Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets Volume 6, 2002 - Issue 2
Submit an article Journal homepage
140
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Miscellaneous

Novel G-protein-coupled receptor genes expressed in the brain: continued discovery of important therapeutic targets

Brian F O’Dowd Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 8 Taddle Creek Rd. Rm. 4352, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
,
Dennis K Lee Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 8 Taddle Creek Rd. Rm. 4352, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
&
Susan R George Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 8 Taddle Creek Rd. Rm. 4352, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
Pages 185-202 | Published online: 25 Feb 2005

Bibliography

  • LEFKOWITZ RJ: The superfamily of heptahelical receptors. Nat. Cell Biol. (2000) 2:E133–E136.
  • MARCHESE A, GEORGE SR, O'DOWD BF: Cloning of G-protein-coupled receptor genes: the use of homology screening and the polymerase chain reaction. In: Identification and Expression of C-Protein-Coupled Receptors. Lynch KR (Ed), Wiley-Liss, Inc., (1998):1–26.
  • BOCKAERT J, PIN JP: Molecular tinkering of G protein-coupled receptors: an evolutionary success. EMBO J. (1999) 18:1723–1729.
  • LEE DK, GEORGE SR, EVANS JF, LYNCH KR, O'DOWD BF: Orphan G protein-coupled receptors in the CNS. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol (2001) 1:31–39.
  • LEE DK, LYNCH KR, NGUYEN T et al.: Cloning and characterization of additional members of the G-protein-coupled receptor family. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (2000) 1490:311–323.
  • LEE DK, GEORGE SR, CHENG R etal.:Identification of four novel human G protein-coupled receptors expressed in the brain. Brain Res. Ma Brain Res. (2001) 86:13–22.
  • LEE DK, NGUYEN T, LYNCH KR et al:Discovery and mapping of ten novel G-protein-coupled receptor genes. Gene (2001) 275:83–91.
  • •A recent report detailing the identification of numerous oGPCRs using in silk° database search methods.
  • CIVELLI O, NOTHACKER HP SAITO Y et al.: Novel neurotransmitters as natural ligands of orphan G-protein-coupled receptors. Trends Neurosci. (2001) 24:230–237.
  • SAKURAI T, AMEMIYA A, ISHII M et al.:Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior. Cell (1998) 92:573–585.
  • BAILEY WJ, VANTI WB, GEORGE SR et al.: Patent status of the therapeutically important G-protein-coupled receptors. Expert Opin. Ther. Patents (2001) 11:1861–1887.
  • •A comprehensive review describing another database of oGPCRs, the patent literature.
  • O'DOWD BF, HEIBER M, CHAN A et al.: A human gene that shows identity with the gene encoding the angiotensin receptor is located on chromosome 11. Gene (1993) 136:355–360.
  • TATEMOTO K, HOSOYA M, HABATA Y etal.: Isolation and characterization of a novel endogenous peptide ligand for the human APJ receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1998) 251:471–476.
  • LEE DK, CHENG R, NGUYEN T et al:Characterization of apelin, the ligand for the APJ receptor. J. Neurochem. (2000) 74:34–41.
  • REAUX A, DE MOTA N, SKULTETYOVA I et al.: Physiological role of a novel neuropeptide, apelin and its receptor in the rat brain. J. Neurochem. (2001) 77:1085–1096.
  • •This report offers evidence of interaction between the apelin and vasopressin systems, providing a possible pathway for apelin modulation of water consumption.
  • O'CARROLL AM, SELBY TL, PALKOVITS M, LOLAIT SJ: Distribution of mRNA encoding B78/APJ, the rat homologue of the human APJ receptor and its endogenous ligand apelin in brain and peripheral tissues. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (2000) 1492:72–80.
  • DE MOTA N, LENKEI Z, LLORENS-CORTES C: Cloning, pharmacological characterization and brain distribution of the rat apelin receptor. Neuroencloccino/ogy (2000) 72:400–407.
  • HABATA Y, FUJII R, HOSOYA M et al: Apelin, the natural ligand of the orphan receptor APJ, is abundantly secreted in the colostrum. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1999) 1452:25–35.
  • HOSOYA M, KAWAMATA Y, FUKUSUMI S et al.: Molecular and functional characteristics of APJ. Tissue distribution of mRNA and interaction with the endogenous ligand apelin. j Biol. Chem. (2000) 275:21061–21067.
  • KAWAMATA Y, HABATA Y, FUKUSUMI S et al.: Molecular properties of apelin: tissue distribution and receptor binding. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (2001) 153:162–171.
  • TATEMOTO K, TAKAYAMA K, ZOU MX et al.: The novel peptide apelin lowers blood pressure via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Regul Pept (2001) 99:87–92.
  • ARNAL JF, DINH-XUAN AT, PUEYO M, DARBLADE B, RAMI J: Endothelium-derived nitric oxide and vascular physiology and pathology. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. (1999) 55:1078–1087.
  • DOMS RW: Beyond receptor expression: the influence of receptor conformation, density and affinity in HIV-1 infection. Virology (2000) 276:229–237.
  • CHOE H, FARZAN M, KONKEL M et al.: The orphan seven-transmembrane receptor APJ supports the entry of primary T-cell-line-tropic and dualtropic human immunodeficiency virus Type 1. _J. Viral. (1998) 72:6113–6118.
  • EDINGER AL, HOFFMAN TL, SHARRON M et al.: An orphan seven-transmembrane domain receptor expressed widely in the brain functions as a coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus. J. Viral. (1998) 72:7934–7940.
  • ZHANG YJ, DRAGIC T, CAO Y et al: Use of coreceptors other than CCR5 by non-syncytium-inducing adult and pediatric isolates of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 is rare in vitro. J. Viral. (1998) 72:9337–9344.
  • CAYABYAB M, HINUMA S, FARZAN M et al.: Apelin, the natural ligand of the orphan seven-transmembrane receptor APJ, inhibits human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 entry. J. Viral. (2000) 74:11972–11976.
  • PUFFER BA, SHARRON M, COUGHLAN CM etal.: Expression and coreceptor function of APJ for primate immunodeficiency viruses. Virology (2000) 276:435–444.
  • ZOU MX, LIU HY, HARAGUCHI Y et Apelin peptides block the entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). FEBS Lett. (2000) 473:15–18.
  • CHOE W, ALBRIGHT A, SULCOVE J et al.: Functional expression of the seven-transmembrane HIV-1 co-receptor APJ in neural cells. J. Neurovirol (2000) 6\(Supp1.1):561–69.
  • KOLSON DL, LAVI E, GONZALEZ-SCARANO F: The effects of human immunodeficiency virus in the central nervous system. Adv. Virus Res. (1998) 50:1–47.
  • KOLAKOWSKI LF JR, JUNG BP, NGUYEN T et al.: Characterization of a human gene related to genes encoding somatostatin receptors. FEBS Lett. (1996) 398:253–258.
  • BACHNER D, KREIENKAMP HJ, WEISE C, BUCK F, RICHTER D: Identification of melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) as the natural ligand for the orphan somatostatin-like receptor 1 (SLC-1). FEBS Lett. (1999) 457:522–524.
  • SAITO Y, NOTHACKER HP, WANG Z et al.: Molecular characterization of the melanin-concentrating-hormone receptor. Nature (1999) 400:265–269.
  • SHIMOMURA Y, MORI M, SUGO T et al.: Isolation and identification of melanin-concentrating hormone as the endogenous ligand of the SLC-1 receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1999) 261:622–626.
  • CHAMBERS J, AMES RS, BERGSMA D et al.: Melanin-concentrating hormone is the cognate ligand for the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor SLC-1. Nature (1999) 400:261–265.
  • LEMBO PM, GRAZZINI E, CAO J et al: The receptor for the orexigenic peptide melanin-concentrating hormone is a G-protein-coupled receptor. Nat. Cell Biol (1999) 1:267–271.
  • KAWAUCHI H, KAWAZOE I, TSUBOKAWA M, KISHIDA M, BAKER BI: Characterization of melanin-concentrating hormone in chum salmon pituitaries. Nature (1983) 305:321–323.
  • MACDONALD D, MURGOLO N, ZHANG R et al: Molecular characterization of the melanin-concentrating hormone/receptor complex: identification of critical residues involved in binding and activation. Mol. Pharmacol (2000) 58:217–225.
  • PROBST WC, SNYDER LA, SCHUSTER DI, BROSIUS J, SEALFON SC: Sequence alignment of the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. DNA Cell Biol. (1992) 11:1–20.
  • STRADER CD, SIGAL IS, REGISTER RB et al.: Identification of residues required for ligand binding to the beta-adrenergic receptor. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci USA (1987) 84:4384–4388.
  • STRNAD J, HADCOCK JR: Identification of a critical aspartate residue in transmembrane domain three necessary for the binding of somatostatin to the somatostatin receptor SSTR2. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1995) 216:913–921.
  • NEHRING RB, MEYERHOF W, RICHTER D: Aspartic acid residue 124 in the third transmembrane domain of the somatostatin receptor subtype 3 is essential for somatostatin-14 binding. DNA Cell Biol. (1995) 14:939–944.
  • HAWES BE, KIL E, GREEN B et al: The melanin-concentrating hormone receptor couples to multiple G proteins to activate diverse intracellular signaling pathways. Endocrinology (2000) 141:4524–4532.
  • ROSSI M, CHOI SJ, O'SHEA D et al: Melanin-concentrating hormone acutely stimulates feeding, but chronic administration has no effect on body weight. Endocrinology (1997) 138:351–355.
  • SHIMADA M, TRITOS NA, LOWELL BB, FLIER JS, MARATOS-FLIER E: Mice lacking melanin-concentrating hormone are hypophagic and lean. Nature (1998) 396:670–674.
  • SAHU A: Evidence suggesting that galanin (GAL), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), neurotensin (NT), proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are targets of leptin signaling in the hypothalamus. Endocrinology (1998) 139:795–798.
  • SAHU A: Leptin decreases food intake induced by melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), galanin (GAL) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the rat. Endocrinology (1998) 139:4739–4742.
  • KENNEDY AR, TODD JF, STANLEY SA et al.: Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) suppresses thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) release, in vivo and in vitro, via the hypothalamus and the pituitary. Endocrinology (2001) 142:3265–3268.
  • TSUKAMURA H, THOMPSON RC, TSUKAHARA S et al.: Intracerebroventricular administration of melanin-concentrating hormone suppresses pulsatile luteinizing hormone release in the female rat. j. Neuroendocrinol. (2000) 12:529–534.
  • GAO XB, VAN DEN POL AN: Melanin concentrating hormone depresses synaptic activity of glutamate and GABA neurons from rat lateral hypothalamus. I Physiol. (2001) 533:237–252.
  • AN S, CUTLER G, ZHAO JJ etal.: Identification and characterization of a melanin-concentrating hormone receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sri. USA (2001) 98:7576–7581.
  • RODRIGUEZ M, BEAU VERGER P, NAIME I et al.: Cloning and molecular characterization of the novel human melanin-concentrating hormone receptor MCH2. Mol. Pharmacol. (2001) 60:632–639.
  • MORI M, HARADA M, TERAO Y etal.:Cloning of a novel G protein-coupled receptor, SLT, a subtype of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2001) 283:1013–1018.
  • SAILER AW, SANO H, ZENG Z et al: Identification and characterization of a second melanin-concentrating hormone receptor, MCH-2R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sri. USA (2001) 98:7564–7569.
  • WANG S, BEHAN J, O'NEILL K etal.: Identification and pharmacological characterization of a novel human melanin-concentrating hormone receptor, MCH-R2. j Biol. Chem. (2001) 276:34664–34670.
  • HILL J, DUCKWORTH M, MURDOCK P et al: Molecular cloning and functional characterization of MCH2, a novel human MCH receptor. j Biol. Chem. (2001) 276:20125–20129.
  • MARCHESE A, HEIBER M, NGUYEN T et al.: Cloning and chromosomal mapping of three novel genes, GPR9, GPR10 and GPR14, encoding receptors related to interleukin 8, neuropeptide Y and somatostatin receptors. Genomics (1995) 29:335–344.
  • NOTHACKER HP, WANG Z, MCNEILL AM et al.: Identification of the natural ligand of an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor involved in the regulation of vasoconstriction. Nat. Cell Biol. (1999) 1:383–385.
  • LIU Q, PONG SS, ZENG Z et al: Identification of urotensin II as the endogenous ligand for the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR14. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1999) 266:174–178.
  • AMES RS, SARAU HM, CHAMBERS JK et al.: Human urotensin-II is a potent vasoconstrictor and agonist for the orphan receptor GPR14. Nature (1999) 401:282–286.
  • MORI M, SUGO T, ABE M et al: Urotensin II is the endogenous ligand of a G-protein-coupled orphan receptor, SENR (GPR14). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1999) 265:123–129.
  • DOUGLAS SA, OHLSTEIN EH: Human urotensin-II, the most potent mammalian vasoconstrictor identified to date, as a therapeutic target for the management of cardiovascular disease. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. (2000) 10:229–237.
  • GARTLON J, PARKER F, HARRISON DC et al: Central effects of urotensin-II following ICV administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) (2001) 155:426–433.
  • BOTTRILL FE, DOUGLAS SA, HILEY CR, WHITE R: Human urotensin-II is an endothelium-dependent vasodilator in rat small arteries. Br .j Pharmacol (2000) 130:1865–1870.
  • KATANO Y, ISHIHATA A, AITA T,OGAKI T, HORIE T: Vasodilator effect of urotensin II, one of the most potent vasoconstricting factors, on rat coronary arteries. Eur j Pharmacol (2000) 402:209–211.
  • O'DOWD BE SCHEIDELER MA,NGUYEN T etal.: The cloning and chromosomal mapping of two novel human opioid-somatostatin-like receptor genes, GPR7 and GPR8, expressed in discrete areas of the brain. Cenomics (1995) 28:84–91.
  • LEE DK, NGUYEN T, PORTER CA et al:Two related G protein-coupled receptors: the distribution of GPR7 in rat brain and the absence of GPR8 in rodents. Brain Res. Mol Brain Res. (1999) 71:96–103.
  • MATSUMOTO M, KAMOHARA M, SUGIMOTO T et al: The novel G-protein coupled receptor SALPR shares sequence similarity with somatostatin and angiotensin receptors. Gene (2000) 248:183–189.
  • LEE DK, NGUYEN T, O'NEILL GP et al:Discovery of a receptor related to the galanin receptors. FEBS Lett. (1999) 446:103–107.
  • MUIR Al, CHAMBERLAIN L, ELSHOURBAGY NA et al: AX0R12, a novel human G protein-coupled receptor, activated by the peptide KiSS-1. _J. Biol. Chem. (2001) 276:28969–28975.
  • CLEMENTS MK, MCDONALD TI WANG R et al: FMRFamide-related neuropeptides are agonists of the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR54. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2001) 284:1189–1193.
  • KOTANI M, DETHEUX M, VANDENBOGAERDE A et al: The metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54. Biol. Chem. (2001) 276:34631–34636.
  • OHTAKI T, SHINTANI Y, HONDAS et al.: Metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes peptide ligand of a G-protein-coupled receptor. Nature (2001) 411:613–617.
  • •In addition to discovering metastin/ kisspeptin as the endogenous ligand for the GPR54 receptor, this report provides evidence that metastin/kisspeptin inhibits metastasis through in vitro and in vivo assays and suggests some human cancers are deficient in metastin/kisspeptin.
  • LEE JH, MIELE ME, HICKS DJ et al: KiSS-1, a novel human malignant melanoma metastasis-suppressor gene. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1996) 88:1731–1737.
  • HORI A, HONDAS, ASADA M et al: Metastin suppresses the motility and growth of CHO cells transfected with its receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2001) 286:958–963.
  • HINUMA S, HABATA Y, FUJII R etal.: A prolactin-releasing peptide in the brain. Nature (1998) 393:272–276.
  • JARRY H, HEUER H, SCHOMBURG L, BAUER K: Prolactin-releasing peptides do not stimulate prolactin release in vivo. Neuroendocrinology (2000) 71:262–267.
  • MATSUMOTO H, NOGUCHI J, HORIKOSHI Y et al.: Stimulation of prolactin release by prolactin-releasing peptide in rats. Biochem. Biophy.s Res. Commun. (1999) 259:321–324.
  • MARUYAMA M, MATSUMOTO H, FUJIWARA K et al: Central administration of prolactin-releasing peptide stimulates oxytocin release in rats. NeuroscL Lett. (1999) 276:193–196.
  • SEAL LJ, SMALL CJ, KIM MS et al: Prolactin releasing peptide (PrRP) stimulates luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) via a hypothalamic mechanism in male rats. Endocrinology (2000) 141:1909–1912.
  • MATSUMOTO H, MARUYAMA M, NOGUCHI J et al.: Stimulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone-mediated adrenocorticotropin secretion by central administration of prolactin-releasing peptide in rats. Neurosci. Lett. (2000) 285:234–238.
  • MARUYAMA M, MATSUMOTO H, FUJI WARA K et al: Prolactin-releasing peptide as a novel stress mediator in the central nervous system. Endocrinology (2001) 142:2032–2038.
  • •This report provides evidence that the PrRP system mediates CNS response to stress.
  • IIJIMA N, MATSUMOTO Y, YANO T et al: A novel function of prolactin-releasing peptide in the control of growth hormone via secretion of somatostatin from the hypothalamus. Endocrinology (2001) 142:3239–3243.
  • CHEN CT, DUN SL, DUN NJ, CHANG JK: Prolactin-releasing peptide-immunoreactivity in Al and A2 noradrenergic neurons of the rat medulla. Brain Res. (1999) 822:276–279.
  • EVERITT BJ, HOKFELT T, TERENIUS L et al.: Differential co-existence of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity with catecholamines in the central nervous system of the rat. Neuroscience (1984) 11:443–462.
  • LAWRENCE CB, CELSI F, BRENNAND J, LUCKMAN SM: Alternative role for prolactin-releasing peptide in the regulation of food intake. Nat. Neurosci. (2000) 3:645–646.
  • KOTANI M, MOLLEREAU C, DETHEUX M et al.: Functional characterization of a human receptor for neuropeptide FF and related peptides. Br Pharmacol. (2001) 133:138–144.
  • ELSHOURBAGY NA, AMES RS, FITZGERALD LR et al.: Receptor for the pain modulatory neuropeptides FF and AF is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor. j Biol. Chem. (2000) 275:25965–25971.
  • BONINI JA, JONES KA, ADHAM N et al: Identification and characterization of two G protein-coupled receptors for neuropeptide FF. j Biol. Chem. (2000) 275:39324–39331.
  • HINUMA S, SHINTANI Y, FUKUSUMI S etal.: New neuropeptides containing carboxy-terminal RFamide and their receptor in mammals. Nat. Cell Biol. (2000) 2:703–708.
  • LIU Q, GUAN XM, MARTIN WJ et al:Identification and characterization of novel mammalian neuropeptide FF-like peptides that attenuate morphine-induced antinociception. j Biol. Chem. (2001) 276:36961–36969.
  • ROUMY M, ZAJAC JM: Neuropeptide FF,pain and analgesia. Eur I Pharmacol (1998) 345:1–11.
  • PANULA P, AARNISALO AA, WASOWICZ K: Neuropeptide FF, a mammalian neuropeptide with multiple functions. Frog. Neurobiol. (1996) 48:461–487.
  • MAZARGUIL H, GOUARDERES C, TAFANI JM etal.: Structure-activity relationships of neuropeptide FF: role of C-terminal regions. Peptides (2001) 22:1471–1478.
  • FRANCES B, LAHLOU H, ZAJAC JM: Cholera and pertussis toxins inhibit differently hypothermic and anti-opioid effects of neuropeptide FF. Regul. PepL (2001) 98:13–18.
  • ROUMY M, ZAJAC JM: Neuropeptide FFreceptors couple to a cholera toxin-sensitive G-protein in rat dorsal raphe neurones. Eur. Pharmacol. (2001) 417:45–49.
  • SUNTER D, HEWSON AK, LYNAM S, DICKSON SL: Intracerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide FF, an opioid modulating neuropeptide, acutely reduces food intake and stimulates water intake in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. (2001) 313:145–148.
  • ALTIER N, DRAY A, MENARD D, HENRY JL: Neuropeptide FF attenuates allodynia in models of chronic inflammation and neuropathy following intrathecal or intracerebroventricular administration. Eur. j Pharmacol. (2000) 407:245–255.
  • FUKUSUMI S, HABATA Y, YOSHIDA Het al.: Characteristics and distribution of endogenous RFamide-related peptide-1. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (2001) 1540:221–232.
  • UKENA K, TSUTSUI K: Distribution of novel RFamide-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in the mouse central nervous system. Neurosci. Lett. (2001) 300:153–156.
  • MINAMINO N, KANGAWA K, MATSUO H: Neuromedin U-8 and U-25: novel uterus stimulating and hypertensive peptides identified in porcine spinal cord. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1985) 130:1078–1085.
  • HOWARD AD, WANG R, PONG SS et al.: Identification of receptors for neuromedin U and its role in feeding. Nature (2000) 406:70–74.
  • RADDATZ R, WILSON AE, ARTYMYSHYN R etal.: Identification and characterization of two neuromedin U receptors differentially expressed in peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. J. Biol. Chem. (2000) 275:32452–32459.
  • HEDRICK JA, MORSE K, SHAN L et al.: Identification of a human gastrointestinal tract and immune system receptor for the peptide neuromedin U. Mol. Pharmacol. (2000) 58:870–875.
  • SZEKERES PG, MUIR AI, SPINAGE LD et al.: Neuromedin U is a potent agonist at the orphan G protein-coupled receptor FM3. J. Biol. Chem. (2000) 275:20247–20250.
  • FUJII R, HOSOYA M, FUKUSUMI S et al.: Identification of neuromedin U as the cognate ligand of the orphan G proteincoupled receptor FM-3. J. Biol. Chem. (2000) 275:21068–21074.
  • KOJIMA M, HARUNO R, NAKAZATO M et al.: Purification and identification of neuromedin U as an endogenous ligand for an orphan receptor GPR66 (FM3). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2000) 276:435–438.
  • SHAN L, QIAO X, CRONA JH etal.: Identification of a novel neuromedin U receptor subtype expressed in the central nervous system. I Biol. Chem. (2000) 275:39482–39486.
  • HOSOYA M, MORIYA T, KAWAMATA Y et al.: Identification and functional characterization of a novel subtype of neuromedin U receptor. j Biol. Chem. (2000) 275:29528–29532.
  • KOJIMA M, HOSODA H, MATSUO H, KANGAWA K: Ghrelin: discovery of the natural endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Trends Endocrinol. Metall. (2001) 12:118–122.
  • KOJIMA M, HOSODA H, DATE Y et Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature (1999) 402:656–660.
  • GUAN XM, YU H, PALYHA OC et al.: Distribution of mRNA encoding the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in brain and peripheral tissues. Brain Res. Ma. Brain Res. (1997) 48:23–29.
  • HOWARD AD, FEIGHNER SD, CULLY DF etal.: A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release. Science (1996) 273:974–977.
  • SHUTO Y, SHIBASAKI T, WADA K et al.: Generation of polyclonal antiserum against the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R): evidence that the GHS-R exists in the hypothalamus, pituitary and stomach of rats. Life Sci. (2001) 68:991–996.
  • ARVAT E, DI VITO L, BROGLIO F etal.: Preliminary evidence that Ghrelin, the natural GH secretagogue (GHS)-receptor ligand, strongly stimulates GH secretion in humans. j Endocrinol. Invest. (2000) 23:493–495.
  • TAKAYA K, ARIYASU H, KANAMOTO N et al.: Ghrelin strongly stimulates growth hormone release in humans. j Chia. Endocrinol. Metab. (2000) 85:4908–4911.
  • DATE Y, NAKAZATO M, MURAKAMI N et al.: Ghrelin acts in the central nervous system to stimulate gastric acid secretion. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2001) 280:904–907.
  • KAMEGAI J, TAMURA H, SHIMIZU T et al.: Central effect of ghrelin, an endogenous growth hormone secretagogue, on hypothalamic peptide gene expression. Endocrinology (2000) 141:4797–4800.
  • SHINTANI M, OGAWA Y, EBIHARA K et al.: Ghrelin, an endogenous growth hormone secretagogue, is a novel orexigenic peptide that antagonizes leptin action through the activation of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y/Y1 receptor pathway. Diabetes (2001) 50:227–232.
  • NAKAZATO M, MURAKAMI N, DATE Y et al.: A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding. Nature (2001) 409:194–198.
  • FREMONT RT, GAINETDINOV RR, CARON MG: Following the trace of elusive amines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sri. USA (2001) 98:9474–9475.
  • BOROWSKY B, ADHAM N, JONES KA et al.: Trace amines: identification of a family of mammalian G protein-coupled receptors. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA (2001) 98:8966–8971.
  • BUNZOW JR, SONDERS MS, ARTTAMANGKUL S etal.: Amphetamine, 3, 4-methylenedioxyme-thamphetamine, lysergic Acid diethylamide and metabolites of the catecholamine neurotransmitters are agonists of a rat trace amine receptor. Md. Pharmacol. (2001) 60:1181–1188.
  • •This report provides evidence that the trace amine system may play a role in the detection and signal transduction of catacholamine metabolites.
  • HO BY, KARS CHIN A, RAYMOND JR et al.: Expression in animal cells of the 5-HT1A receptor by a vaccinia virus vectorsystem. FEBS Lett. (1992) 301:303–306.
  • LIAPAKIS G, BALLESTEROS JA, PAPACHRISTOU S et al: The forgotten serine. A critical role for Ser-2035.42 in ligans binding to and activation of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor. j Biol. Chem. (2000) 275:37779–37788.
  • ZENG Z, FAN P, RAND E et al: Cloning of a putative human neurotransmitter receptor expressed in skeletal muscle and brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1998) 242:575–578.
  • HOLLOPETER G, JANTZEN HM, VINCENT D etal.: Identification of the platelet ADP receptor targeted by antithrombotic drugs. Nature (2001) 409:202–207.
  • JARMIN DI, RITS M, BOTA D et al: Cutting edge: Identification of the orphan receptor G-protein-coupled receptor 2 as CCR10, a specific receptor for the chemokine ESkine. j Immunol (2000) 164:3460–3464.
  • HEISE CE, O'DOWD BE FIGUEROA DJ etal.: Characterization of the human cysteinyl leukotriene 2 receptor. Biol. Chem. (2000) 275:30531–30536.
  • LYNCH KR, O'NEILL GP, LIU Q etal.: Characterization of the human cysteinyl leukotriene CysLT1 receptor. Nature (1999) 399:789–793.
  • LYNCH KR, IM DS: Life on the edge. Trends Pharmacol Sci. (1999) 20:473–475.
  • KABAROWSKI JH, ZHU K, LE LQ, WITTE ON, XU Y: Lysophosphatidy-lcholine as a ligand for the immuno-regulatory receptor G2A. Science (2001) 293:702–705.
  • SCHWEICKART VL, EPP A, RAPORT CJ, GRAY PW: CCR11 is a functional receptor for the monocyte chemoattractant protein family of chemokines. j Biol. Chem. (2000) 275:9550–9556.
  • FEIGHNER SD, TAN CP, MCKEE KK et al.: Receptor for motilin identified in the human gastrointestinal system. Science (1999) 284:2184–2188.
  • LIN L, FARACO J, LI R etal.: The sleep disorder canine narcolepsy is caused by a mutation in the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 gene. Cell (1999) 98:365–376.
  • CHEMELLI RIVI, WILLIE JT, SINTON CM et al.: Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: molecular genetics of sleep regulation. Cell (1999) 98:437–451.
  • IM DS, HEISE CE, NGUYEN T, O'DOWD BF, LYNCH KR: Identification of a molecular target of psychosine and its role in globoid cell formation. j Cell Biol. (2001) 153:429–434.
  • YOSHIDA T, IMAI T, KAKIZAKI M et al: Identification of single C motif-1/ lymphotactin receptor XCR1. j Biol. Chem. (1998) 273:16551–16554.
  • XU Y, ZHU K, HONG G et al: Sphingosylphosphorylcholine is a ligand for ovarian cancer G-protein-coupled receptor 1. Nat. Cell Biol. (2000) 2:261–267.

Website

  • www.ncbi.nlm.nih.goviEntrez GenBank retrieval database.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.