatic carotid endarterectomy trial collaborators. N Engl. J. Med. (1998) 339:1415–1425.
  • TAYLOR FB, CHANG AC, PEER G et al: Active site inhibited factor VITa (DEGR Vila) attenuates the coagulant and interleukin-6 and -8, but not tumor necrosis factor, responses of the baboon to LD100 Escherichia coil. Blood (1998) 91: 1609-1615.
  • WELTY-WOLF KE, CARRAWAY MS, MILLER DL et al.: Coagulation blockade prevents sepsis-induced respiratory and renal failure in baboons. Am. J. Respir. Gilt. Care Med. (2001) 164:1988–1996.
  • BAJAJ MS, BIRKTOFT JJ, STEER SA, BAJAJ SP: Structure and biology of tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Thromb. Haemost. (2001) 86:959–972.
  • BROZE GJ JR: Tissue factor pathway inhibitor gene disruption. Blood Cavil]. Fibrinolysis (1998) 9\(Suppl. 1):589–592.
  • ARIENS RA, ALBERTO G, MOTA M, MANNUCCI PM: Low levels of heparin-releasable tissue factor pathway inhibitor in young patients with thrombosis. Thromb. Haemost. (1999) 81:203–207.
  • WESTRICK RJ, BODARY PF, XU Z et al.: Deficiency of tissue factor pathway inhibitor promotes atherosclerosis and thrombosis in mice. Circulation (2001) 103:3044–3046.
  • ALTMAN R, SCAZZIOTA A, ROUVIER J: Efficacy of unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin and both combined for releasing total and free tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Haemostasis (1998) 28:229–235.
  • ABILDGAARD U, LINDAHL AK, SANDSET PM: Heparin requires both antithrombin and extrinsic pathway inhibitor for its anticoagulant effect in human blood. Haemostasis (1991) 21:254–257.
  • HANSEN JB, SANDSET PM, HUSEBY KR, HUSEBY NE, NORDOY A: Depletion of intravascular pools of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) during repeated or continuous intravenous infusion of heparin in man. Thromb. Haemost. (1996) 76:703–709.
  • THEROUX P, WATERS D, LAM J, JUNEAU M, MCCANS J: Reactivation of unstable angina after the discontinuation of heparin. N Engl. J. Med. (1992) 327:141–145.
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  • GIRAUX JL, TAPON-BRETAUDIERE J, MATOU S, FISCHER AM: Fucoidan, as heparin, induces tissue factor pathway inhibitor release from cultured human endothelial cells. Thromb. Haemost. (1998) 80:692–695.
  • HOPPENSTEADT DA, FAREED J, RAAKE P, RAAKE W: Endogenous release of tissue factor pathway inhibitor by topical application of an ointment containing mucopolysaccharide polysulfate to nonhuman primates. Thromb. Res. (2001) 103:157–163.
  • GLUSA E, BARTHEL W, SCHENK J et al.: Effects of a supersulfated low molecular weight heparin (IK-SSH) on different hemostatic parameters. Haemostasis (1998) 28:45–56.
  • KAISER B, FAREED J: Recombinant full-length tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) prevents thrombus formation and rethrombosis after lysis in a rabbit model of jugular vein thrombosis. Thromb. Haemost. (1996) 76:615–620.
  • HOLST J, LINDBLAD B, BERGQVIST D et al: Antithrombotic effect of recombinant truncated tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI1-161) in experimental venous thrombosis-a comparison with low molecular weight heparin. Thromb. Haemost. (1994) 71:214–219.
  • ROQUE M, REIS ED, FUSTER V et al: Inhibition of tissue factor reduces thrombus formation and intimal hyperplasia after porcine coronary angioplasty. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol (2000) 36:2303–2310.
  • OLTRONA L, SPEIDEL CM, RECCHIA D et al.: Inhibition of tissue factor-mediated coagulation markedly attenuates stenosis after balloon-induced arterial injury in minipigs. Circulation (1997) 96:646–652.
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  • ••An important study proving thetherapeutic potential of the local application of TF antagonists. Perfusion of a tissue flap with TFPI before microvascular reanastomosis prevented thrombosis, without causing bleeding.
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  • •Another key demonstration in this baboon sepsis model of the importance of the TF pathway in septic shock and DIC.
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  • ••A pivotal preliminary trial of TFPI in patients with septic shock, demonstrating safety, biological activity and a trend to improvement in survival.
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  • •A Phase II clinical trial of NAPc2 in patients at high risk of deep vein thrombosis after orthopaedic surgery, demonstrating major activity.
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  • HEIT JA, COLWELL CW, FRANCIS CW etal.: Comparison of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran with enoxaparin as prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement: a phase 2 dose-finding study. Arch. Intern. Med. (2001) 161:2215–2221.
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  • ••A worthwhile attempt to compare differentapproaches to anticoagulation with respect both to antithrombotic efficacy and haemorrhagic effect. A mAb to TF was equivalent to a direct thrombin inhibitor and better than heparin at preventing arterial thrombus formation. Heparin caused the most bleeding and the anti-TF antibody the least.

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