Drugs with anticholinergic properties: a current perspective on use and safety

Bibliography

• Tune L, Carr S, Hoag E, Cooper T. Anticholinergic effects of drugs commonly prescribed for the elderly: potential means for assessing risk of delirium. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149(10):1393-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew ML, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, Anticholinergic activity of 107 medications commonly used by older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56(7):1333-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinberg M. The problems of anticholinergic adverse effects in older patients. Drugs Aging 1993;3(4):335-48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollock BG, Mulsant BH, Nebes R, Serum anticholinergicity in elderly depressed patients treated with paroxetine or nortriptyline. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155(8):1110-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Church MK, Maurer M, Simons FE, Risk of first-generation H(1)-antihistamines: a GA(2)LEN position paper. Allergy 2010;65(4):459-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husain Z, Hussain K, Nair R, Steinman R. Diphenhydramine induced QT prolongation and torsade de pointes: An uncommon effect of a common drug. Cardiol J 2010;17(5):509-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr GW, McGuffie AC, Wilkie S. Tricyclic antidepressant overdose: a review. Emerg Med J 2001;18(4):236-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glassman AH. Cardiovascular effects of tricyclic antidepressants. Annu Rev Med 1984;35:503-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leurs R, Church MK, Taglialatela M. H1-antihistamines: inverse agonism, anti-inflammatory actions and cardiac effects. Clin Exp Allergy 2002;32(4):489-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raedler TJ, Bymaster FP, Tandon R, Towards a muscarinic hypothesis of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2007;12(3):232-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarter M, Parikh V. Choline transporters, cholinergic transmission and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005;6(1):48-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barak S. Modeling cholinergic aspects of schizophrenia: focus on the antimuscarinic syndrome. Behav Brain Res 2009;204(2):335-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langmead CJ, Watson J, Reavill C. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors as CNS drug targets. Pharmacol Ther 2008;117(2):232-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of medical physiology. 11th edition. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia; 2006
   Google Scholar
• Mesulam MM, Mufson EJ, Levey AI, Wainer BH. Cholinergic innervation of cortex by the basal forebrain: cytochemistry and cortical connections of the septal area, diagonal band nuclei, nucleus basalis (substantia innominata), and hypothalamus in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 1983;214(2):170-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesulam MM, Mufson EJ, Levey AI, Wainer BH. Atlas of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain and upper brainstem of the macaque based on monoclonal choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. Neuroscience 1984;12(3):669-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fibiger HC. Cholinergic mechanisms in learning, memory and dementia: a review of recent evidence. Trends Neurosci 1991;14(6):220-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mufson EJ, Ginsberg SD, Ikonomovic MD, DeKosky ST. Human cholinergic basal forebrain: chemoanatomy and neurologic dysfunction. J Chem Neuroanat 2003;26(4):233-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehouse PJ, Price DL, Struble RG, Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia: loss of neurons in the basal forebrain. Science 1982;215(4537):1237-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry E, Walker M, Grace J, Perry R. Acetylcholine in mind: a neurotransmitter correlate of consciousness? Trends Neurosci 1999;22(6):273-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Pharmacists Association. Compendium of pharmaceuticals and specialties : the Canadian drug reference for health professionals. 2007 edition. Canadian Pharmacists Association, Ottawa, ON; 2007
   Google Scholar
• Cancelli I, Gigli GL, Piani A, Drugs with anticholinergic properties as a risk factor for cognitive impairment in elderly people: a population-based study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28(6):654-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell N, Boustani M, Limbil T, The cognitive impact of anticholinergics: a clinical review. Clin Interv Aging 2009;4:225-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlick D, Stastny P, Katz I, Memory deficits and anticholinergic levels in chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143(2):230-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tune LE, Strauss ME, Lew MF, Serum levels of anticholinergic drugs and impaired recent memory in chronic schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1982;139(11):1460-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nebes RD, Pollock BG, Houck PR, Persistence of cognitive impairment in geriatric patients following antidepressant treatment: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial with nortriptyline and paroxetine. J Psychiatr Res 2003;37(2):99-108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tassonyi E, Charpantier E, Muller D, The role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the mechanisms of anesthesia. Brain Res Bull 2002;57(2):133-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacher I, Wu B, Shytle DR, George TP. Mecamylamine - a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist with potential for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009;10(16):2709-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Hoedt D, Bertrand D. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: an overview on drug discovery. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009;13(4):395-411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweitzer P, Mark H. The effect of atropine on cardiac arrhythmias and conduction. Part 2. Am Heart J 1980;100(2):255-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweitzer P, Mark H. The effect of atropine on cardiac arrhythmias and conduction. Part 1. Am Heart J 1980;100(1):119-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187(1):116-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milsom I, Abrams P, Cardozo L, How widespread are the symptoms of an overactive bladder and how are they managed? A population-based prevalence study. BJU Int 2001;87(9):760-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon C, Gerretsen P, Uchida H, Sensitivity to antipsychotic drugs in older adults. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2010;12(1):28-33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uchida H, Mamo DC, Mulsant BH, Increased antipsychotic sensitivity in elderly patients: evidence and mechanisms. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70(3):397-405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, Kirshner M, Serum anticholinergic activity in a community-based sample of older adults: relationship with cognitive performance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60(2):198-203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nebes R, Pollock BG, Mulsant BH, Low-level serum anticholinergicity as a source of baseline cognitive heterogeneity in geriatric depressed patients. Psychopharmacol Bulletin 1997;33:715-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rovner BW, David A, Lucas-Blaustein MJ, Self-care capacity and anticholinergic drug levels in nursing home patients. Am J Psychiatry 1988;145(1):107-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nebes RD, Pollock BG, Halligan EM, Cognitive slowing associated with elevated serum anticholinergic activity in older individuals is decreased by caffeine use. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010;19:169-75
   Google Scholar
• Chew ML, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG. Serum anticholinergic activity and cognition in patients with moderate-to-severe dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005;13(6):535-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thienhaus OJ, Allen A, Bennett JA, Anticholinergic serum levels and cognitive performance. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1990;240(1):28-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cancelli I, Valentinis L, Merlino G, Drugs with anticholinergic properties as a risk factor for psychosis in patients affected by Alzheimer's disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008;84(1):63-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracy JI, Monaco C, Giovannetti T, Anticholinergicity and cognitive processing in chronic schizophrenia. Biol Psychol 2001;56(1):1-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minzenberg MJ, Poole JH, Benton C, Vinogradov S. Association of anticholinergic load with impairment of complex attention and memory in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161(1):116-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGurk SR, Green MF, Wirshing WC, Antipsychotic and anticholinergic effects on two types of spatial memory in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2004;68(2-3):225-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spohn HE, Strauss ME. Relation of neuroleptic and anticholinergic medication to cognitive functions in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 1989;98(4):367-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss ME, Reynolds KS, Jayaram G, Tune LE. Effects of anticholinergic medication on memory in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1990;3(2):127-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu CJ, Tune LE. Chronic exposure to anticholinergic medications adversely affects the course of Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003;11(4):458-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schifilliti D, Santamaria LB, Rosa G, Cholinergic central system, Alzheimer's disease, and anesthetics liaison: a vicious circle? J Alzheimers Dis 2010;22(Suppl 3):35-41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perry EK, Kilford L, Lees AJ, Increased Alzheimer pathology in Parkinson's disease related to antimuscarinic drugs. Ann Neurol 2003;54(2):235-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell NL, Boustani MA, Lane KA, Use of anticholinergics and the risk of cognitive impairment in an African American population. Neurology 2010;75(2):152-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jessen F, Kaduszkiewicz H, Daerr M, Anticholinergic drug use and risk for dementia: target for dementia prevention. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010;260(Suppl 2):S111-15
   Google Scholar
• Carriere I, Fourrier-Reglat A, Dartigues JF, Drugs with anticholinergic properties, cognitive decline, and dementia in an elderly general population: the 3-city study. Arch Intern Med 2009;169(14):1317-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aizenberg D, Sigler M, Weizman A, Barak Y. Anticholinergic burden and the risk of falls among elderly psychiatric inpatients: a 4-year case-control study. Int Psychogeriatr 2002;14(3):307-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nebes RD, Pollock BG, Halligan EM, Serum anticholinergic activity and motor performance in elderly persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007;62(1):83-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman LS, Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Gilman AG. Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 10th edition. McGraw-Hill, New York; 2001
   Google Scholar
• Baca-Garcia E, Blasco-Fontecilla H, Blanco C, Acute atropine intoxication with psychiatric symptoms by herbal infusion of Pulmonaria officinalis (Lungwort). Eur J Psychiat 2007;21(2):93-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf AD, Erdman AR, Nelson LS, Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2007;45(3):203-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaver KM, Gavin TJ. Treatment of acute anticholinergic poisoning with physostigmine. Am J Emerg Med 1998;16(5):505-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchard JR. Assessing physostigmine's contraindication in cyclic antidepressant ingestions. J Emerg Med 2003;25(2):185-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chancellor MB, Anderson RU, Boone TB. Pharmacotherapy for neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2006;85(6):536-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths D, Tadic SD, Schaefer W, Resnick NM. Cerebral control of the bladder in normal and urge-incontinent women. Neuroimage 2007;37(1):1-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapple CR, Khullar V, Gabriel Z, The effects of antimuscarinic treatments in overactive bladder: an update of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol 2008;54(3):543-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornford EM, Hyman S. Blood-brain barrier permeability to small and large molecules. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1999;36(2-3):145-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheife R, Takeda M. Central nervous system safety of anticholinergic drugs for the treatment of overactive bladder in the elderly. Clin Ther 2005;27(2):144-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staskin D, Kay G, Tannenbaum C, Trospium chloride is undetectable in the older human central nervous system. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010;58(8):1618-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staskin D, Kay G, Tannenbaum C, Trospium chloride has no effect on memory testing and is assay undetectable in the central nervous system of older patients with overactive bladder. Int J Clin Pract 2010;64(9):1294-300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrams P, Andersson KE, Buccafusco JJ, Muscarinic receptors: their distribution and function in body systems, and the implications for treating overactive bladder. Br J Pharmacol 2006;148(5):565-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinner N. Darifenacin: a muscarinic M3-selective receptor antagonist for the treatment of overactive bladder. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007;8(4):511-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapple CR, Martinez-Garcia R, Selvaggi L, A comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of solifenacin succinate and extended release tolterodine at treating overactive bladder syndrome: results of the STAR trial. Eur Urol 2005;48(3):464-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay G, Crook T, Rekeda L, Differential effects of the antimuscarinic agents darifenacin and oxybutynin ER on memory in older subjects. Eur Urol 2006;50(2):317-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabe KF. Anticholinergic drugs for the treatment of COPD are safe... are they? Chest 2010;137(1):1-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes PJ. The role of anticholinergics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med 2004;117(Suppl 12A):24S-32S
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vinogradov S, Fisher M, Warm H, The cognitive cost of anticholinergic burden: decreased response to cognitive training in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166(9):1055-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz JT, Brotman AW. A clinical guide to antipsychotic drugs. Drugs 1992;44(6):981-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman JA III. Managing anticholinergic side effects. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2004;6(Suppl 2):20-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chew ML, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, A model of anticholinergic activity of atypical antipsychotic medications. Schizophr Res 2006;88(1-3):63-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulsant BH, Gharabawi GM, Bossie CA, Correlates of anticholinergic activity in patients with dementia and psychosis treated with risperidone or olanzapine. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65(12):1708-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer JM, Loebel AD, Schweizer E. Lurasidone: a new drug in development for schizophrenia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009;18(11):1715-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richelson E. New antipsychotic drugs: how do their receptor-binding profiles compare? J Clin Psychiatry 2010;71(9):1243-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajji TK, Uchida H, Ismail Z, Clozapine and global cognition in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2010;30(4):431-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raedler TJ, Knable MB, Jones DW, Central muscarinic acetylcholine receptor availability in patients treated with clozapine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003;28(8):1531-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olianas MC, Maullu C, Onali P. Mixed agonist-antagonist properties of clozapine at different human cloned muscarinic receptor subtypes expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999;20(3):263-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond JP. Systemic adverse effects of topical ophthalmic agents. Implications for older patients. Drugs Aging 1997;11(5):352-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tune LE, Bylsma FW, Hilt DC. Anticholinergic delirium caused by topical homatropine ophthalmologic solution: confirmation by anticholinergic radioreceptor assay in two cases. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1992;4(2):195-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker DB, Solomon DA. The potential for mental status changes associated with systemic absorption of anticholinergic ophthalmic medications: concerns in the elderly. DICP 1990;24(9):847-50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woosley RL. Cardiac actions of antihistamines. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1996;36:233-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch MJ, Meltzer EO, Simons FE. H1-antihistamines and the central nervous system. Clin Allergy Immunol 2002;17:337-88
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Devillier P, Roche N, Faisy C. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of desloratadine, fexofenadine and levocetirizine : a comparative review. Clin Pharmacokinet 2008;47(4):217-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas JR, von Gunten CF. Management of dyspnea. J Support Oncol 2003;1(1):23-32; discussion 32-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clissold SP, Heel RC. Transdermal hyoscine (Scopolamine). A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 1985;29(3):189-207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascher JA, Cole JO, Colin JN, Bupropion: a review of its mechanism of antidepressant activity. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56(9):395-401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slemmer JE, Martin BR, Damaj MI. Bupropion is a nicotinic antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000;295(1):321-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arias HR. Is the inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by bupropion involved in its clinical actions? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009;41(11):2098-108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman AI, Sofuoglu M. Comparison of available treatments for tobacco addiction. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2010;12(5):433-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Wyck Fleet J, Manberg PJ, Miller LL, Overview of clinically significant adverse reactions to bupropion. J Clin Psychiatry 1983;44(5 Pt 2):191-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahill K, Stead L, Lancaster T. A preliminary benefit-risk assessment of varenicline in smoking cessation. Drug Saf 2009;32(2):119-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udesky JO, Spence NZ, Achiel R, The role of nicotinic inhibition in ketamine-induced behavior. Anesth Analg 2005;101(2):407-11, table of contents
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correll GE, Futter GE. Two case studies of patients with major depressive disorder given low-dose (subanesthetic) ketamine infusions. Pain Med 2006;7(1):92-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarate CA Jr, Singh JB, Carlson PJ, A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63(8):856-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tune L, Coyle JT. Serum levels of anticholinergic drugs in treatment of acute extrapyramidal side effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980;37(3):293-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishtala PS, Fois RA, McLachlan AJ, Anticholinergic activity of commonly prescribed medications and neuropsychiatric adverse events in older people. J Clin Pharmacol 2009;49(10):1176-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox EA, Kwatra SG, Shetty S, Kwatra MM. Flaws in the serum anticholinergic activity assay: implications for the study of delirium. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009;57(9):1707-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnahan RM, Lund BC, Perry PJ, The Anticholinergic Drug Scale as a measure of drug-related anticholinergic burden: associations with serum anticholinergic activity. J Clin Pharmacol 2006;46(12):1481-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnahan RM, Lund BC, Perry PJ, The relationship of an anticholinergic rating scale with serum anticholinergic activity in elderly nursing home residents. Psychopharmacol Bull 2002;36(4):14-19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stefanacci RG, Cavallaro E, Beers MH, Fick DM. Developing explicit positive beers criteria for preferred central nervous system medications in older adults. Consult Pharm 2009;24(8):601-10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade WE, Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: results of a US consensus panel of experts. Arch Intern Med 2003;163(22):2716-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chitnis S, Rao J. Rivastigmine in Parkinson's disease dementia. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009;5(8):941-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar