274
Views
49
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Safety of obesity drugs

&
Pages 1083-1095 | Published online: 28 Oct 2005

Bibliography

  • NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH: NIH consensus development conference statement, health implications of obesity. Ann. Int. Med. (1985) 103:1973–1977.
  • MAFFEI M, FEI H, LEE GH et al: Increased expression in adipocytes of ob RNA in mice with lesions of the hypothalamus and with mutations at the db locus. Proc. Nati Acad. Sri. USA (1995) 92(15):6957–6960.
  • HALAAS JL, GAJIWALA KS, MAFFEI M et al: Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science (1995) 269(5223):543–546.
  • PUHL RM, BROWNELL KD: Psychosocial origins of obesity stigma: toward changing a powerful and pervasive bias. Obes. Rev (2003) 4(4):213–227.
  • PUTNAM JJ: Cases of myxoedema and acromegalia treated with benefit by sheep's thyroids. Am. J. Med. Sri. (1893) 106(2):125–148.
  • DOUYON L, SCHTEINGART DE: Effect of obesity and starvation on thyroid hormone, growth hormone, and cortisol secretion. Endocrinol Metab. Clin. North Am. (2002) 31(1):173–189.
  • JUNG RT, SHETTY PS, JAMES WP: The effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on metabolic rate and peripheral thyroid metabolism in obesity. Eur. Clin. Invest. (1980) 10(3):179–182.
  • KOPPESCHAAR HP, MEINDERS AE, SCHWARZ F: Metabolic responses in grossly obese subjects treated with a very-low-calorie diet with and without triiodothyronine treatment. Int. I Obes. (1983) 7(2):133–141.
  • ALLISON DB, ZANNOLLI R, FAITH MS et al: Weight loss increases and fat loss decreases all-cause mortality rate: results from two independent cohort studies. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. (1999) 23(6):603–611.
  • ROZEN R, ABRAHAM G, FALCOU R et al: Effects of a 'physiological' dose of triiodothyronine on obese subjects during a protein-sparing diet. bit. .1 Obes. (1986) 10(4):303–312.
  • FREEDBERG A, HAMOLSKY M: Effects of thyroid hormones on certain nonendocrine organ systems. In: Handbook of Physiology. American Physiological Society, Washington, DC (1974):435–468.
  • SANTOS AD, MILLER RP, MATHEW PK et al: Echocardiographic characterization of the reversible cardiomyopathy of hypothyroidism. Am. I Med. (1980) 68(5):675–682.
  • FADEL BM, ELLAHHAM S, RINGEL MD et al.: Hyperthyroid heart disease. Clin. Cardiol (2000) 23(6):402–408.
  • ALEXANDER JK: Chronic heart disease due to obesity.' Chronic Dis. (1965) 18(9):895–898.
  • STAMLER J: The coronary drug project: findings leading to further modifications of its protocol with respect to dextrothyroxine. JAMA (1972) 220:996–1008.
  • BOTELLA-CARRETERO JI, GOMEZ-BUENO M, BARRIOS V et al: Chronic thyrotropin-suppressive therapy with levothyroxine and short-term overt hypothyroidism after thyroxine withdrawal are associated with undesirable cardiovascular effects in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Endocr. Relat. Cancer (2004) 11(2):345–356.
  • GULLU S, ALTUNTAS F, DINCER I et al: Effects of TSH-suppressive therapy on cardiac morphology and function: beneficial effects of the addition of beta-blockade on diastolic dysfunction. Eur. I Endocrinol (2004) 150(5):655–661.
  • PARASCANDOLA J: Dinitrophenol and bioenergetics: an historical perspective. Mol. Cell. Biochem. (1974) 5(1-2):69–77.
  • MAGNE H, MAYER A, PLANTEFOL L: Studies on the action of dinitrophenol 1-2-4 (Thermofi. Ann. Physiol Physicochem. Biol. (1932) 8:1–167.
  • CUTTING W, TAINTER M: Actions of dinitrophenol. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. (1932) 29:1268.
  • TAINTER M, STOCKTON A, CUTTING W: Dinitrophenol in the treatment of obesity: final report. .1 Am Med Assoc (1935) 101:322–336.
  • CUTTING W, MEHRTENS H, TAINTER M: Actions and uses of dinitrophenol: promising metabolic applications. J. Am. Med. Assoc. (1933) 101:193–195.
  • TAINTER M, STOCKTON A, CUTTING W: Use of dinitrophenol in obesity and related conditions: a progress report. JAMA (1933) 101:1472–1475.
  • CUTTING W, TAINTER M: Metabolic actions of dinitrophenol with the use of balanced and unbalanced diets. J. Am. Med. Assoc. (1933) 101:2099–2102.
  • SIMKINS S: Dinitrophenol and desiccated thyroid in the treatment of obesity: a comprehensive clinical and laboratory study. I Am. Med. Assoc. (1937) 108:2110–2118.
  • TAINTER M: Use of dinitrophenol in nutritional disorders: a critical survey of clinical results. Am. J. Public Health (1934) 24:1045–1053.
  • BOARDMAN W: Rapidly developing cataract after dinitrophenol. I. Am. Med. Assoc. (1935) 105:108.
  • HORNER W, JONES R, BOARDMAN W: Cataracts following the use of dinitrophenol. I. Am. Med. Assoc. (1935) 105:108–110.
  • MASSERMAN J, GOLDSMITH H: Dinitrophenol: its therapeutic and toxic acions in certain types of psychobiologic underactivity. JAMA (1934) 102:523–525.
  • SIMONS E: Mechanisms of dinitrophenal toxicity. Biol. Rev (1953) 28:453–479.
  • HARPER JA, DICKINSON K, BRAND MD: Mitochondrial uncoupling as a target for drug development for the treatment of obesity. Obes. Rev (2001) 2(4):255–265.
  • NATHANSON M: The central action of beta-aminopropylbenzene (benzedrine) clinical observations. JAMA (1937) 108:528–531.
  • ULRICH H: Narcolepsy and its treatment with benzedrine sulfate. N Engl. I Med. (1937) 217:696–701.
  • LESSES M, MEYERSON A: Human autonomic pharmacology XVI. Benzedrine sulfate as an aid in the tretatment of obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. (1938) 218:119–124.
  • ERSNER J: The treatment of obesity due to dietary indiscretion (over-eating) with benzedine sulfate. Endocrinology (1940) 27:776–780.
  • KALB S: Amphetamine (benzedrine) sulfate and thyroid extract in the treatment of obesity: observations on 500 cases. Med. Soc. NJ(1942a) 39:74–75.
  • AHLSKOG JE, HOEBEL BG: Overeating and obesity from damage to a noradrenergic system in the brain. Science (1973) 182(108):166–169.
  • BORSINI F, BENDOTTI C, CARLI M et al.: The roles of brain noradrenaline and dopamine in the anorectic activity of diethylpropion in rats: a comparison with d-amphetamine. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol Pharmacol (1979) 26(1):3–11.
  • LEIBOWITZ SF, BROWN LL: Histochemical and pharmacological analysis of catecholaminergic projections to the perifornical hypothalamus in relation to feeding inhibition. Brain Res. (1980) 201(2):315–345.
  • PAUL SM, HULIHAN-GIBLIN B, SKOLNICK P: (+Amphetamine binding to rat hypothalamus: relation to anorexic potency for phenylethylamines. Science (1982) 218(4571):487–490.
  • HAUGER R, HULIHAN-GIBLIN B, ANGEL I et al: Glucose regulates [3H](-0-amphetamine binding and Na-FK-F ATPase activity in the hypothalamus: a proposed mechanism for the glucostatic control of feeding and satiety. Brain Res. Bull. (1986) 16(2):281–288.
  • KAHLIG KM, BINDA F, KHOSHBOUEI H et al: Amphetamine induces dopamine efflux through a dopamine transporter channel. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2005) 102(9):3495–3500.
  • HENRY R: Weight reduction pills. JAMA (1967) 201:217–218.
  • JELLIFFE RW, HILL D, TATTER D et al: Death from weight-control pills. A case report with objective postmortem confirmation. JAMA (1969) 208(10):1843–1847.
  • GRUMBACH L: The initiation of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation in isolated hearts by potassium chloride. Circ. Res. (1956) 4:293–297.
  • GRUMBACH L: The initiation of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation by procaine in the isolated-perfused rabbit heart. Circ. Res. (1956) 4(1):112–118.
  • KATTUS AA, JR., BISCOE BW, DASHE AM et al.: Spurious heart disease induced by digitalis-containing reducing pills. Arch. Intern. Med. (1968) 122 (4): 298–304.
  • ASHER WL, DIETZ RE: Effectiveness of weight reduction involving 'diet pills'. Curt: Ther. Res. Clin. Exp. (1972) 14(8):510–524.
  • ASHER WL: Mortality rate in patients receiving 'diet pills'. Curt: Ther. Res. Clin. Exp. (1972) 14(8):525–539.
  • ANDERS J: Constitutional disease. In: Modern Medicine. Lea Brothers & Co, Philadelphia (1907) p 862.
  • BYRNE-QUINN E, GROVER RF: Aminorex (Menocil) and amphetamine: acute and chronic effects on pulmonary and systemic haemodynamics in the calf. Thorax (1972) 27(1):127–131.
  • MICHELAKIS ED, WEIR EK: Anorectic drugs and pulmonary hypertension from the bedside to the bench. Am. J. Med. Li (2001) 321(4):292–299.
  • GURTNER HP: Pulmonary hypertension, 'plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy' and the appetite depressant drug aminorex: post or propter? Bull. Eur. Physiopathol Respir: (1979) 15(5):897–923.
  • HEATH D, SMITH P: Pulmonary vascular disease. Med. Clin. North Am. (1977) 61(6):1279–1307.
  • FISHMAN AP: Primary pulmonary arterial hypertension: a look back., J. Am. Coll. Cardiol (2004) 43(12 Suppl. S):25–45.
  • SMITH P, HEATH D: Aminorex and the pulmonary circulation of rats fed on a high fat diet. Arzneimittelforschung (1974) 24(9):1277–1279.
  • WILL JA, BISGARD GE: Haemodynamic effects of oral aminorex and amphetamine in unanaesthetized beagle dogs. Thorax (1972) 27(1):120–126.
  • FISHMAN AP: Aminorex to fen/phen: an epidemic foretold. Circulation (1999) 99(1):156–161.
  • KERNAN WN, VISCOLI CM, BRASS LM et al.: Phenylpropanolamine and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. N. Engl. J. Med. (2000) 343(25):1826–1832.
  • MUNRO JF, MACCUISH AC, WILSON EM et al.: Comparison of continuous and intermittent anorectic therapy in obesity. Br. Med. J. (1968) 1(5588):352–354.
  • ••A bimonthly dosing schedule ofphentermine is as effective and safer than continuous dosing, and allows long-term use, consistent with the package insert.
  • GAINE SP, RUBIN LJ, KMETZO JJ et al: Recreational use of aminorex and pulmonary hypertension. Chest (2000) 118(5):1496–1497.
  • WEINTRAUB M, HASDAY JD, MUSHLIN Al et al: A double-blind clinical trial in weight control. Use of fenfluramine and phentermine alone and in combination. Arch. Intern. Med. (1984) 144(6):1143–1148.
  • WEINTRAUB M: Long-term weight control: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute funded multimodal intervention study. Clin. Pharmacol Ther. (1992) 51(5):581–585.
  • CURZON G, GIBSON EL, OLUYOMI AO: Appetite suppression by commonly used drugs depends on 5-HT receptors but not on 5-HT availability. Trends Pharmacol Sci. (1997) 18(1):21–25.
  • ABENHAIM L, MORIDE Y, BRENOT F et al.: Appetite-suppressant drugs and the risk of primary pulmonary hypertension. International Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Study Group. N Engl. J. Med. (1996) 335(9):609–616.
  • MANSON JE, FAICH GA: Pharmacotherapy for obesity - do the benefits outweigh the risks? N Engl. J. Med. (1996) 335(9):659–660.
  • NI W, WILHELM CS, BADER M et al: (+)-Norfenfluramine-induced arterial contraction is not dependent on endogenous 5-HT or 5-HTT. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (2005)
  • CONNOLLY HM, CRARY JL, MCGOON MD et al: Valvular heart disease associated with fenfluramine-phentermine. N Engl. J. Med. (1997) 337(9):581–588.
  • ROBIOLIO PA, RIGOLIN VH, WILSON JS et al.: Carcinoid heart disease. Correlation of high serotonin levels with valvular abnormalities detected by cardiac catheterization and echocardiography. Circulation (1995) 92(4):790–795.
  • KHAN MA, HERZOG CA, ST PETER JV et al.: The prevalence of cardiac valvular insufficiency assessed by transthoracic echocardiography in obese patients treated with appetite-suppressant drugs. N Engl. J. Med. (1998) 339(11):713–718.
  • WEISSMAN NJ, TIGHE JF, JR., GOTTDIENER JS et al.: An assessment of heart-valve abnormalities in obese patients taking dexfenfluramine, sustained-release dexfenfluramine, or placebo. Sustained-Release Dexfenfluramine Study Group. N Engl. J. Med. (1998) 339(11):725–732.
  • JICK H, VASILAKIS C, WEINRAUCH LA et al.: A population-based study of appetite-suppressant drugs and the risk of cardiac-valve regurgitation. N. Engl. J. Med. (1998) 339(11):719–724.
  • RYAN DH, BRAY GA, HELMCKE F et al: Serial echocardiographic and clinical evaluation of valvular regurgitation before, during, and after treatment with fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine and mazindol or phentermine. Obes. Res. (1999) 7(4):313–322.
  • REDMON B, RAATZ S, BANTLE JP: Valvular heart disease associated with fenfluramine-phentermine. N Engl. J. Med. (1997) 337(24):1773–1774; author reply 1775.
  • HENSRUD DD, CONNOLLY HM, GROGAN M et al.: Echocardiographic improvement over time after cessation of use of fenfluramine and phentermine. Mayo Clin. Proc. (1999) 74(12):1191–1197.
  • GREENWAY F, HERBER D, RAUM W et al: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials with non-prescription medications for the treatment of obesity. Obes. Res. (1999) 7(4):370–378.
  • WEINTRAUB M, GINSBERG G, STEIN EC et al.: Phenylpropanolamine OROS (Acutrim) versus placebo in combination with caloric restriction and physician-managed behavior modification. Pharmacol Ther. (1986) 39(5):501–509.
  • SCOVILLE B: Review of amphetamine-like drugs by the Federal Drug Administration: clinical data and value judgments. In: Obesity ill Perspective 2. Department of Health, Education and Welfare Publication Number (NII-V 75–708. US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (1973) p 441.
  • •Reviews the trials of obesity drugs registered with the FDA to support new drug applications prior to 1973.
  • GREENWAY FL: Clinical studies with phenylpropanolamine: a metaanalysis. Am. J. Clin. Num (1992) 55\(Suppl. 0:2035–2055.
  • DOWSE R, SCHERZINGER SS, KANFER I: Serum concentrations of phenylpropanolamine and associated effects on blood pressure in normotensive subjects: a pilot-study. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol Ther. Toxicol (1990) 28(5):205–210.
  • CHEN K: Ephedrine and related substances. Medicine (1930) 9:1–119.
  • GREENWAY FL: The safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical and herbal caffeine and ephedrine use as a weight loss agent. Obes. Rev (2001) 2(3):199–211.
  • SHEKELLE PG, HARDY ML, MORTON SC et al: Efficacy and safety of ephedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance: a meta-analysis. JAMA (2003) 289(12):1537–1545.
  • HALLER CA, BENOWITZ NL: Adverse cardiovascular and central nervous system events associated with dietary supplements containing ephedra alkaloids. N Engl. J. Med. (2000) 343(25):1833–1838.
  • PADWAL R, LI SK, LAU DC: Long-term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev (2004) (3):CD004094.
  • ••A meta-analysis of the best long-termtrials of obesity drugs and covers orlistat and sibutramine.
  • PADWAL R, LI SK, LAU DC: Long-term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev (2003) (4):CD004094.
  • PADWAL R, LI SK, LAU DC: Long-term pharmacotherapy for overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Irm I Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. (2003) 27(12):1437–1446.
  • ROTHMAN RB, BAUMANN MH, DERSCH CM et al: Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin. Synapse (2001) 39(1):32–41.
  • RYAN DH, KAISER P, BRAY GA: Sibutramine: a novel new agent for obesity treatment. Obes. Res. (1995) 3\(Suppl. 4):553S–559S.
  • HANSEN DL, TOUBRO S, STOCK MJ et al.: Thermogenic effects of sibutramine in humans. Am. J. Clin. Num. (1998) 68(6):1180–1186.
  • REVIEW: The amphetamine appetite suppressant saga. Prescrire Int. (2004) 13(69):26–29.
  • JORDAN J, SCHOLZE J, MATIBA B et al.: Influence of Sibutramine on blood pressure: evidence from placebo-controlled trials. Int., J. Obes. (2005) 29(5):509–516.
  • ••A meta-analysis of the influenceof sibutramine on blood pressure from the published clinical trials.
  • DEROSA G, CICERO AF, MURDOLO G et al.: Efficacy and safety comparative evaluation of orlistat and sibutramine treatment in hypertensive obese patients. Diabetes Obes. Metab. (2005) 7(1):47–55.
  • •Compares orlistat and sibutramine in the treatment of obese hypertensive subjects.
  • FANGHANEL G, CORTINAS L, SANCHEZ-REYES L et al: Safety and efficacy of sibutramine in overweight Hispanic patients with hypertension. Adv. Ther. (2003) 20(2):101–113.
  • HAZENBERG BP: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of sibutramine in obese hypertensive patients. Cardiology (2000) 94(3):152–158.
  • MCMAHON FG, FUJIOKA K, SINGH BN et al.: Efficacy and safety of sibutramine in obese white and African American patients with hypertension: a 1-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Arch. Intern. Med. (2000) 160(14):2185–2191.
  • •Demonstrates a larger drop in blood pressure in the placebo than in the sibutramine group of hypertensive subjects treated with calcium channel blockers.
  • SRAMEK JJ, LEIBOWITZ MT, WEINSTEIN SP et al: Efficacy and safety of sibutramine for weight loss in obese patients with hypertension well controlled by beta-adrenergic blocking agents: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised trial. I. Hum. Hypertens. (2002) 16(1):13–19.
  • •Demonstrates a larger drop in blood pressure in the placebo than in the sibutramine group of hypertensive subjects treated with 13-blocking drugs.
  • DOUKETIS JD, SHARMA AM: The management of hypertension in the overweight and obese patient: is weight reduction sufficient? Drugs (2004) 64(8):795–803.
  • NISOLI E, CARRUBA MO: A benefit-risk assessment of sibutramine in the management of obesity. Drug Sal (2003) 26(14):1027–1048.
  • GACIONG Z, PLACHA G: Efficacy and safety of sibutramine in 2225 subjects with cardiovascular risk factors: short-term, open-label, observational study. .1 Hum. Hypertens. (2005) 19(9):737–743.
  • ••Reviews the safety of sibutramine inclinical practice with subjects having concomitant diseases for which weight loss is appropriate.
  • BOSELLO O, CARRUBA MO, FERRANNINI E et al: Sibutramine lost and found. Eat Weight Diserd. (2002) 7(3):161–167.
  • RISSANAN A: Weight loss profile with sibutramine in obese patients with Type 2 diabetes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Obes. Res. (1999) 7\(Suppl. 1):93S.
  • BRAY GA, BLACKBURN GL, FERGUSON JM et al: Sibutramine produces dose-related weight loss. Obes. Res. (1999) 7(2):189–198.
  • SJOSTROM L, RISSANEN A, ANDERSEN T et al: Randomised placebo-controlled trial of orlistat for weight loss and prevention of weight regain in obese patients. European Multicentre Orlistat Study Group. Lancet (1998) 352(9123):167–172.
  • ••Reviews one of the two-year controlledpivotal trials of orlistat in the treatment of obesity.
  • SMITH RA, FATHI Z: Recent advances in the research and development of CB1 antagonists. 'Drugs (2005) 8(1):53–66.
  • •Reviews research and development of CB-1 antagonists in the treatment of obesity.
  • HOWLETT AC, BREIVOGEL CS, CHILDERS SR et al: Cannabinoid physiology and pharmacology: 30 years of progress. Neurepharmacelegy (2004) 47\(Suppl. 1):345–358.
  • CASU MA, PORCELLA A, RUIU S et al: Differential distribution of functional cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the mouse gastroenteric tract. Eur. Pharmacy] (2003) 459(1):97–105.
  • BENSAID M, GARY-BOBO M, ESCLANGON A et al: The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716 increases Acrp30 mRNA expression in adipose tissue of obese fa/fa rats and in cultured adipocyte cells. Mel Pharmacy] (2003) 63(4):908–914.
  • DENSON TF, EARLEYWINE M: Decreased depression in marijuana users. Addict. Behav. (2005)
  • SIMIAND J, KEANE M, KEANE PE et al: SR 141716, a CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist, selectively reduces sweet food intake in marmoset. Behav. Pharmacel (1998) 9(2):179–181.
  • RAVINET TRILLOU C, DELGORGE C, MENET C et al: CB1 cannabinoid receptor knockout in mice leads to leanness, resistance to diet-induced obesity and enhanced leptin sensitivity. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Diserd. (2004) 28(4):640–648.
  • WILEY JL, BURSTON JJ, LEGGETT DC et al: CB1 cannabinoid receptor-mediated modulation of food intake in mice. Br. J. Pharmacy] (2005) 145(3):293–300.
  • VAN GAAL LF, RISSANEN AM, SCHEEN AJ et al.: Effects of the cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker rimonabant on weight reduction and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight patients: 1-year experience from the RIO-Europe study. Lancet (2005) 365(9468):1389–1397.
  • ••The only published controlled trial ofrimonabant in the treatment of obesity.
  • JASIENSKA G, ZIOMKIEWICZ A, GORKIEWICZ M et al.: Body mass, depressive symptoms and menopausal status: an examination of the 'Jolly Fat' hypothesis. Wemens Health Issues (2005) 15(3):145–151.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.