364
Views
26
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Drug-induced diabetes mellitus

, , , , &
Pages 1097-1109 | Published online: 28 Oct 2005

Bibliography

  • NATHAN DM: Initial management of glycemia in type-2 diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. (2002) 347:1342–1349.
  • •Describes the current situation regarding the number of cases of T2DM.
  • PANDIT MK, BURKE J, GUSTAFSON AB, MINOCHA A, PEIRIS AN: Drug-induced disorders of glucose tolerance. Ann. Intern. Med. (1993) 118:529–540.
  • ••Explains how various drugs may not causediabetes themselves, but could precipitate diabetes in patients with insulin resistance.
  • O'BYRNE S, FEELY J: Effects of drugs on glucose tolerance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes (parts I and II). Drugs (1990) 40:203–219.
  • BOUCHARD P, SAI P, REACH G, CAUBARRERE I, GANEVAL D, ASSAN R: Diabetes mellitus following pentamidine-induced hypoglycemia in humans. Diabetes (1982) 31:40–45.
  • ASSAN R, PERRONNE C, ASSAN D, CHOTARD L, MAYAUD C, MATHERON S etal.: Pentamidine-induced derangements of glucose homeostasis. Diabetes Care (1995) 18:47–55.
  • GALLANOSA AG, SPYKER DA, CURNOW RT: Diabetes mellitus associated with autonomic and peripheral neuropathy after Vacor poisoning: a review. Clin. Taxicol (1981) 18:441–449.
  • ESPOSTI MD, NGO A, MYERS MA: Inhibition of mitochondrial complex I may account for IDDM induced by intoxication with rodenticide Vacor. Diabetes (1996) 45:1531–1534.
  • FABRIS P, BETTERLE C, FLOREANI A et al.: Development of Type 1 diabetes mellitus during interferon alpha therapy for chronic HCV hepatitis. Lancet (1992) 340:548.
  • SHIBA T, MORINO Y, TAGAWA K, FUJINO H, UNUMA T: Onset of diabetes with high titer anti-GAD antibody after IFN therapy for chronic hepatitis. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pict. (1996) 30:237–241.
  • EXPERT COMMITTEE ON THE DIAGNOSIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS: Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care (2003) 26:S5–S20.
  • DAILEY G: New strategies for basal insulin treatment in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ther. (2004) 26:889–901.
  • AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION: Clinical practice recommendations. Diabetes Care (2004).
  • WEYER C, BOGARDUS C, MOTT DM, PRATLEY RE: The natural history of insulin secretory dysfunction and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Invest. (1999) 104:787–794.
  • LEROITH D: Beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance in Type 2 diabetes: role of metabolic and genetic abnormalities. Am. J. Med. (2002) 113(Suppl. 6A):35-11S.
  • VIRKAMAKI A, UEKI K, KAHN CR: Protein-protein interaction in insulin signaling and the molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance. Clin. Invest. (1999) 103:931–943.
  • GIORGINO F: Defects in intermediate insulin signaling in skeletal muscle: phophatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and glucose transport. In: E Shafrir, JR Zierath, H Wallberg-Henriksson (Eds.), Frontiers in Animal Diabetes Research: Muscle Metabolism, OPA Overseas Publishers Association, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2002).
  • VINCENT MA, MONTAGNANI M, QUON MJ: Molecular and physiologic actions of insulin related to production of nitric oxide in vascular endothelium. Curr. Diab. Rep. (2003) 3:279–288.
  • HOTAMISLIGIL GS, ARNER P, CARO JF, ATKINSON RL, SPIEGELMAN BM: Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human obesity and insulin resistance. J. Clin. Invest. (1995) 95:2409–2415.
  • SHIMOMURA I, FUNAHASHI T, TAKAHASHI M et al: Enhanced expression of PAI-1 in visceral fat: possible contributor to vascular disease in obesity. Nat. Med. (1996) 2:800–803.
  • SCHERER PE, WILLIAMS S, FOGLIANO M, BALDINI G, LODISH HF: A novel serum protein similar to Cl q, produced exclusively in adipocytes. Biol. Chem. (1995) 270:26746–26749.
  • BERG AH, COMBS TP, DUX, BROWNLEE M, SCHERER PE: The adipocyte-secreted protein Acrp 30 enhances hepatic insulin action. Nat. Med. (2001) 7:947–953.
  • OUCHI N, KIHARA S, ARITA Y et al:Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived plasma protein, inhibits endothelial NF-kappaB signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway. Circulation (2000) 102:1296–1301.
  • BACHA F, SAAD R, GUNGOR N, ARSLANIAN SA: Adiponectin in youth: relationship to visceral adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and beta-cell function. Diabetes Care (2004) 27:547–552.
  • LINDSAY RS, FUNAHASHI T, HANSON RL et al: Adiponectin and development of Type 2 diabetes in the Pima Indian population. Lancet (2002) 360:57–58.
  • SPRANGER J, KROKE A, MOHLIG M et al.: Adiponectin and protection against Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lancet (2003) 361:226–228.
  • KUBOTA N, TERAUCHI Y, YAMAUCHI T et al.: Disruption of adiponectin causes insulin resistance and neointimal formation. Biol. Chem. (2002) 277:25863–25866.
  • NAM JH, MUN JI, KIM SI et al: Beta-cell dysfunction rather than insulin resistance is the main contributing factor for the development of postrenal transplantation diabetes mellitus. Transplantation (2001) 71:1417–1423.
  • COMUZZIE AG, FUNAHASHI T, SONNENBERG G et al: The genetic basis of plasma variation in adiponectin, a global endophenotype for obesity and the metabolic syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (2001) 86:4321–4325.
  • HANSSON L, LINDHOLM LH, NISKANEN L et al.: Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet (1999) 353:611–616.
  • BROWN MJ, PALMER CR, CASTAIGNE A et al.: Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT). Lancet (2000) 356:366–372.
  • •Describes how diuretics or 0-blockers may be associated with an increased incidence of new diabetes when compared with ACE inhibitors.
  • GRESS TW, NIETO FJ, SHAHAR E, WOFFORD MR, BRANCATI FL: Hypertension and antihypertensive therapy as risk factors for Type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl. J. Med. (2000) 342:905–912.
  • DAHLOF B, DEVEREUX RB, KJELDSEN SE et al: Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet (2002) 359:995–1003.
  • ALLHAT: Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker versus diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). "AMA (2002) 288:2981–2997.
  • •Describes how diuretics or 0-blockers may be associated with an increased incidence of new diabetes when compared with other antihypertensive drugs.
  • BLACK HR, ELLIOTT WJ, GRANDITS G et al: Principal results of the Controlled Onset Verapamil Investigation of Cardiovascular End Points (CONVINCE) trial. "AMA (2003) 289:2073–2082.
  • •Describes how diuretics or 0-blockers may be associated with an increased incidence of new diabetes when compared with other antihypertensive drugs.
  • PEPINE CJ, HANDBERG EM, COOPER-DEHOFF RM et al: A calcium antagonist versus a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. "AMA (2003) 290:2805–2816.
  • •Describes how diuretics or 0-blockers may be associated with an increased incidence of new diabetes when compared with other antihypertensive drugs.
  • UK PROSPECTIVE DIABETES STUDY GROUP: Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in Type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39. BE Med. J. (1998) 317:713–720.
  • JACOB S, RETT K, WICKLMAYR M, AGRAWAL B, AUGUSTIN HJ, DIETZE GJ: Differential effect of chronic treatment with two beta-blocking agents on insulin sensitivity: the carvedilol-metoprolol study. J. Hypertens. (1996)14:489–494.
  • GIUGLIANO D, ACAMPORA R, MARFELLA R et al: Metabolic and cardiovascular effects of carvedilol and atenolol in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hypertension: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. (1997) 126:955–959.
  • ••Explains why carvedilol, but not atenolol,tends to show neutral-to-favourable effects on glucose metabolism.
  • WHITE WB, PRISANT M, WRIGHT JT: Management of patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus: advances in the evidence for intensive treatment. Am. J. Med. (2000) 108:238–245.
  • BAKRIS GL, BARNHILL BW, SADLER R: Treatment of arterial hypertension in diabetic humans: importance of therapeutic selection. Kidney Int. (1992) 41:912–919.
  • LITHELL H, POLLARE T, BERNE C, SALTIN B: The metabolic and circulatory response to beta-blockade in hypertensive men is correlated to muscle capillary density. Blood Press. (1992) 1:20–26.
  • MICOSSI P, POLLAVINI G, RAGGI U, LIBRENTI MC, GARIMBERTI B, BEGGI P: Effects of metoprolol and propranolol on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in diabetes mellitus. Holm. Metab. Res. (1984) 16:59–63.
  • •Nonselective 13 -blockers may have a greater inhibitory effect on insulin secretion.
  • WHITCROFT I, WILKINSON N, RAWTHORNE A, THOMAS J, DAVIES JB: Beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist impair long-term glucose control in hypertensive diabetics: role of beta-adrenoreceptor selectivity and lipid solubility. BE J. Clin. Pharm. (1986) 22:236P–237P.
  • WHITCROFT I: Do antihypertensive drugs precipitate diabetes? BE Med. J. (1985) 290:322.
  • TOTTERMAN K, GROOP L, GROOP PH, KALA R, TOLPPANEN EM: Effect of beta-blocking drugs on beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity in hypertensive non-diabetic patients. Eur. I Clin. Pharmacol (1984) 26:13–17.
  • FLETCHER AE: Adverse treatment effectsin the trial of the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly. Am. J. Med. (1991) 90:42S–44S.
  • GURWITZ JH, BOHN RL, GLYNN RJ, MONANE M, MOGUN H, AVORN J: Antihypertensive drug therapy and the initiation of treatment for diabetes mellitus. Ann. Intern. Med. (1993) 118:273–278.
  • MYKKANEN L, KUUSISTO J, PYORALA K, LAAKSO M, HAFFNER SM: Increased risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in elderly hypertensive subjects. J. Hypertens. (1994) 12:1425–1432.
  • SAMUELSSON O, HEDNER T, BERGLUND G, PERSSON B, ANDERSSON OK, WILHELMSEN L: Diabetes mellitus in treated hypertension: incidence, predictive factors and the impact of non-selective beta-blockers and thiazide diuretics during 15 years treatment of middle-aged hypertensive men in the Primary Prevention Trial Goteborg, Sweden. Hum. Hypertens. (1994) 8:257–263.
  • GURWITZ JH, FIELD TS, GLYNN RJ et al.: Risk factors for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus requiring treatment in the elderly. J. Am. Ceriam Soc. (1994) 42:1235–1240.
  • HELGELAND A: Treatment of mild hypertension: a five year controlled drug trial. Am. J. Med. (1980) 69:725–732.
  • NEATON JD, GRIMM RH JR, PRINEAS RJ et al.: Treatment of mild hypertension study: final results. JAMA (1993) 270:713–724.
  • SAVAGE PJ, PRESSEL SL, CURB JD et al.: Influence of long-term, low-dose, diuretic-based, antihypertensive therapy on glucose, lipid, uric acid, and potassium levels in older men and women with isolated systolic hypertension. Arch. Intern. Med. (1998) 158:741–751.
  • MYKKANEN L, KUUSISTO J, PYORALA K, LAAKSO M, HAFFNER SM: Increased risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in elderly hypertensive subjects. Hypertens. (1994) 12:1425–1432.
  • SOWERS JR: Hypertension in Type II diabetes: update on therapy. J. Clin. Hypertens. (1991) 1:41–47.
  • HELDERMAN JH, ELAHI D, ANDERSEN DK et al.: Prevention of the glucose intolerance of thiazide diuretics by maintenance of body potassium. Diabetes (1983) 32:106–111.
  • TOURNIAIRE J, BAJARD L, HARFOUCH M, REBATTU B, GARREL D: Restoration of insulin sensitivity after correction of hypokalemia due to chronic tubulopathy in a diabetic patient. Diabetes Metab. (1988) 14:717–720.
  • LAKSHMANAN MC, HERSHEY CO, BRESLAU D: Hospital admissions caused by iatrogenic disease. Arch. Intern. Med. (1986) 146:1931–1934.
  • AMES RP: Negative effects of diuretic drugs on metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease: possible alternative drug therapies. Am. J. Cardiol (1983) 51:632–638.
  • FLAMENBAUM W: Metabolic consequences of antihypertensive therapy. Ann. Intern. Med. (1983) 98:875–880.
  • DAVIES DM: Textbook of Adverse Drug Reactions. New York: Oxford University Press (1985) pp 352–369.
  • BEARD WOOD DM, ALDEN JS, GRAHAM CA, BEARDWOOD JT, MARBLE A: Evidence for a peripheral action of hydrochlorothiazide in normal marl. Metabolism (1965) 14:561–567.
  • HERMANSEN K, SCHMITZ O, MOGENSEN CE: Effects of a thiazide diuretic (hydroflumethiazide) and a loop diuretic (bumetanide) on the endocrine pancreas: studies in vitro. Metabolism (1985) 34:784–789.
  • GUIGLIANO D, TORELLA R, SGAMBATO S, D'ONOFRIO F: Acetylsalicylic acid restores acute insulin response reduced by fursemide in man. Diabetes (1979) 28:841–845.
  • JEUNEMAITRE X, CHATELLIER G, KREFT-JAIS C etal: Efficacy and tolerance of spironolactone in essential hypertension. Am. J. Cardiol. (1987) 60:820–825.
  • WOLLHEIM CB, KIKUCHI M, RENOLD AE, SHARP CW: The roles of intracellular and extracellular Ca2' in glucose-stimulated biphasic insulin release by rat islets. J. Clia Invest. (1978) 62:451–458.
  • BHATNAGAR SK, AMIN MM, AL-YUSUF AR: Diabetogenic effects of nifedipine. BE Med. J. (1984) 289:19.
  • HEYMAN SN, HEYMAN A, HALPERIN I: Diabetogenic effect of nifedipine. DICP (1989) 23:236–237.
  • LUND-JOHANSEN P: Clinical use of calcium antagonists in hypertension: update 1986. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol (1987) 10:S29–S35.
  • BARZILAY JI, DAVIS BR, BETTENCOURT J et al: ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Cardiovascular outcomes using doxazosin versus chlorthalidone for the treatment of hypertension in older adults with and without glucose disorders: a report from the ALLHAT study. J. Clia Hypertens. (2004) 6:116–125.
  • THE HEART OUTCOMES PREVENTION EVALUATION STUDY INVESTIGATORS: Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl. J. Med. (2000) 342:145–153.
  • JOINT NATIONAL COMMITTEE: The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch. Intern. Med. (1997) 157:2413–2446.
  • KASISKE BL, SNYDER JJ, GILBERTSON D, MATAS AJ: Diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation in the United States. Am. J. Transplant (2003) 3:178–185.
  • HJELMESAETH J, HARTMANN A, KOFSTAD J, STENSTROM J, LEIVESTAD T, EGELAND T et al.: Glucose intolerance after renal transplantation depends upon prednisolone dose and recipient age. Transplantation (1997) 64:979–983.
  • VESCO L, BUSSON M, BEDROSSIAN J, BITKER MO, HIESSE C, LANG P: Diabetes mellitus after renal transplantation: characteristics, outcome, and risk factors. Transplantation (1996) 61:1475–1478.
  • ••Describes the risk factors of new-onsetDM after kidney transplant.
  • COPSTEIN LA, ZELMANOVITZ T, GONCALVES LF, MANFRO RC: Posttransplant diabetes mellitus in cyclosporine-treated renal allograft patients: a case-control study. Transplant. Proc. (2004) 36:882–883.
  • SHAPIRO R, JORDAN ML, SCANTLEBURY VP et al.: A prospective, randomized trial of tacrolimus/prednisone versus tacrolimus/ prednisone/mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation (1999) 67:411–415.
  • JOHNSON C, AHSAN N, GONWA T et al.: Randomized trial of tacrolimus (Prograf) in combination with azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclosporine (Neoral) with mycophenolate mofetil after cadaveric kidney transplantation. Transplantation (2000) 69:834–841.
  • ••Describes a twofold higher incidenceof PTDM induced by tacrolimus compared with cyclosporin.
  • GONWA T, MENDEZ R, YANG HC, WEINSTEIN S, JENSIK S, STEINBERG S - PROGRAF STUDY GROUP: Randomized trial of tacrolimus in combination with sirolimus or mycophenolate mofetil in kidney transplantation: results at 6 months. Transplantation (2003) 75:1213–1220.
  • VAN DUIJNHOVEN EM, CHRISTIAANS MH, BOOTS JM, NIEMAN FH, WOLFFENBUTTEL BH, VAN HOOFF JP: Glucose metabolism in the first 3 years after renal transplantation in patients receiving tacrolimus versus cyclosporine-based immunosuppression. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol (2002) 13:213–220.
  • ROMAGNOLI J, CITTERIO F, VIOLI P, NANNI G, CASTAGNETO M: Posttransplant diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation with different immunosuppressive agents. Transplant. Proc. (2004) 36:690–691.
  • CHILCOTT JB, WHITBY SM, MOORE R: Clinical impact and health economic consequences of posttransplant Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Transplant. Proc. (2001) 33:32S–39S.
  • RADU RG, FUJIMOTO S, MUKAI E et al.: Tacrolimus suppresses glucose-induced insulin release from pancreatic islets by reducing glucokinase activity. Am. I Physiol Endocrinol Metab. (2005) 288:E365–E371.
  • UCHIZONO Y, IWASE M, NAKAMURA U, SASAKI N, GOTO D, IIDA M: Tacrolimus impairment of insulin secretion in isolated rat islets occurs at multiple distal sites in stimulus-secretion coupling. Endocrinology (2004) 145:2264–2272.
  • BENDING JJ, OGG CS, VIBERTI GC:Diabetogenic effect of cyclosporin. Br. Med. J. (1987) 294:401–402.
  • FERRERO E, MARNI A, FERRERO ME, GAJA G, RUGARLI C: Effect of cyclosporine and aminophylline on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Immunol Lett. (1985) 10:183–187.
  • OST L, TYDEN G, FEHRMAN I: Impaired glucose tolerance in cyclosporine-prednisolone-treated renal graft recipients. Transplantation (1988) 46:370–372.
  • PAGANO G, CAVALCO-PERIN P, CASSADER M, BRUNO A, OZZELLO A: An in vivo and in vitro study of the mechanism of prednisone-induced insulin resistance in healthy subjects. Clin. Invest. (1983) 72:1814–1820.
  • YASUDA K, KITABCHI AE: Decreased insulin binding of human erythrocytes after dexamethazone or prednisone ingestion. Diabetes (1980) 29:811–814.
  • YASUDA K, HINES E, KITABCHI AE: Hypercorticolism and insulin resistance: Comparative effects of Prednisone, Hydrocortisone, and Dexamethazone on insulin binding of human erythrocytes. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (1982) 55:910–915.
  • CHAN JC, COCKRAM CS: Drug-induced disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism. Adverse Drug React. Toxicol Rev (1991) 10:1–29.
  • WALLI R, GOEBEL FD, DEMANT T: Impaired glucose tolerance and protease inhibitors. Ann. Intern. Med. (1998) 129:837–838.
  • MYNARCIK DC, MCNURLAN MA, STEIGBIGEL RT, FUHRER J, GELATO MC: Association of severe insulin resistance with both loss of limb fat and elevated serum tumor necrosis factor receptor levels in HIV lipodystrophy. Argun: Immune Defic. Sync/F. (2000) 25:312–321.
  • DEVER LL, ORUWARI PA, FIGUEROA WE, O'DONOVAN CA, ENG RH: Hyperglycemia associated with protease inhibitors in an urban HIV-infected minority based population. Ann. Pharmacother. (2000) 34:580–584.
  • CARR A, SAMARAS K, THORISDOTTIR A, KAUFMANN GR, CHISHOLM DJ, COOPER DA: Diagnosis, prediction, and natural course of HIV-1 protease-inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and DM: a cohort study. Lancet (1999) 353:2093–2099.
  • ••Describes the clinical effects of HIVPI treatment on lipid and glucose metabolism.
  • DUBE MP, EDMONDSON-MELAN CONH, QIAN D, AQEEL R, JOHNSON D, BUCHANAN TA: Prospective evaluation of the effect of initiating indinavir-based therapy on insulin sensitivity and B-cell function in HIV-infected patients. I Aaiun: Immune Defic. Syndr. (2001) 27:130–134.
  • JUSTMAN JE, BENNING L, DANOFF A et al.: Protease inhibitor use and the incidence of diabetes mellitus in a large cohort of HIV-infected women. I Aaiun: Immune Defic. Syndr. (2003) 32:298–302.
  • ••Describes an increased risk ofDM in patients taking PI therapy.
  • DUBE MP, JOHNSON DL, CURRIER JS, LEEDOM JM: Protease inhibitor-associated hyperglycemia Lancet (1997) 350:713–714.
  • VISNEGARMALX F, KRAUSE KL, MUSHER DM: Severe diabetes associated with protease inhibitor therapy. Ann. Intern. Med. (1997) 127:947.
  • EASTONE JA, DECKER CF: New-onset diabetes mellitus associated with use of protease inhibitor. Ann. Intern. Med. (1997) 127:948.
  • AULT A: FDA warns of potential protease-inhibitor link to hyperglycemia. Lancet (1997) 349:1819.
  • DUBE MP, JOHNSON DL, CURRIER JS, LEEDOM JM: Protease inhibitor-associated hyperglycemia. Lancet (1997) 350:713–714.
  • NO AUTHORS LISTED: Diabetes, protease-inhibitor link unproved: directorate [news]. CMAJ(1997) 157:502–503.
  • NOOR MA, LO JC, MULLIGAN K et al: Metabolic effects of indinavir in healthy HIV-seronegative men. AIDS (2001) 15:F11–F18.
  • NOOR MA, SENEVIRATNE T, AWEEKA FT et al: Indinavir acutely inhibits insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in humans: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. AIDS (2002) 16:F1–F8.
  • MURATA H, HRUZ PW, MUECKLER M: Indinavir inhibits the glucose transporter isoform Glut4 at physiologic concentrations. AIDS (2002) 16:859–863.
  • KOSTER JC, REMEDI MS, QIU H, NICHOLS CG, HRUZ PW: HIV protease inhibitors acutely impair glucose-stimulated insulin release. Diabetes (2003) 52:1695–1700.
  • VIGOUROUX C, GHARAKHANIAN S, SALHI Y et al: Diabetes, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia in lipodystrophic HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Diabetes Metab. (1999) 25:225–232.
  • YARASHESKI KE, TEBAS P, SIGMUND C et al: Insulin resistance in HIV protease inhibitor-associated diabetes. Acquit: Immune Defic. Syndr. (1999) 21:209–216.
  • WOERLE HJ, MARIUZ PR, MEYER C et al.: Mechanisms for the deterioration in glucose tolerance associated with HIV protease inhibitor regimens. Diabetes (2003) 52:918–925.
  • ••Explains the pathophysiological pathwaysby which PIs affect glucose tolerance.
  • SEIDLIN M, LAMBERT JS, DOLIN R, VALENTINE FT: Pancreatitis and pancreatic dysfunction in patients taking DDI. AIDS (1992) 6:831–835.
  • BOUVET E, CASALINO E, PREVOST MH, VACHON F: Fatal case of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine-associated pancreatitis (Letter). Lancet (1990) 336:1515.
  • NELSON M, MOYLE G, REDDY J, NIELD J, MITTER A, GAZZARD B: Toxicity of dideoxyinosine (DDI) in zidovudine intolerant patients (Abstract). Lit. Conf. AIDS. (1991) 7:209.
  • ALBRECHT H, STELLBRINK HJ, ARASETH K: Didanosine-induced disorders of glucose tolerance. Ann. Intern. Med. (1993) 119:1050.
  • MOHAN R, MOHAN V: Drug induced diabetes mellitus. JAPI (1997) 45:876–879.
  • WILLIAMS RH, FOSTER DW, KRONENBERG HM, LARSEN PR: Textbook of Endocrinology. 9th ed. St Louis, Mo: WB Saunders Co (1998).
  • CHAN JC, COCKRAM CS, CRITCHLEY JA: Drug induced disorders of glucose metabolism: mechanisms and management. Drug Sal (1996) 15:135–157.
  • NO AUTHORS LISTED: Critical evaluation of the safety of recombinant human growth hormone administration: statement from the Growth Hormone Research Society. I Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (2001) 86:1868–1870.
  • MEDICAL ECONOMICS CO: Physician's Desk Reference. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Co (2001).
  • BARRETT E, BLONDE L, CLEMENT S et al. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes (Consensus Statement). Diabetes Care (2004) 27:596–601.
  • CASEY DE, HAUPT DW, NEWCOMER JW et al. Antipsychotic-induced weight gain and metabolic abnormalities: implications for increased mortality in patients with schizophrenia. I Clin. Psychiatry (2004) 65:(Suppl. 7):54–518.
  • GIANFRANCESCO F, WHITE R, WANG R-H, NASRALLAH HA: Antipsychotic-induced Type 2 diabetes: evidence from a large health plan database. Clin. Psychopharmacol (2003) 23.328–335.
  • LEAN MEJ, PAJONK FG: Patients on atypical antipsychotics: another high-risk group for Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. (2003) 26:1597–1605.
  • NEWCOMER JW, HAUPT DW, FUCETOLA R et al. Abnormalities in glucose regulation during antipsychotic treatment of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (2002) 59.337–345.
  • AVELLA J, WETLI CV, WILSON JC, KATZ M, HAHN T: Fatal olanzapine-induced hyperglycemic ketoacidosis. Am. J. Forensic Mede. Pathol (2004) 25:172–175.
  • KOLLER EA, DORAISWAMY PM: Olanzapine-associated diabetes mellitus. Pharmacotherapy (2002) 22.841–852.
  • KOLLER E, SCHNEIDER B, BENNETT K, DUBITSKY G: Clozapine-associated diabetes. Am. J. Med. (2001) 111:716–723.
  • RAGUCCI KR, WELLS BJ: Olanzapine-induced diabetic ketoacidosis. Ann. Pharmacother (2001) 35:1556–1558.
  • SPIVAK B, ALAMY SS, JARSKOG LF, SHEITMAN BB, LIEBERMAN JA: Ziprasidone alternative for olanzapine-induced hyperglycemia. Am. I Psychiatry (2002) 159:1606.
  • VAN METER SA, SEABURG H, MCLENDON B, DORAISWAMY PW: Olanzapine, new-onset diabetes mellitus, and risk of insulin overdose. Psychiatry (2001) 62.993–994.
  • NEWCOMER JW: Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics and metabolic effects: a comprehensive literature review. CNS Drugs (2005) 19\(Suppl. 1):1–93.
  • MILLER EA, LESLIE DL, ROSENHECK RA: Incidence of new-onset diabetes mellitus among patients receiving atypical neuroleptics in the treatment of mental illness: evidence from a privately insured population. I Nerv. Went. Dis. (2005) 193(6):387–395.
  • BYMASTER FP, FELDER CC, TZAVARA E, NOMIKOS GG, CALLIGARO DO, MCKINZIE DL: Muscarinic mechanisms of antipsychotic atypicality (Review). Progr. Neuropsychopharmacol Biol. Psychiatry (2003) 27:1125–1143.
  • JOHNSON DE, YAMAZAKI H, WARD KM et al: Inhibitory effects of antipsychotics on carbachol-enhanced insulin secretion from perifused rat islets. Role of muscarinic antagonism in antipsychotic-induced diabetes and hyperglycemia. Diabetes (2005) 54:1552–1558.
  • HEISER P, SINGH S, KRIEG JC, VEDDER H: Effects of different antipsychotics and the antidepressant mirtazapine on glucose transporter mRNA levels in human blood cells. I Psychiatr. Res. (2005) Epub ahead of print.
  • PALIK E, BIRKAS KD, FALUDI G, KARADI I, CSEH K: Correlation of serum ghrelin levels with body mass index and carbohydrate metabolism in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics. Diabetes Res. Pract. (2005) 68\(Supp1.1):S60–S64.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.