Safety considerations when using anti-TNFα therapy to treat Crohn’s disease

Bibliography

• Baumgart DC, Sandborn WJ. Crohn’s disease. Lancet 2012;380(9853):1590-605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arseneau KO, Tamagawa H, Pizarro TT, Cominelli F. Innate and adaptive immune responses related to IBD pathogenesis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2007;9(6):508-12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abraham C, Cho JH. Inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med 2009;361(21):2066-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadakis KA, Targan SR. Tumor necrosis factor: biology and therapeutic inhibitors. Gastroenterology 2000;119(4):1148-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagnini C, Saeed R, Bamias G, et al. Probiotics promote gut health through stimulation of epithelial innate immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107(1):454-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powrie F, Leach MW, Mauze S, et al. Inhibition of Th1 responses prevents inflammatory bowel disease in scid mice reconstituted with CD45RBhi CD4+ T cells. Immunity 1994;1(7):553-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald TT, Hutchings P, Choy MY, et al. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma production measured at the single cell level in normal and inflamed human intestine. Clin Exp Immunol 1990;81(2):301-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dullemen HM, van Deventer SJ, Hommes DW, et al. Treatment of Crohn’s disease with anti-tumor necrosis factor chimeric monoclonal antibody (cA2). Gastroenterology 1995;109(1):129-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa J, Magro F, Caldeira D, et al. Infliximab reduces hospitalizations and surgery interventions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013;19(10):2098-110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loftus EVJr, Johnson SJ, Wang ST, et al. Risk-benefit analysis of adalimumab versus traditional non-biologic therapies for patients with Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;17(1):127-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin DT, Uluscu O, Sederman R. Response to biologic therapy in Crohn’s disease is improved with early treatment: an analysis of health claims data. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012;18(12):2225-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targan SR, Hanauer SB, van Deventer SJ, et al. A short-term study of chimeric monoclonal antibody cA2 to tumor necrosis factor alpha for Crohn’s disease. Crohn’s Disease cA2 Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997;337(15):1029-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutgeerts P, D’Haens G, Targan S, et al. Efficacy and safety of retreatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody (infliximab) to maintain remission in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 1999;117(4):761-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanauer SB, Feagan BG, Lichtenstein GR, et al. Maintenance infliximab for Crohn’s disease: the ACCENT I randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359(9317):1541-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sands BE, Anderson FH, Bernstein CN, et al. Infliximab maintenance therapy for fistulizing Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med 2004;350(9):876-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Present DH, Rutgeerts P, Targan S, et al. Infliximab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340(18):1398-405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanauer SB, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, et al. Human anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody (adalimumab) in Crohn’s disease: the CLASSIC-I trial. Gastroenterology 2006;130(2):323-33. quiz 591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, Enns R, et al. Adalimumab induction therapy for Crohn disease previously treated with infliximab: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007;146(12):829-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Hanauer SB, Rutgeerts P, et al. Adalimumab for maintenance treatment of Crohn’s disease: results of the CLASSIC II trial. Gut 2007;56(9):1232-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, et al. Adalimumab for maintenance of clinical response and remission in patients with Crohn’s disease: the CHARM trial. Gastroenterology 2007;132(1):52-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutgeerts P, Van Assche G, Sandborn WJ, et al. Adalimumab induces and maintains mucosal healing in patients with Crohn’s disease: data from the EXTEND trial. Gastroenterology 2012;142(5):1102-11. e2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe M, Hibi T, Lomax KG, et al. Adalimumab for the induction and maintenance of clinical remission in Japanese patients with Crohn’s disease. J Crohns Colitis 2012;6(2):160-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter TA, Wright J, Ghosh S, et al. Intravenous CDP870, a PEGylated Fab’ fragment of a humanized antitumour necrosis factor antibody, in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease: an exploratory study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;20(11-12):1337-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber S, Rutgeerts P, Fedorak RN, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of certolizumab pegol (CDP870) for treatment of Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 2005;129(3):807-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Schreiber S, Feagan BG, et al. Certolizumab pegol for active Crohn’s disease: a placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Clini Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;9(8):670-8. e3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Stoinov S, et al. Certolizumab pegol for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med 2007;357(3):228-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber S, Khaliq-Kareemi M, Lawrance IC, et al. Maintenance therapy with certolizumab pegol for Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med 2007;357(3):239-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber S, Lawrance IC, Thomsen OO, et al. Randomised clinical trial: certolizumab pegol for fistulas in Crohn’s disease - subgroup results from a placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;33(2):185-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Hanauer SB, Katz S, et al. Etanercept for active Crohn’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2001;121(5):1088-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toussirot E, Houvenagel E, Goeb V, et al. Development of inflammatory bowel disease during anti-TNF-alpha therapy for inflammatory rheumatic disease: a nationwide series. Joint Bone Spine 2012;79(5):457-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Hanauer SB, et al. An engineered human antibody to TNF (CDP571) for active Crohn’s disease: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2001;120(6):1330-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutgeerts P, Sandborn WJ, Fedorak RN, et al. Onercept for moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clini Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4(7):888-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein GR, Feagan BG, Cohen RD, et al. Serious infection and mortality in patients with Crohn’s disease: more than 5 years of follow-up in the TREAT registry. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107(9):1409-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Haens G, Reinisch W, Colombel J-F, et al. DOP099 Five-year safety results from the ENCORE registry: malignancies in patients with Crohn’s disease treated with infliximab, standard therapy, or switched from standard therapy to infliximab. J Crohn’s Colitis 2014;8:S63
   Google Scholar
• D’Haens G, Reinisch W, Satsangi J, et al. PYRAMID registry: An observational study of adalimumab in Crohn’s disease: results at year 3: P-31. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;17:S21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawalec P, Mikrut A, Wisniewska N, Pilc A. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibodies (infliximab, adalimumab and certolizumab) in Crohn’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Med Sci 2013;9(5):765-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrin-Biroulet L, Deltenre P, de Suray N, et al. Efficacy and safety of tumor necrosis factor antagonists in Crohn’s disease: meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6(6):644-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burmester GR, Mease P, Dijkmans BA, et al. Adalimumab safety and mortality rates from global clinical trials of six immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68(12):1863-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fidder H, Schnitzler F, Ferrante M, et al. Long-term safety of infliximab for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a single-centre cohort study. Gut 2009;58(4):501-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Infliximab: Annex I: Summary of Product Characteristics. EMA Product information; 2014
   Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Loftus EVJr, Tremaine WJ, et al. The safety profile of infliximab in patients with Crohn’s disease: the Mayo clinic experience in 500 patients. Gastroenterology 2004;126(1):19-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adalimumab: Annex I: summary of product characteristics. EMA Product information; 2014
   Google Scholar
• Van Assche G, Vermeire S, Ballet V, et al. Switch to adalimumab in patients with Crohn’s disease controlled by maintenance infliximab: prospective randomised SWITCH trial. Gut 2012;61(2):229-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Certolizumab pegol: Annex I: summary of product characteristics. EMA Product information; 2014
   Google Scholar
• Steenholdt C, Svenson M, Bendtzen K, et al. Severe infusion reactions to infliximab: aetiology, immunogenicity and risk factors in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;34(1):51-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassinotti A, Travis S. Incidence and clinical significance of immunogenicity to infliximab in Crohn’s disease: a critical systematic review. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15(8):1264-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanda KS, Cheifetz AS, Moss AC. Impact of antibodies to infliximab on clinical outcomes and serum infliximab levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108(1):40-7. quiz 48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazor Y, Almog R, Kopylov U, et al. Adalimumab drug and antibody levels as predictors of clinical and laboratory response in patients with Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014;40(6):620-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrante M, Vermeire S, Rutgeerts PJ. Drug safety evaluation of certolizumab pegol. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2014;13(2):255-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baert F, Noman M, Vermeire S, et al. Influence of immunogenicity on the long-term efficacy of infliximab in Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med 2003;348(7):601-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Meara S, Nanda KS, Moss AC. Antibodies to infliximab and risk of infusion reactions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014;20(1):1-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hommes DW, Oldenburg B, van Bodegraven AA, et al. Guidelines for treatment with infliximab for Crohn’s disease. Neth J Med 2006;64(7):219-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorino G, Danese S, Pariente B, Allez M. Paradoxical immune-mediated inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease patients receiving anti-TNF-alpha agents. Autoimmun Rev 2014;13(1):15-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beigel F, Schnitzler F, Paul Laubender R, et al. Formation of antinuclear and double-strand DNA antibodies and frequency of lupus-like syndrome in anti-TNF-alpha antibody-treated patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;17(1):91-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleynen I, Vermeire S. Paradoxical inflammation induced by anti-TNF agents in patients with IBD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;9(9):496-503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutgeerts P, Van Assche G, Vermeire S. Review article: infliximab therapy for inflammatory bowel disease–seven years on. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;23(4):451-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Panaccione R, et al. Adalimumab safety in global clinical trials of patients with Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15(9):1308-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh JA, Wells GA, Christensen R, et al. Adverse effects of biologics: a network meta-analysis and Cochrane overview. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011(2):CD008794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn JL, Goldstein MM, Chan J, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is required in the protective immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Immunity 1995;2(6):561-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan VP, Scanga CA, Yu K, et al. Effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha on host immune response in chronic persistent tuberculosis: possible role for limiting pathology. Infect Immun 2001;69(3):1847-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane J, Gershon S, Wise RP, et al. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent. N Engl J Med 2001;345(15):1098-104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardam MA, Keystone EC, Menzies R, et al. Anti-tumour necrosis factor agents and tuberculosis risk: mechanisms of action and clinical management. Lancet Infect Dis 2003;3(3):148-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmona L, Gomez-Reino JJ, Rodriguez-Valverde V, et al. Effectiveness of recommendations to prevent reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52(6):1766-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pompili M, Biolato M, Miele L, Grieco A. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors and chronic hepatitis C: a comprehensive literature review. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19(44):7867-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigano M, Degasperi E, Aghemo A, et al. Anti-TNF drugs in patients with hepatitis B or C virus infection: safety and clinical management. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012;12(2):193-207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Alvarez R, Diaz-Lagares C, Garcia-Hernandez F, et al. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in patients receiving tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-targeted therapy: analysis of 257 cases. Medicine 2011;90(6):359-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongartz T, Sutton AJ, Sweeting MJ, et al. Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies: systematic review and meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2006;295(19):2275-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biancone L, Orlando A, Kohn A, et al. Infliximab and newly diagnosed neoplasia in Crohn’s disease: a multicentre matched pair study. Gut 2006;55(2):228-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe F, Michaud K. Lymphoma in rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of methotrexate and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in 18,572 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50(6):1740-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Askling J, Brandt L, Lapidus A, et al. Risk of haematopoietic cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2005;54(5):617-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon JH, Farrell RJ. The risk of lymphoma in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with immunosuppressive agents. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2005;56(1):169-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen RA, Gartlehner G, Powell GE, Sandler RS. Serious adverse events with infliximab: analysis of spontaneously reported adverse events. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5(6):729-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deepak P, Sifuentes H, Sherid M, et al. T-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas reported to the FDA AERS with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibitors: results of the REFURBISH study. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108(1):99-105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochenrider MG, Patterson DJ, Aboulafia DM. Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma in a young man with Crohn’s disease: case report and literature review. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 2010;10(2):144-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakravarty EF, Michaud K, Wolfe F. Skin cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. J Rheumatol 2005;32(11):2130-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe F, Michaud K. Biologic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of malignancy: analyses from a large US observational study. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56(9):2886-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long MD, Herfarth HH, Pipkin CA, et al. Increased risk for non-melanoma skin cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;8(3):268-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon WG, Watson KD, Lunt M, et al. Influence of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy on cancer incidence in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have had a prior malignancy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Arthritis Care Res 2010;62(6):755-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosch X, Saiz A, Ramos-Casals M, Group BS. Monoclonal antibody therapy-associated neurological disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2011;7(3):165-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stubgen JP. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists and neuropathy. Muscle & nerve 2008;37(3):281-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denadai R, Teixeira FV, Steinwurz F, et al. Induction or exacerbation of psoriatic lesions during anti-TNF-alpha therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic literature review based on 222 cases. J Crohns Colitis 2013;7(7):517-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeire S, Noman M, Van Assche G, et al. Autoimmunity associated with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha treatment in Crohn’s disease: a prospective cohort study. Gastroenterology 2003;125(1):32-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung ES, Packer M, Lo KH, et al. Anti TNFTACHFI. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure: results of the anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure (ATTACH) trial. Circulation 2003;107(25):3133-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein GR, Olson A, Travers S, et al. Factors associated with the development of intestinal strictures or obstructions in patients with Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101(5):1030-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutgeerts P, Van Assche G, Vermeire S. Optimizing anti-TNF treatment in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2004;126(6):1593-610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condino G, Calabrese E, Zorzi F, et al. Anti-TNF-alpha treatments and obstructive symptoms in Crohn’s disease: a prospective study. Dig Liver Dis 2013;45(3):258-62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pelletier AL, Kalisazan B, Wienckiewicz J, et al. Infliximab treatment for symptomatic Crohn’s disease strictures. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;29(3):279-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallotta N, Barberani F, Hassan NA, et al. Effect of infliximab on small bowel stenoses in patients with Crohn’s disease. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14(12):1885-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Woude CJ, Kolacek S, Dotan I, et al. European evidenced-based consensus on reproduction in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2010;4(5):493-510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeire S, Carbonnel F, Coulie PG, et al. Management of inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy. J Crohns Colitis 2012;6(8):811-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha S, Wald A. Safety and efficacy of immunomodulators and biologics during pregnancy and lactation for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2012;11(6):947-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmeira P, Quinello C, Silveira-Lessa AL, et al. IgG placental transfer in healthy and pathological pregnancies. Clin Dev Immunol 2012;2012:985646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahadevan U, Wolf DC, Dubinsky M, et al. Placental transfer of anti-tumor necrosis factor agents in pregnant patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;11(3):286-92 ; quiz e24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gisbert JP, Chaparro M. Safety of anti-TNF agents during pregnancy and breastfeeding in women with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108(9):1426-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahadevan U, Cucchiara S, Hyams JS, et al. The London Position Statement of the World Congress of Gastroenterology on Biological Therapy for IBD with the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation: pregnancy and pediatrics. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106(2):214-23 ; quiz 24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz JA, Antoni C, Keenan GF, et al. Outcome of pregnancy in women receiving infliximab for the treatment of Crohn’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99(12):2385-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahadevan U, Martin CF, Sandler RS, et al. 865 PIANO: a 1000 patient prospective registry of pregnancy outcomes in women with IBD exposed to immunomodulators and biologic therapy. Gastroenterology 2012;142(5):S-149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahier JF, Magro F, Abreu C, et al. Second European evidence-based consensus on the prevention, diagnosis and management of opportunistic infections in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2014;8(6):443-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalble T, Lucan M, Nicita G, et al. EAU guidelines on renal transplantation. Eur Urol 2005;47(2):156-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar