Causality assessment in drug-induced hepatotoxicity

Bibliographys

• BAKKE OM, MANOCCHIA M, DE ABAJO F et al.: Drug safety discontinuations in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Spain from 1974 through 1993: a regulatory perspective. Clin. Pharmacol The]: (1995) 58:108–117.
   Google Scholar
• SHAH RR: Drug-induced hepatotoxicity: pharmacokinetic perspectives and strategies for risk reduction. Adverse Drug React. Toxicol Rev (1999) 18:181–233.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •Excellent review on the problem of hepatotoxicity in drug development with suggestions to decrease its incidence.
   Google Scholar
• LEE WM: Drug-induced hepatotoxicity. N Engl. J. Med. (2003) 349:474–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A comprehensive and updated review on the subject.
   Google Scholar
• OSTAPOWICZ G, FONTANA RJ, SCHIODT FV et al.: Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States. Ann. Intern. Med. (2002) 137:947–954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SGRO C, CLINARD F, OUAZIR K et al:Incidence of drug-induced hepatic injuries: a French population-based study. Hepatology (2002) 36:451–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A prospective study that demonstrates a much higher frequency of hepatotoxicity than is spontaneously reported.
   Google Scholar
• LARREY D: Epidemiology and individual susceptibility to adverse drug reactions affecting the liver. Semin. Liver Dis. (2002) 22:145–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •An excellent overview of the methods to obtain epidemiological information, as well as a detailed analysis of risk factors in drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
   Google Scholar
• AITHAL GP, RAWLINS MD, DAY CP: Accuracy of hepatic adverse drug reaction reporting in one English health region. Br. Med. J. (1999) 319:1541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZIMMERMAN HJ: Hepatotoxicigc. The adverse effects of Drugs and Other Chemicals on the Liver (2nd edni. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA (1999).
   Google Scholar
• ••The most important textbook ondrug-induced liver disease, with an extensive list of hepatotoxins.
   Google Scholar
• DOSSING M, SONNE J: Drug inducedhepatic disorders: incidence, management and avoidance. Drug Sal (1993) 9:441–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DOSSING M, ANDREASEN PB: Drug-induced liver disease in Denmark: an analysis of 572 cases of hepatotoxicity reported to the Danish Board of adverse reaction to drugs. Scand. Castroenterol (1982) 17:205–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRIIS H, ANDREASEN PB: Drug induced hepatic injury: analysis of 1100 cases reported to The Danish Committee on Adverse Drug Reactions between 1978 and 1987. J. Intern. Med. (1992) 232:133–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FARRELL GC: Drug Induced Liver Disease. Churchill-Livingstone, London (1994).
   Google Scholar
• •An excellent reference text for its discussion of the epidemiology, clinicopathological expression, diagnosis and treatment of hepatotoxicity.
   Google Scholar
• IBA&EZ L, PÈREZ E, VIDAL X, LAPORTE JR: Prospective surveillance of acute serious liver disease unrelated to infectious, obstructive or metabolic disease: epidemiological and clinical features and exposure to drugs. Hepatol (2002) 37:592–600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUCENA MI, CAMARGO R, ANDRADE RJ, PEREZ-SANCHEZ C, SANCHEZ DE LA CUESTA F: Comparison of two clinical scales for causality assessment in hepatotoxicity. Hepatology (2001) 33:123–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Article of interest for its discussion of current methods of causality assessment in drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
   Google Scholar
• BENHAMOU JP: Drug-induced hepatitis: clinical aspects. In: Hepatotoxicity of Drugs. Fillastre JP (Ed.), University of Rouen, Rouen (1986):227–289.
   Google Scholar
• BENICHOU C: Criteria of drug-induced liver disorders. Report of an international consensus meeting. J. Hepatol (1990) 11:272–276.
   Google Scholar
• DANAN G, BENICHOU C: Causality assessment of adverse reactions to drugs I. A novel method based on the conclusions of international consensus meetings: application to drug-induced liver injuries. J. Chia. Epidemiol (1993) 46:1323-1330. 341
   Google Scholar
• GARCIA-RODRIGUEZ LA, STRICKER BH, ZIMMERMAN HJ: Risk of acute liver injury associated with the combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. Arch. Intern. Med. (1996) 156:1327–1332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LARREY D, VIAL T, PAWELS A et al: Hepas after Germander (7eucrium chamaedrys) administration: another instance of herbal medicine hepatotoxicity. Ann. Intern. Med. (1992) 117:129–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BENNINGER J, SCHEINDER HT, SCHUPPAN D, KIRCHNER T, HAHN EG: Acute hepatitis induced by Greater Celandine (Chelidonium mojus). Gastroenterology (1999) 117:1234–1237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEDMAN C: Herbal hepatotoxicity. Semin. Liver Dis. (2002) 22:195–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BISSEL DM, GORES GJ, LASKIN DL, HOOFNAGLE JH: Drug-induced liver injury: mechanisms and test systems. Hepatology (2001) 33:1009–1013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Article of interest for its discussion of the mechanism of drug-induced hepatotoxicity and future research needs.
   Google Scholar
• CORCORAN GB, WONG BK: Obesity as a risk factor in drug-induced organ injury: increased liver and kidney damage by acetaminophen in the obese overfed rat. .1 Pharmacol Exp. The]: (1987) 241:921–927.
   Google Scholar
• WHITCOMB DC, BLOCK GD: Association of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity with fasting and ethanol use. I Am. Med. Assoc. (1994) 272:1845–1850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHENKER S, MARTIN RR, HOYUMPA AM: Antecedent liver disease and drug toxicity. Hepatol (1999) 31:1098–1105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REIDENBERG M: Drugs and the liver. Br: J. Clin. Pharmacol (1998) 46:351–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GEORGE J, MURRAY K, BYTH K, FARRELL GC: Differential alterations of cytochrome P450 proteins in livers of patients with severe chronic liver disease. Hepatology (1995) 21:120–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ADEDOYIN A, ARNS PA, RICHARDS WO, WILKINSON GR, BRANCH RA: Selective effect of liver disease on the activity of specific metabolizing enzymes: investigation of cytochromes P450 2C19 and 2D6. Clin. Pharmacol The]: (1998) 64:8–17.
   Google Scholar
• LEWIS JH: The rational use of potentially hepatotoxic medications in patients with underlying liver disease. Expert Opin. Drug Sal: (2002) 1:159–172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RILEY TR, SMITH JP: Ibuprofen-induced hepatotoxicity in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a case series. Am. J. Gastroenterol (1998) 93:1563–1565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANDRADE RJ, LUCENA MI, GARCIA-CORTES M, GARCIA-RUIZ E, FERNANDEZ-BONILLA E, VAZQUEZ L: Chronic hepatitis C, ibuprofen and liver damage. Am. J. Gastroenterol (2002) 97:1854–1855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STRASSER SI, MYERSON D, SPURGEON CL et al.: Hepatitis C virus infection and bone marrow transplantation: a cohort study with 10-year follow-up. Hepatology (1999) 29: 1893-1899.
   Google Scholar
• SULKOWSKI MS, THOMAS DL, CHAISSON RE, MOORE RD: Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and the role of hepatitis C or B virus infection. Am. Med. Assoc. (2000) 283:74–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLARK CJ, CREIGHTON S, PORTMAN B, TAYLOR C, WENDON JA, CRAMP ME: Acute liver failure associated with antiretroviral treatment for HIV: a report of six cases. Hepatol (2002) 36:295–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POLT S, VALLET-PICHARD A, FONTAINE H: Hepatitis C and human immune deficiency co-infection at the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Viral Hepat. (2002) 9:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WONG WM, WU PC, YUEN MF et al: Antituberculosis drug-related liver dysfunction in chronic hepatitis B infection. Hepatology (2000) 31:201–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNGO JR, JONES D, ASHKIN D et al: Antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity. The role of hepatitis C virus and the human immunodeficiency virus. Am. .1. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1998) 157:1871–1876.
   Google Scholar
• BACHS L, PARES A, ELENA M, PIERA C, RODES J: Effects of long-term rifampicin administration in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology (1992) 102:2077–2080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRINCE MI, BURT AD, JONES DE: Hepatitis and liver dysfunction with rifampicin therapy for pruritus in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gut (2002) 50:436–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEELE MA, BURK RF, DESPREZ RM: Toxic hepatitis with isoniazid and rifampicin - a meta-analysis. Chest (1991) 99:465–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THUMMEL KE, SLATTERY JT, RO H et al.: Ethanol and production of the hepatotoxic metabolite of acetaminophen in healthy adults. Clin. Pharmacol The]: (2000) 67:591-599. 42. SCHMIDT LE, DALHOFF K, POULSEN HE: Acute versus chronic alcohol consumption in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Hepatology (2002) 35:876–882.
   Google Scholar
• PESSAYRE D, PENTATA M, DEGOTT C et al.: Isoniazid rifampicin fulminant hepatitis: a possible consequence of enhancement of isoniazid hepatotoxicity by enzyme induction. Gastroenterology (1977) 42:284–289.
   Google Scholar
• LUCENA MI, CARVAJAL A, ANDRADE RJ, VELASCO A: Antidepressant-induced hepatotoxicity. Expert Opin. Drug Sal (2003) 2:249–262.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MORGAN MY, RESHEF R, SHAH RR, OATES NS, SMITH RL, SHERLOCK S: Impaired oxidation of debrisoquine in patients with perhexiline liver injury. Gut (1984) 25:1057–1064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RUSSMANN S, LAUTERBURG BH, HELBLING A: Kava hepatotoxicity. Ann. Intern. Med. (2001) 135:68–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LARREY D, BERSON A, HEBERSETZER F et al.: Genetically determined oxidation polymorphism and drug hepatotoxicity:study of 51 patients. Hepatol (1989) 8:158–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HORSMANS Y, LANNES D, PESSAYRE D, LARREY D: Possible association between poor metabolism of mephenytoin and hepatotoxicity caused by Atrium®, a fixed combination preparation containing phenobarbital, febarbamate, and difebarbamate. Hepatol (1994) 21:1075–1079.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUANG YS, CHERN HD, SU WJ et al:Polymorphism of the N-acetyltransferase 2 gene as a susceptibility risk factor for antituberculosis drug-induced hepatitis. Hepatology (2002) 35:883–889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JACQUEMIN E, CRESTEIL D, MANOUVRIER S, BOUT 0, HADCHOUEL M: Heterozygous non-sense mutation of the MDR3 gene in familial intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Lancet (1999) 353:210–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOHAN A, BOYER JL: Mechanism of hepatic transporter of drug: implications for cholestatic drug reactions. &min. Liver Dis. (2002) 22:123–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BERSON A, FRENEAUX E, LARREY D et al.: Possible role of HLA in hepatotoxicity. An exploratory study in 71 patients with drug-induced idiosyncratic hepatitis. Hepatol (1994) 20:336–342.
   Google Scholar
• HAUTEKEETE ML, HORSMANS Y, VAN WAEYENBERGE C et al.: HLA association of amoxicillin-clavulanate-induced hepatitis. Gastroenterology (1999) 117:1181–1186.
   Google Scholar
• O'DONOHUE J, OIEN KA, DONALDSON P et al: Co-amoxiclav jaundice: clinical and histological features and HLA Class II association. Gut (2000) 47:717–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANDRADE RJ, LUCENA MI, ALONSO A et al: HLA Class II genotype influences the type of liver injury in drug-induced idiosyncratic liver disease. Hepatology (2004). In Press.
   Google Scholar
• CARDON L, BELL JI: Association studies design for complex diseases. Nat. Rev Genet. (2001) 2:91–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANDRADE RJ, LUCENA MI, MARTIN-VIVALDI R et al: Acute liver injury associated with the use of ebrotidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist. Hepatol (1999) 31:641–646.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LARREY D: Drug-induced liver diseases. Hepatol (2000) 32\(Suppl. 1):77–88.
   Google Scholar
• GOODMAN ZD: Drug hepatotoxicity. Clin. Liver Dis. (2002) 6:381–397.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •A detailed review of pathological expression and diagnosis in hepatotoxicity.
   Google Scholar
• ZIMMERMAN HJ, MADDREY WC: Acetaminophen (paracetamol) hepatotoxicity with regular intake of alcohol: analysis of instances of therapeutic misadventure. Hepatology (1995) 22:767–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SEETO RK, FENN B, ROCKEY DC: Ischemic hepatitis: clinical presentation and pathogenesis. Am. I. Med. (2000) 109:109–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VELAYUDHAM LS, FARRELL GC: Drug-induced cholestasis. Expert Opin. Drug Sal (2003) 2:287–304.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NIRENBERG D: 'Did this drug cause mypatient's hepatitis?' and related questions. Ann. Intern. Med. (2002) 136:480–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BIOUR M, POUPON R, GRANGE JD, CHAZOUILLERES 0: [Drug-induced hepatotoxicity. The 13th updated edition of the bibliographic database of drug-related liver injuries and responsible drugs]. Gastroenterol Clin. Biol. (2000) 24:1052-1091. French.
   Google Scholar
• •Complete, updated list of drugs incriminated in hepatotoxicity in the literature.
   Google Scholar
• STRICKER BHCH: Drug-induced HepaticInjury (2nd edn). Elsevier, Amsterdam (1992).
   Google Scholar
• KAPLOWITZ N: Drug-induced liver disorders: implications for drug development and regulation. Drug Sal (2001) 24:483–490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Excellent article that focuses on the detection of signs of hepatotoxicity during drug development.
   Google Scholar
• WATKINS P, WITHCOMB R: Hepatic dysfunction associated with troglitazone. N Engl. Med. (1998) 338:916–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEWIS JH, RANARD RC, CARUSO A et al.: Amiodarone hepatotoxicity. Prevalence and clinicopathologic correlation among 104 patients. Hepatology (1989) 9:679–685.
   Google Scholar
• OIEN KA, MOFFAT D, CURRY GW et al.: Cirrhosis with steatohepatitis after adjuvant tamoxifen. Lancet (1999) 353:36–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEWIS JH, SCHIFF ER: Methotrexate-induced chronic liver injury: guidelines for detection and prevention. Am. J. Gastroenterol (1988) 88:1337–1345.
   Google Scholar
• SHARP JR, ISHAK KG, ZIMMERMAN HJ: Chronic active hepatitis and severe hepatic necrosis associated with nitrofurantoin. Ann. Intern. Med. (1980) 92:14–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STURKENBOOM M, MEIER CR, JICK H, STRICKER BH: Minocycline and lupus-like syndrome in acne patients. Arch. Intern. Med. (1999) 159:493–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANDRADE RJ, LUCENA MI, ALCANTARA R, FRAILE JM: Bentazepam-associated chronic liver disease. Lancet (1994) 343:860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANDRADE RJ, LUCENA MI, AGUILAR J et al.: Chronic liver injury related with the use of bentazepam: an unusual instance of benzodiazepine hepatotoxicity. Dig. Dis. Sci. (2000) 45:1400–1404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISHAK KG, ZIMMERMAN HJ: Hepatotoxic effects of anabolic androgenic steroids. Semin. Liver Dis. (1989) 7:230–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISHAK KG, ZIMMERMAN HJ: Morphologic spectrum of drug-induced hepatic disease. Gastroenterol Clin. North Am. (1995) 24:759–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANDRADE RJ, LUCENA MI, FERNANDEZ MC, VEGA JL, CAMARGO R: Hepatotoidcity in patients with cirrhosis, an often unrecognized problem. Lessons from a fatal case related with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Dig. Dis. Sci. (2001) 46:1416–1419.
   Google Scholar
• PEREZ-MORENO JM, SALDANA FJ, PUERTAS M, BAEZ J: [Cholestatic hepatitis caused by midecamycin]. Gastroenterol Hepatol (1996) 19:459-461. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• LUCENA MI, ANDRADE RJ, RODRIGO L et al: Trovafloxacin-induced acute hepatitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2000) 30:400–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RELVAS S, CARREIRA F, CASTRO B: Liver involvement in secondary syphilis. Am. J. Gastroenterol (1992) 87:1528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAPLOWITZ N, DELEVE LD: Drug-induced liver disease. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (2003).
   Google Scholar
• MARIA VA, VICTORINO Diagnostic value of specific T-cell reactivity to drugs in 95 cases of drug induced liver injury. Gut (1997) 41:534–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BERG PA, BECKER EW: The lymphocytetransformation test: a debated method for the evolution of drug allergic hepatic injury. Hepatol (1995) 22:115–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARIA VA, VICTORINO RM: Immunological investigation in hepatic drug reactions. Clin. Exp. Allergy (1998) 28\(Suppl. 4):71–77.
   Google Scholar
• CARRILLO-JIMENEZ R, NURNBERGER M: Celecoxib-induced acute pancreatitis and hepatitis. Arch. Intern. Med. (2000) 170:553–554.
   Google Scholar
• SCHATTNER A, SOKOLOVSKAYA N, COHEN J: Fatal hepatitis and renal failure during treatment with nimesulide. Intern. Med. (2000) 247:153–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANDRADE RJ, GUILARTE J, SALMERON J, LUCENA MI, BELLOT V: Benzylpenicillin-induced prolonged cholestasis. Ann. Pharmacother. (2001) 35:783–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANDRADE RJ, LUCENA MI, FERNANDEZ C et al.: Cholestatic hepatitis related to use of irbesartan: a case report and a literature review of angiotensin II antagonist-associated hepatotoxicity. Eur. I Gastroenterol Hepatol (2002) 14:887–890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANDRADE RJ, LUCENA MI, FERNANDEZ MC, GONZALEZ M: Fatal hepatitis associated with nimesulide. Hepatol (2000) 32:174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BIANCHI L: Liver biopsy in elevated liver function tests? An old question revisited. Hepatal. (2001) 35:290–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Article of interest for its discussion of the role of liver biopsy in drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
   Google Scholar
• DEGOTT C, FELDMANN G, LARREY D et al: Drug-induced prolonged cholestasis in adults: a histological semiquantitative study demonstrating progressive ductopenia. Hepatology (1992) 15:244–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AITHAL PG, DAY CP: The natural history of histologically proved drug-induced liver disease. Gut (1999) 44:731–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A retrospective study of the outcome in hepatotoxicity, which found an unexpectedly high percentage of patients with residual alterations.
   Google Scholar
• VAZQUEZ JJ, GUILLEN FJ, ZOZAYA LAHOZ M: Cyanamide-induced liver injury. A predictable lesion. Liver (1983) 3:225–230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BRUGUERA M, LAMAR C, BERNET M, RODES J: Hepatic disease associated with ground-glass inclusions in hepatocytes after cyanamide therapy. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. (1986) 110:906–910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUILLEN FJ, VAZQUEZ JJ: Cyanamide-induced liver injury. Experimental study in the rat. Lab. Invest. (1984) 50:385–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROWN SJ, DESMOND PV: Hepatotoxicity of antimicrobial agents. Seinin. Liver Dis. (2002) 22:151–157.
   Google Scholar
• VAN STEENBERGEN W, PEETERS P, DE BONDT J et al.: Nimesulide-induced acute hepatitis: evidence from six cases. Hepatal. (1998) 29:135–141.
   Google Scholar
• HERRINE SK, KEEFFE EB: Severe hepatotoxicity associated with troglitazone. Ann. Intern. Med. (1999) 130:163–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BONKOWSKY HL, AZAR R, BIRD S, SZABO G, BANNER B: Severe cholestatic hepatitis caused by thiazolidinediones. Dig. Dis. Sci. (2002) 47:1632–1637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANDRADE RJ, LUCENA MI: Drug-induced hepatotoxicity. N. Engl. J. Med. (2003) 349:1974–1976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAPLOWITZ N: Causality assessment versus guilt-by-association in drug hepatotoxicity. Hepatology (2001) 33:308–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUTCHINSON TA, LANE DA: Assessing methods for causality assessment of suspected adverse drug reactions. Clin. Epidermal (1989) 42:5–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KARCH FE, LASAGNA L: Toward the operational identification of adverse drug reaction. Clin. Phannacal Thec (1977) 21:247–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NARANJO CA, BUSTO U, SELLERS EM et al: A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions. Clin. Phannacol. Ther. (1981) 30:239-245. 105. BENICHOU C, DANAN G, FLAHAULT A: Causality assessment ofadverse reactions to drugs. II. An original model for validation of drug causality assessment methods: case reports with positive rechallenge. Clin. Epidermal (1993) 46:1331–1336.
   Google Scholar
• MARIA V, VICTORINO R: Development and validation of a clinical scale for the diagnosis of drug-induced hepatitis. Hepatology (1997) 26:664–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AITHAL G, RAWLINS M, DAY C: Clinical diagnostic scale: a useful tool in the evaluation of suspected hepatotoxic adverse drug reactions. J. Hepatal. (2000) 33:949–952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEE W: Assessing causality in drug-induced liver injury. J. Hepatal. (2000) 33:1003–1005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANDRADE RJ, LUCENA MI: Acute fulminant hepatitis after treatment with rabeprazole and terbinafine. Is rabeprazole the culprit? Arch. Intern. Med. (2002) 162:360-361. Affiliation
   Google Scholar