Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Opinion on Drug Safety Volume 4, 2005 - Issue 6
Submit an article Journal homepage
125
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Atypical antipsychotic drugs, diabetes and ethnicity

Jambur Ananth Metropolitan State Hospital, 11401 Bloomfield Avenue, Norwalk, CA 90650, USA. [email protected]
,
Smitha Kolli Metropolitan State Hospital, 11401 Bloomfield Avenue, Norwalk, CA 90650, USA. [email protected]
,
Sarath Gunatilake Metropolitan State Hospital, 11401 Bloomfield Avenue, Norwalk, CA 90650, USA. [email protected]
&
Steven Brown Metropolitan State Hospital, 11401 Bloomfield Avenue, Norwalk, CA 90650, USA. [email protected]
Pages 1111-1124 | Published online: 28 Oct 2005

Bibliography

  • MOKDAD AH, FORD ES, BOWMAN BA et al: Diabetes trends in the US 1990-1998. Diabetic Care (2000) 23:1278–1283.
  • ABATE N, CHANDALIA M: Ethncity and Type 2 diabetes. Focus on Asian Indians. I Diabetes Complicat. (2001) 15:320–327.
  • ANANTH J, KOLLI S: Atypical antipsychotic agents and increased risk of diabetes: class action or differential action? Expert Opin. Drug Sal: (2005) 4:55–68.
  • CAREY VJ, WALTERS EE, COLDITZ GA et al.: Body fat distribution and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. The Nurses' Health Study. Am. J. Epidemiel (1997) 145:614–619
  • MAISON P, BYRNE CD, HALES CN, DAY NE, WAREHAM NJ: Do different dimensions of metabolic syndrome change together over time? Evidence supporting obesity as the central feature. Diabetes Care (2001) 24:1758–1763
  • HU FB, SIGAL RJ, RICH EDWARDS JW et al.: Walking compared with vigorous physical activity and risk of Type 2 diabetes in women: a prospective study. JAMA (1999) 282:1433–1439.
  • ZIMMET P, SHAW J, ALBERTI KGMM: Preventing Type 2 diabetes and the dysmetabolic syndrome in the real world: a realistic view. Diabet. Med. (2003) 20:693–702
  • COLDITZ GA, WILLET WC, ROTNITZKY A, MANSON JE: Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in women. Ann. Intern. Med. (1995) 122:481–486
  • DEFRONZO RA: Lilly lecture 1987. The triumvirate: beta- cell, muscle, liver. A collusion responsible for NIDDM. Diabetes (1988) 37:667–687.
  • •A good description of the pathophysiology of noninsulin-dependent diabetes.
  • KAHN CR: Insulin resistance, insulin insensitivity, and insulin unresponsiveness: a necessary distinction. Metab. Clin. Exp. (1978) 27:1893–1902
  • BERGMAN RN, PHILIPS LS, CORBELLI C: Physiologic evaluation of factors controlling glucose tolerance in man: measurement of insulin sensitivity and beta cell glucose sensitivity from the response to intravenous glucose. J. Clin. Invest (1981) 68:1456–1467
  • KAHN SE, PRIGEON RL, MCCULLOCH DK et al: Quantification of the relationship between insulin sensitivity and beta cell function in human subjects Evidence for a hyperbolic function. Diabetes (1993) 42:1663–1672.
  • PIMENTA W, MITRAKOU A, JENSEN T, YKI-JARVINEN H, DALY G, GERICH J: Insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in people with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabet. Med. (1996) 13\(Supp6):s33–s36.
  • KOPLAN JP, LIVERMAN CT, KRAAK VI, (Eds): Preventing childhood obesity: Health in the balance. Washington DC: National Academies Press 2005.
  • HAFFNER SM, LEHTO S, RONNEMAA T, PYORALA K, LAASKSO M, Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with Type 2 diabetes and in non-diabetic subjects with or without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl. J. Med. (1998) 339:220–234.
  • MANUEL DG, SCHULTZ SE: Health-related quality of life and health-adjusted life expectancy of people with diabetes in Ontario, Canada 1996-1997. Diabetes Care (2004) 27:407–414.
  • FLEGAL KM, CARROLL MD, KUCZMARSKI RJ, JOHNSON CL: Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends 1960-1994. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. (1998) 22:39–47.
  • WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION: Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: Report of a WHO Consultation. WHO/ NCD/NCS/99.2. Geneva: WHO (1999).
  • WHO EXPERT CONSULTATION: Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet (2004) 363:157–163.
  • •This reference discusses the applicability of body mass index for Asian populations.
  • COSSROW N, FALKNER B: Race/ethnic issues in obesity and obesity related comorbidities.Endocrine].Metab. (2004) 89:2590–2594.
  • REAVEN GM: BANTING: lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes (1998) 37:1595–1607.
  • REAVEN GM, LITHELL H, LANDSBERG L.: Hypertension and associated metabolic abnormalities-the role of insulin resistance and the sympathoadrenal system. N Engl. I Med. (1996) 334:374–381.
  • LIN REAVEN GM: Syndrome X: 6 years later. I Intern. Med. Suppl. (1994) 236:13–22.
  • FORD ES, GILES WH, DIETZ WH: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. JAMA (2002) 287:356–359.
  • WILLETT WC, MANSON JF, STAMPFER MJ et al: Weight, weight change, and coronary artery disease in women: Risk in normal weight range. JAMA (1995) 273:461–465
  • ROSENGREN A, WEDEL H, WILHELMSEN L: Body weight and weight gain during adult life in men in relation to coronary artery disease and mortality: a prospective population study. Eur. Heart J. (1999) 20:269–277.
  • CALLE EE, THUN MJ, PETRELLI JM, RODRIGUEZ C, HEATH CW Jr: Body mass index and mortality in a prospective cohOrt of the US adults. N Engl. I Med. (1999) 341:1097–1105.
  • KARTER AJ: Race genetics and disease in search of middle ground. Int. J. EpidemieL (2003) 32:23–25.
  • MENTAL HEALTH: CULTURE, RACE AND ETHNICITY (A supplement to Mental Health): A report of the Surgeon General, US Department of Health and Human Services, US Public Health Service, Rockville (2001).
  • ••The Surgeon General report discussesthe minorities and their health, healthy delivery system and some solutions.
  • BURCHARD EG, ZIV E, COYLE N et al: The importance of race and ethnicity background in biomedical research and clinical practice. N Engl. I Med. (2003) 348:1170–1175.
  • COOPER RS, KAUFMAN JS, WARD R: Race and genomics. N Engl. I Med. (2003) 348:1166–1170.
  • KARTER AJ, FERRARA A, MOFFET HH, ACKERSON LM, SELBY JV: Ethnic disparities in diabetic complications in an insured population. JAMA (2002) 287:2519–2527.
  • KAZIM-KARAKAS SE: Ethnic differencesin the insulin resistance syndrome. Am. J. Clin. Nutrition (2000) 71:670–671.
  • HANIS CL, FERRELL RE, BARTON SA et al.: Diabetes among Mexican Americans in Starr County, Texas. Americans in Star County, Texas. Am. J. Epidemiol (1983) 188:659–672.
  • RAMASCHANDRAN A, SNHELATA C, DHARMARAJ D, VISWANATHAM M: Prevalence of glucose intolerance in Asian Indians. Urban - rural difference and significance of upper body adiposity. Diabetes Care (1992) 15:32(5):408–411.
  • BANERJI MA, LEBOVITS HE: Insulin action in black Americans with NIDDM. Diabetic Care (1992) 15:1295–1302.
  • UK PROSPECITVE DIABETIC STUDY XII: Differences bewteen Asian, Afro-Carribbean and white Caucasian Type 2 diabetic patients at diagnosis of diabetes. UK Prosepctive Diabetes study group. Diabetic Med. (1994) 11:670–677.
  • MCNEELY MJ, BOYKO EJ: Type 2 diabetes prevalence in Asian Americans: Results of a National Health survey. Diabetes Care (2004) 27:66–69.
  • HARMEL AP, MATHUR R: Diagnosis, classification, and epidemiology of diabetes mellitus. In: Davidson's Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis and Treatment Fifth Edition. Eds; Harmel AP and Mathur R. Saunders Philadelphia (1998) pp 1–22.
  • KING H, REWERS M: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in adults WHO Ad Hoc Diabetes reporting group. Diabetes Care (1993) 16:157.
  • CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL: Prevalence of cigarette smoking among 14 racial and ethnic populations - United States 2001; Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report (2003) 52:953–956.
  • FOLSOM AR, SZKLO M, STEVENS J, LIAO F, SMITH R, ECKFELDT JH: A prospective study of coronary heart disease in relation to fasting insulin glucose and diabetes. The atherosclerotic risk in communities (ARIC) study. Diabetes Care (1997) 20:935–942.
  • NESS J, NISHIMURA D, FERIA MI, ARONOW WS: Diabetes mellitus in older African Americans Hispanics and Whites in an academic hospital based geriatric practice. Coron. Artery Dis. (1999) 10:343–346.
  • CHIN MH, ZHANG JX, MERRELL K: Diabetes in the African-American Medicare population, morbidity, quality of care and resource utilization. Diabetes Care (1998) 21:1090–1095
  • ZIMMET P: Type 2 (non-Insulin-dependent) diabetes and epidemiological overview. Diabetologia (1982) 22:399–411.
  • GUPTA S, STENMEYER C, FRANK B et al: Hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia in real world patients on antipsychotic therapy. Am. J. Ther. (2003) 10:348–355.
  • LIEW CE WISE SD, YEO KP, LEE KO: Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 is independently affected by ethnicity, insulin sensitivity, and leptin in healthy, glucose-tolerant young men. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. (2005) 90:1483–1488.
  • DE RAKENEIRE N, ROORKE RN, SIMONSICK EM et al.: Racial differences in glycemic control in a well functionin older diabetic population: findings from the health aging and body composition study. Diabetic Care (2003) 26:1986–1992.
  • ANANTH J, GUNATILAKE S, AQUINO S, BACH V, COSTA J. Are African American patients at a higher risk for olanzapine-induced glucose intolerance? Psychopharmacology (Berl). (2001) 157:324–5.
  • LAMBERTI JS, CRILLY JF, MAHARAJ K et al.: Prevalence of Diabetes mellitus among outpatients with severe mental disorders receiving AAP drugs. I Clin. Psychiatry (2004) 65:702–706.
  • LINDQUIST CH, GOWER BA, GORAN MI: Role of dietary factors in ethnic differences in early risk of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Clin. Num. (2000) 71:725–732
  • COOPER RS: Race, genes and health-new wine in old bottles? Int. J. Epidemiol (2003) 32:23–25.
  • ••The difficulty in conducting ethnicresearch is eminently discussed.
  • HAFFNER SM, HOWARD G, MAYER E et al.: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes (1997) 46:63–69.
  • ARSLANIAN S, SUPRASONGSIN C: Differences in the in vivo insulin secretion and sensitivity of healthy versus white adolescents. J. Pediatr. (1996) 129:440–443.
  • RANDLE PJ, GARLAND PB, HLAES CN, NEWSHOME EA: The glucose fatty acid cycle: its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus. Lancet (1963) 93:785–789.
  • O'HARE JP, RAYMOND NT, MUGHAL S et al.: Evaluation of delivery of enhanced diabetes care to patients of South Asian Ethnicity: the United Kingdom Asian Diabetes Study (UKADS). Diabet. Med. (2004) 21:1357–1365.
  • SVEC F NASTASI K, HILTON C, BAO W, SRINI VASAN SR, BERENSON GS: Black - White contrasts in insulin levels during pubertal development. The Bogalusa Heart study. Diabetes (1992) 41:313–317
  • GORAN MI, NAGY TR, TREUTH MS et al: Visceral fat in White and African-American prepubertal children. Am. J. Clin. Num. (1997) 65:1703–1714.
  • GOWER BA, NAGY TR, GORAN MI: Visceral fat, insulin sensitivity and lipid levels in prepubertal children. Diabetes (1999) 48:1515–1521.
  • UK PROSPECTIVE DIABETIC STUDY GROUP: UK prospective diabetic study 16. Overview of 6 years' therapy of Type 2 diabetes: a progressive disease. Diabetes (1995) 44:1249–1258.
  • DEL PRATO S, LEONETTI F, SIMONSON DC, SHEEHAN P, MATSUDA M, DEFRONZO RA: Effect of sustained physiologic hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in man. Diabetologica (1994) 37:1025–1035.
  • ROTIMI CN, COOPER RS, OKOSUN IS et al: Prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in Nigerians Jamaicans and US Blacks. Ethn. Dis. (1999) 9:190–200.
  • FUJIMOTO WY, BERGSTROM RW, NEWELL-MORRIS L, LEONETTI DL: Nature and nurture in the etiology of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese Americans. Diab. Metab. Rev (1989) 5:607–625.
  • HARRIS MI, HADDEN WC, KNOWLER WC, BENNET PH: Prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance and plasma glucose levels in the US population aged 20-74 years. Diabetes (1987) 36:523–534.
  • FUJIMOTO WY, BERGSTROM RW, BOYKO EJ et al.: Diabetes and diabetes risk factors in second and third generation Japanese-Americans in Seattle, Washington. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. (1994) 24(Suppl.):543–552.
  • STERN MP, GASKILL SP, HAZUDA HP et al: Does obesity explain excess prevalence of diabetes among Mexican Americans? Results of San Antonio Heart Study. Diabetologia (1983) 24:272–277.
  • GARDNER LI Jr., STERN MP, HAFFNER SM, GASKILL SP, HAZUDA HP, RELETHFORD JH: Prevalence of diabetes in Mexican-Americans: Relationship to percent of gene pool derived from native American sources. Diabetes (1984) 33:86–92.
  • WEST KM: Diabetes in American Indians and other native populations of the new world. Diabetes (1974) 23:841–847.
  • •A valuable paper showing differential vulnerability for diabetes in Native American populations.
  • HAFFNER SM, STERN MP, HAZUDA HP et al.: Hyperinsulinemia in a population at risk for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl. J. Med. (1986) 315:220–224.
  • ZIMMET P, DOWSE G, BENNETT P Hyperinsulinemia is a predictor of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabet. Metab. (1991) 17:101–108
  • MCCARTY MF: Insulin Resistance in Mexican Americans - A precursor to obesity and diabetes? Med. Hypotheses. (1993) 43:308–315.
  • MCKEIGUE PM, MILLER GJ, MARMOT MG: Coronary heart disease in South Asians overseas - a review. J. Clin. Epidennol (1989) 42:597–609.
  • MCKEIGUE PM, MARMOT MG, SYNDERCOMBE COURT YD, COTTIER DE, RAHMAN S, RIEMERSMA RA: Diabetes, hyperinsulinemia, and coronary risk factors in Bangladeshisin east London. Br. Heart J. (1988) 60(5):390–396.
  • LAWS A, JEPPESEN JL, MAHEUX PC, SCHAAF P, CHEN YD, REAVEN GM: Resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose intake and dyslipidemia in Asian Indians. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis (1994) 14:917–922.
  • DOWSE GK, GAREBOO H, ZIMMET PZ et al: High prevalence of NIDDM and impaired glucose intolerance in Indian, Creole, and Chinese Mauritians. Diabetes (1990) 39:390–396.
  • ROSENTHAL M, HASKELL WL, SOLOMON R, WINDSTROM A, REAVEN GM: Demonstration of a relationship between level of physical training and insulin-stimulated glucose utilization in normal humans. Diabetes (1983) 32(5):408–511.
  • MCKEIGUE PM: Coronary heart disease in Indians, Pakistanis, and Bangladeshis: aetiology and possibilities for prevention. Br. Heart J. (1992) 67:341–342.
  • •Discusses coronary artery disease In Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi populations.
  • MOHAN V, SHANTHIRANI N, DEEPA R, PREMALATHA G, SASTRY NG, SAROJA R: Intraurban differences in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Southern India- the Chennai urban population study. Diabet Med. (2001) 18:280–287.
  • NEUFELD ND, RAFFEL LJ, LAND ON C, CHEN YD, VADHEIM CM: Lower extremity amputations in NIDDM.12 year follow-up study in Pima Indians. Diabetic Care (1988) 11:8.
  • MCNEELY MJ, BOYKO EJ: Diabetes-related comorbidities in Asian Americans results of a national health survey. J. Diabetes Complicat. (2005) 19:101–106.
  • PUGH JA, STERN MP, HAFFNER SM, EIFLNER CW, ZAPATA M: Excess incidence of treatment of end stage renal disease in Mexican Americans. Am. J. Epidenhol (1988) 127:135–144.
  • MCKEIGUE PM: Metabolic Consequences of obesity and body fat pattern: Lessons from migrant studies. Ciba Foundation symposium (1996) 201:54–64.
  • WILKINSON P, SAVER J, LAJI K et al: Comparison of case fatality in south Asian and White patients after acute myocardial infarction; observational study. BE Med. (1996) 312:1330–1333.
  • ENAS EA, GARG A, DAVIDSON MA, NAIR VM, HUET BA, YUSUF S: Coronary heart disease and its risk factors in first generation immigrant Asian Indians to the United States of America. Indian Heart J. (1996) 48:343–353.
  • BHALODKAR NC, BLUM S, RANA T et al: Comparison of levels of large and small high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in Asian Indian men compared with Caucasian men in the Framingham offspring study. Am. J. Cardiol (2004) 94:1561–1563
  • SODERBERG S, ZIMMET P, TUPMILEHTO J etal.: Increasing prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in all ethnic groups in Mauritius. Diabet. Med. (2005) 22:61–68.
  • SEEDAT YK: Hypertension and vasculardisease in India and migrant populations in the world. J. Hum. Hypertens. (1990) 4:421–424.
  • LIPTON R, GOOD G, MICHAILOV T,FRRELS S, DONOGHUE E: Ethnic differences in mortality from insulin dependent diabetes mellitus among people less than 25 years of age. Pediatrics (1999) 103:952–956.
  • BERGMAN RN, ADER M: Atypical antipsychotics and glucose homeostasis. Clin. Psychiatry (2005) 66:505–514.
  • GEDDES J, FREEMANTLE N, HARRISON P et al: For the National Schizophrenia Guideline Development Group. Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: systematic overview and meta-regression analysis. BE Med. J. (2000) 321:1371–1376.
  • DAVIS JM, CHEN N, BLICK ID: A meta-analysis of the efficacy of second-generation antipsychotics. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (2003) 60:553–564.
  • TANDON R, JIBSON MD: Efficacy of new generation antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2003) 28:9–26.
  • NATIONAL CHOLESTEROL EDUCATION PROGRAM (NCEP) Expert Panel in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III): Final Report. Washington, DC: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services; September 2002:11–27. NIH publication 02–5215.
  • ALLISON DB, MENTORE JL, HEO M et al.: Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a comprehensive research synthesis. Am. J. Psychiatry (1999) 156:1686–1696.
  • SIMPSON GM, GLICK ID, WEIDEN PJ, ROMANO SJ, DIU CO: Randomized controlled double-blind multicenter comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of ziprasidone and olanzapine in acutely ill inpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry (2004) 161:1837–1847.
  • MCINTYRE RS, MCCANN SM, KENNEDY SH: Antipsychotic metabolic effects: weight gain, diabetes mellitus, and lipid abnormalities. Can. Psychiatry (2001) 45:273–281.
  • NEWCOMER JW, HAUPT DW, FUCETOLA R et al.: Abnormalities in glucose regulation during antipsychotic treatment of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (2002) 59:337–345.
  • •Discusses the abnormalities of glucose regulation during antipsychotic treatment.
  • HENDERSON DC, CAGLIERO E, GRAY C et al: Clozapine, diabetes mellitus, weight gain, and lipid abnormalities: a five-year naturalistic study. Am. I Psychiatry (2004) 65\(Suppl. 7):4–18.
  • MEYER JM: A retrospective comparison ofweight, lipid, and glucose changes between risperdone- and olanzapine-treated inpatients: metabolic outcomes after 1 year. Clin. Psychiatry(2002) 63:425–433.
  • GIANFRANCESCO FD, GROGG AL, MAHMOUD RA et al: Differential effects of risperidone, olanzapine, clozapine, and conventional antipsychotics of Type 2 diabetes: findings from a large health plan database. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2002) 63:920–930.
  • ADER M, KIM SP, CATALANO KJ et al.: Metabolic dysregulation with atypical antipsychotics occurs in the absence of underlying disease: a placebo controlled study of olanzapine and risperidone in dogs. Diabetes (2005) 54:862–871.
  • AMERICAN DIABETIC ASSOCIATION, AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION: American association of clinical endocrinologists. North American Association of the study of obesity. Consensus Development Conference on Antipsychotic Drugs and Obesity and Diabetes. Am. J. Psychiatry (2004) 65:267–272.
  • GIANFRANCESCO FD: Diabetes and atypical neuroleptics. Am. I Psychiatry (2003) 160(2):388–389.
  • KATO MM, GOODNICK PJ: Antipsychotic medication: effects on regulation of glucose and lipids. Expert Opin. Phamacother. (2001) 2:1571–1582.
  • TAYLOR DM: Aripiprazole: a review of its pharmacology and clinical use. Int. I Clin. Pract. (2003) 57:49–54.
  • MACKIN P, WATKINSON HM, YOUNG AH: Prevalence of obesity, glucose homeostasis disorders and metabolic syndrome in psychiatric patients taking typical or atypical antipsychotic drugs: A cross-sectional study. Diabetologia (2005) 28:215–221.
  • HENDERSON DC, CAGLIERO E, COPELAND PM et al.: Glucose metabolism in patients with schizophrenia treated with atypical antipsychotic agents: A frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and minimal model analysis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (2005) 62:19–28.
  • KOLLER EA, SCHNEIDER B, BENNETT K, DUBITSKY G: Clozapine-associated diabetes. Am. I Medicine (2001) 3:716–723.
  • •Provides practical guidelines for treatment with antipsychotic drugs and the monitoring needed to prevent diabetes.
  • KOLLER EA, WEBER J, DORAISWAMY PM, Schneider BS: A survey of reports of quetiapine associated hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus. Clin. Psychiatry (2004) 65:857–863.
  • KOLLER EA, DORAISWAMY PM. Olanzapine-associated diabetes mellitus. Pharmacotherapy (2002) 22:841–852.
  • JIN H, MAYER JM, JESTE DV: Phenomenology and risk factors for new onset diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis associated with atypical antipsychotics: an analysis of 45 published cases. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry (2002) 22:11–19.
  • ANANTH J, VENKATESH R, BURGOYNE K, SARATH G: Atypical antipsychotic drug use and diabetes. Psychother. Psychosom. (2002) 71:244–254.
  • •This paper details the differential diabetogenic potential of different atypical antipsychotic drugs.
  • LINDENMAYER JP, PATEL R: Olanzapine-induced ketoacidosis with diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Psychiatry (1999) 156:1471.
  • COHEN D: Atypical antipsychotics and new onset of diabetes mellitus. Pharmacopsychiatry (2004) 37:1–11.
  • HARRIS EC, BARRACLOUGH B: Excess mortality of mental disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry (1998) 173:11–53.
  • HENDERSON DC, CAGLIERO E, GRAY C, NASRALLAH RA, SCHOENFELD DA, GOFF DC: Clozapine, diabetes mellitus, weight gain, and lipid abnormalities: a five year naturalistic study. Am. I. Psychiatry (2000) 157:975–981.
  • FONTAINE KR, HEO M, HARRIGAN EP et al: Estimating the consequences of antipsychotic induced weight gain on health and mortality rate. Psychiatry Res. (2001) 101:277–288.
  • DAVIS JM, CHEN N, GLICK ID: A metaanalysis of the efficacy of second generation antipsychotics. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (2003) 60:553–564
  • GEDDES J, FREEMANTLE N, HARRISON P, BEBBINGTON P: Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia:systematic overview and meta-regression analysis. BMJ(2000) 32:1371–1376.
  • THACKERAY R, MERRILL RM, NEIGER BL: There are disparities in diabetes management practice between racial and ethnic groups. Diabetes Educ. (2004) 30:665–675.
  • MEETOO D: Dietary pattern of self-care among Asian and Caucasian diabetic patients. Br. Nurs. (2004) 13:1074–1078.
  • GARVIN CC, CHEADLE A, CHRISMAN N, CHEN R, BRUNSON E: A community based approach to diabetes control in multiple cultural groups. Ethn. Dis. (2004) 14\(Suppl. 1):S83–S92.
  • IDROGO M, MAZZE R: Diabetes in the Hispanic population. High risk warrants targeted screening and treatment. Post Grad. Med. (2004) 116:26-32,35–36.
  • HIPPISLEY-COX J, O'HANLON S, COUPLAND C: Association of deprivation, ethnicity and sex with quality indicators for diabetes: population based survey of 53000 patients in primary care. Br. Med. J. (2004) 329:1267–1269.
  • INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE: Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Washington (DC): National Academy Press (2002).
  • LESLIEDL, Rosenheck RA: incidence of newly diagnosed diabetes attributable to atypical antipsychotic medications. Am. J. Psychiatry (2004) 161:1709–1711.
  • AMERICAN DIABETIC ASSOCIATION, American Psychiatric Association, American Association for Clinical Endocrinologists, North American Association for the study of obesity: Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs, and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care (2004) 27:596–601.
  • MUSTA SPADANO J, COALEY EH, FIELD AE, COLDITZ G, DIETZ WH: The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. JAMA (1999) 282:1523–1529.

Website

  • http://www. diabetes. org/main/info/facts/ facts_latinosjsp American Diabetes Association Diabetic facts and figures among latinos (2003).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.