Giving rituximab in patients with occult or resolved hepatitis B virus infection: are the current guidelines good enough?

Bibliography

• Hoofnagle JH. Serologic markers of hepatitis B virus infection. Annu Rev Med 1981;32:1-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceccarelli L, Salpini R, Sarmati L, et al. Late hepatitis B virus reactivation after lamivudine prophylaxis interruption in an anti-HBs-positive and anti-HBc-negative patient treated with rituximab-containing therapy. J Infect 2012;65(2):180-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hui CK, Cheung WW, Zhang HY, et al. Kinetics and risk of de novo hepatitis B infection in HBsAg-negative patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy. Gastroenterology 2006;131(1):59-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitka M. FDA: increased HBV reactivation risk with ofatumumab or rituximab. JAMA 2013;310(16):1664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torbenson M, Thomas DL. Occult hepatitis B. Lancet Infect Dis 2002;2(8):479-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehermann B, Ferrari C, Pasquinelli C, Chisari FV. The hepatitis B virus persists for decades after patients’ recovery from acute viral hepatitis despite active maintenance of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response. Nat Med 1996;2(10):1104-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyagawa M, Minami M, Fujii K, et al. Molecular characterization of a variant virus that caused de novo hepatitis B without elevation of hepatitis B surface antigen after chemotherapy with rituximab. J Med Virol 2008;80(12):2069-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung WK, Zheng H, Li S, et al. Genome-wide survey of recurrent HBV integration in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Genet 2012;44(7):765-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong TL, Di Bisceglie AM, Gerber MA, et al. Persistence of hepatitis B virus DNA in the liver after loss of HBsAg in chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 1993;18(6):1313-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami Y, Minami M, Daimon Y, Okanoue T. Hepatitis B virus DNA in liver, serum, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells after the clearance of serum hepatitis B virus surface antigen. J Med Virol 2004;72(2):203-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology 2009;50(3):661-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Association for the study of the liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2012;57(1):167-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liaw Y, Kao J, Piratvisuth T, et al. Asian-pacific consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B: a 2012 update. Hepatol Int 2012;6(3):531-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong MJ, Pan CQ, Hann HW, et al. The management of chronic hepatitis B in Asian Americans. Dig Dis Sci 2011;56(11):3143-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong MJ, Hsu L, Chang PW, Blatt LM. Evaluation of current treatment recommendations for chronic hepatitis B: a 2011 update. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;26(5):829-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy KR, Beavers KL, Hammond SP, et al. American gastroenterological association institute guideline on the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy. Gastroenterology 2015;148(1):215-19; quiz e16-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzano A, Angelucci E, Andreone P, et al. Prophylaxis and treatment of hepatitis B in immunocompromised patients. Dig Liver Dis 2007;39(5):397-408
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evens AM, Jovanovic BD, Su YC, et al. Rituximab-associated hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in lymphoproliferative diseases: meta-analysis and examination of FDA safety reports. Ann Oncol 2011;22(5):1170-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dervite I, Hober D, Morel P. Acute hepatitis B in a patient with antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen who was receiving rituximab. N Engl J Med 2001;344(1):68-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim EB, Kim DS, Park SJ, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in a surface antigen-negative and antibody-positive patient after rituximab plus CHOP chemotherapy. Cancer Res Treat 2008;40(1):36-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sera T, Hiasa Y, Michitaka K, et al. Anti-HBs-positive liver failure due to hepatitis B virus reactivation induced by rituximab. Intern Med 2006;45(11):721-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsutsumi Y, Ogasawara R, Miyashita N, et al. HBV reactivation in malignant lymphoma patients treated with rituximab and bendamustine. Int J Hematol 2012;95(5):588-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westhoff TH, Jochimsen F, Schmittel A, et al. Fatal hepatitis B virus reactivation by an escape mutant following rituximab therapy. Blood 2003;102(5):1930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukushima N, Mizuta T, Tanaka M, et al. Retrospective and prospective studies of hepatitis B virus reactivation in malignant lymphoma with occult HBV carrier. Ann Oncol 2009;20(12):2013-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niscola P, Del Principe MI, Maurillo L, et al. Fulminant B hepatitis in a surface antigen-negative patient with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia after rituximab therapy. Leukemia 2005;19(10):1840-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovric S, Erdbruegger U, Kumpers P, et al. Rituximab as rescue therapy in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a single-centre experience with 15 patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24(1):179-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu C, Tsou HH, Lin SJ, et al. Chemotherapy-induced hepatitis B reactivation in lymphoma patients with resolved HBV infection: a prospective study. Hepatology 2014;59(6):2092-100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendez-Navarro J, Corey KE, Zheng H, et al. Hepatitis B screening, prophylaxis and re-activation in the era of rituximab-based chemotherapy. Liver Int 2011;31(3):330-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targhetta C, Cabras MG, Mamusa AM, et al. Hepatitis B virus-related liver disease in isolated anti-hepatitis B-core positive lymphoma patients receiving chemo- or chemo-immune therapy. Haematologica 2008;93(6):951-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeo W, Chan TC, Leung NW, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in lymphoma patients with prior resolved hepatitis B undergoing anticancer therapy with or without rituximab. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(4):605-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedognetti D, Zoppoli G, Sertoli MR, et al. Relevance of HBV/HBcAb screening in lymphoma patients treated in the rituximab era. Int J Hematol 2010;91(2):342-4; author reply 345-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borentain P, Colson P, Coso D, et al. Clinical and virological factors associated with hepatitis B virus reactivation in HBsAg-negative and anti-HBc antibodies-positive patients undergoing chemotherapy and/or autologous stem cell transplantation for cancer. J Viral Hepat 2010;17(11):807-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francisci D, Falcinelli F, Schiaroli E, et al. Management of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with hematological malignancies treated with chemotherapy. Infection 2010;38(1):58-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji D, Cao J, Hong X, et al. Low incidence of hepatitis B virus reactivation during chemotherapy among diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients who are HBsAg-negative/HBcAb-positive: a multicenter retrospective study. Eur J Haematol 2010;85(3):243-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo YX, Tan DS, Tan IB, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation and role of antiviral prophylaxis in lymphoma patients with past hepatitis B virus infection who are receiving chemoimmunotherapy. Cancer 2010;116(1):115-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsue K, Kimura S, Takanashi Y, et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus after rituximab-containing treatment in patients with CD20-positive B-cell lymphoma. Cancer 2010;116(20):4769-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niitsu N, Hagiwara Y, Tanae K, et al. Prospective analysis of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma after rituximab combination chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2010;28(34):5097-100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pei SN, Chen CH, Lee CM, et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus following rituximab-based regimens: a serious complication in both HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative patients. Ann Hematol 2010;89(3):255-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung WI, Lin SY, Leung VK, et al. Prospective evaluation of seropositive occult hepatitis B viral infection in lymphoma patients receiving chemotherapy. Hong Kong Med J 2011;17(5):376-80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koo YX, Tay M, Teh YE, et al. Risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in hepatitis B surface antigen negative/hepatitis B core antibody positive patients receiving rituximab-containing combination chemotherapy without routine antiviral prophylaxis. Ann Hematol 2011;90(10):1219-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung C, Tsoi E, Burns G, Sievert W. An argument for the universal prophylaxis of hepatitis B infection in patients receiving rituximab: a 7-year institutional experience of hepatitis screening. Oncologist 2011;16(5):579-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe M, Shibuya A, Tsunoda Y, et al. Re-appearance of hepatitis B virus following therapy with rituximab for lymphoma is not rare in Japanese patients with past hepatitis B virus infection. Liver Int 2011;31(3):340-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu CY, Chandrasekar PH, Masood A, Schiffer CA. Adherence to hepatitis B screening and prophylactic lamivudine for prevention of rituximab-associated hepatitis B reactivation. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2013;19(1):18-23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang YH, Hsiao LT, Hong YC, et al. Randomized controlled trial of entecavir prophylaxis for rituximab-associated hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with lymphoma and resolved hepatitis B. J Clin Oncol 2013;31(22):2765-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SJ, Hsu C, Song YQ, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in B-cell lymphoma patients treated with rituximab: analysis from the Asia Lymphoma Study Group. Eur J Cancer 2013;49(16):3486-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitroulis I, Hatzara C, Kandili A, et al. Long-term safety of rituximab in patients with rheumatic diseases and chronic or resolved hepatitis B virus infection. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72(2):308-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masarone M, De Renzo A, La Mura V, et al. Management of the HBV reactivation in isolated HBcAb positive patients affected with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. BMC Gastroenterol 2014;14:31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lok AS, Lai CL, Leung N, et al. Long-term safety of lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2003;125(6):1714-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umemura T, Tanaka E, Kiyosawa K, Kumada H; Japan de novo Hepatitis B Research Group. Mortality secondary to fulminant hepatic failure in patients with prior resolution of hepatitis B virus infection in Japan. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47(5):e52-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin P, DiMartini A, Feng S, et al. Evaluation for liver transplantation in adults: 2013 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the American Society of Transplantation. Hepatology 2014;59(3):1144-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chae HB, Hann HW. Baseline HBV DNA level is the most important factor associated with virologic breakthrough in chronic hepatitis B treated with lamivudine. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13(30):4085-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hann HW, Gregory VL, Dixon JS, Barker KF. A review of the one-year incidence of resistance to lamivudine in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B : lamivudine resistance. Hepatol Int 2008;2(4):440-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar