Antiretroviral therapy and the kidney: balancing benefit and risk in patients with HIV infection

Bibliography

• UNAIDS: AIDS epidemic update 2003. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) (2003).
   Google Scholar
• SELIK RM, BYERS RH Jr, DWORKIN MS: Trends in diseases reported on US death certificates that mentioned HIV infection, 1987-1999. J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. (2002) 29:378-387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’AGATI V, APPEL GB: Renal pathology of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Semin. Nephrol. (1998) 18:406-421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROSS MJ, KLOTMAN PE: Recent progress in HIV-associated nephropathy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2002) 13:2997-3004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHWARTZ EJ, SZCZECH LA, ROSS MJ, KLOTMAN ME, WINSTON JA, KLOTMAN PE: HAART and the epidemic of HIV+ end stage renal disease. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2005) 16:2412-2420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DICKIE P, FELSER J, ECKHAUS M et al.: HIV-associated nephropathy in transgenic mice expressing HIV-1 genes. Virology (1991) 185:109-119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRUGGEMAN LA, DIKMAN S, MENG C, QUAGGIN SE, COFFMAN TM, KLOTMAN PE: Nephropathy in human immunodeficiency virus-1 transgenic mice is due to renal transgene expression. J. Clin. Invest. (1997) 100:84-92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WINSTON JA, BRUGGEMAN LA, ROSS MD et al.: Nephropathy and establishment of a renal reservoir of HIV Type 1 during primary infection. N. Engl. J. Med. (2001) 344:1979-1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUPTA SK, EUSTACE JA, WINSTON JA et al.: Guidelines for the management of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients: recommendations of the HIV medicine association of the infectious diseases society of America. Clin. Infectious Dis. (2005) 40:1559-1585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRANCESCHINI N, NAPRAVNIK S, ERON JJ, SZCZECH LA, FINN WF: Incidence and etiology of acute renal failure among ambulatory HIV-infected patients. Kidney Int. (2005) 67:1526-1531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WYATT CM, ARONS RR, KLOTMAN PE, KLOTMAN ME: Acute renal failure in hospitalized patients with HIV: risk factors and impact on in-hospital mortality. AIDS (2006) 20: In Press.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SZCZECH LA, GANGE SJ, VAN DER HORST C et al.: Predictors of proteinuria and renal failure among women with HIV infection. Kidney Int. (2002) 61:195-202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COCKCROFT DW, GAULT MH: Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron (1976) 16:31-41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEVEY AS, BOSCH JP, LEWIS JB, GREENE T, ROGERS N, ROTH D: A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann. Intern. Med. (1999) 130:461-470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BALANI SK, ARISON BH, MATHAI L et al.: Metabolites of L-735,524, a potent HIV-1 protease inhibitor, in human urine. Drug Metab. Dispos. (1995) 23:266-270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOPP JB, MILLER KD, MICAN JA et al.: Crystalluria and urinary tract abnormalities associated with indinavir. Ann. Intern. Med. (1997) 127:119-125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GAGNON RF, TECIMER SN, WATTERS AK, TSOUKAS CM: Prospective study of urinalysis abnormalities in HIV-positive individuals treated with indinavir. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (2000) 36:507-515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIELEMAN JP, STURKENBOOM MC, JAMBROES M et al.: Risk factors for urological symptoms in a cohort of users of the HIV protease inhibitor indinavir sulfate: the ATHENA cohort. Arch. Intern. Med. (2002) 162:1493-1501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BERNS JS, COHEN RM, SILVERMAN M, TURNER J: Acute renal failure due to indinavir crystalluria and nephrolithiasis: report of two cases. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (1997) 30:558-560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WITTE M, TOBON A, GRUENENFELDER J, GOLDFARB R, COBURN M: Anuria and acute renal failure resulting from indinavir sulfate induced nephrolithiasis. J. Urol. (1998) 159:498-499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIELEMAN JP, VAN ROSSUM AM, STRICKER BC et al.: Persistent leukocyturia and loss of renal function in a prospectively monitored cohort of HIV-infected patients treated with indinavir. J. Acquir. Immune Def. Syndr. (2003) 32:135-142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOPP JB, FALLOON J, FILIE A: Indinavir-associated interstitial nephritis and urothelial inflammation: clinical and cytologic findings. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2002) 34:1122-1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARTINEZ F, MOMMEJA-MARIN H, ESTEPA-MAURICE L et al.: Indinavir crystal deposits associated with tubulointerstitial nephropathy. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. (1998) 13:750-753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SARCLETTI M, PETTER A, ROMANI N et al.: Pyuria in patients treated with indinavir is associated with renal dysfunction. Clin. Nephrol. (2000) 54:261-270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HANABUSA H, TAGAMI H, HATAYA H: Renal atrophy associated with long-term treatment with indinavir. N. Engl. J. Med. (1999) 340:976.
   Google Scholar
• CATTELAN AM, TREVENZOLI M, SASSET L, RINALDI L, BALASSO V, CADROBBI P: Indinavir and systemic hypertension. AIDS (2001) 15:805-807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOCHET MV, JACQUIAUD C, VALANTIN MA, KATLAMA C, DERAY G: Renal insufficiency induced by ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Am. J. Med. (1998) 105:457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHUGH S, BIRD R, ALEXANDER EA: Ritonavir and renal failure. N. Engl. J. Med. (1997) 336:138.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DUONG M, SGRO C, GRAPPIN M, BIRON F, BOIBIEUX A: Renal failure after treatment with ritonavir. Lancet (1996) 348:693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROLLOT F, NAZAL E, CHAUVELOT-MOACHON L et al.: Tenofovir-related Fanconi syndrome with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: the role of lopinavir-ritonavir-didanosine. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2003) 37:e174-e176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IZZEDINE H, LAUNAY-VACHER V, DERAY G: Antiviral drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (2005) 45:804-817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MILLER DS: Nucleoside phosphonate interactions with multiple organic anion transporters in renal proximal tubule. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2001) 299:567-574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUTMANN H, FRICKER G, DREWE J, TOEROEK M, MILLER DS: Interactions of HIV protease inhibitors with ATP-dependent drug export proteins. Mol. Pharmacol. (1999) 56:383-389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GREEN ST, MCKENDRICK MW, SCHMID ML, MOHSEN AH, PRAKASAM SF: Renal calculi developing de novo in a patient taking saquinavir. Int. J. STD AIDS (1998) 9:555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ENGELER DS, JOHN H, RENTSCH KM, RUEF C, OERTLE D, SUTER S: Nelfinavir urinary stones. J. Urol. (2002) 167:1384-1385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BREWSTER UC, PERAZELLA MA: Acute interstitial nephritis associated with atazanavir, a new protease inhibitor. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (2004) 44:e81-e84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WADA S, TSUDA M, SEKINE T et al.: Rat multispecific organic anion transporter 1 (rOAT1) transports zidovudine, acyclovir, and other antiviral nucleoside analogs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2000) 294:844-849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEUNG S, BENDAYAN R: Uptake properties of lamivudine (3TC) by a continuous renal epithelial cell line. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. (2001) 79:59-66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IZZEDINE H, LAUNAY-VACHER V, DERAY G: Fanconi syndrome associated with didanosine therapy. AIDS (2005) 19:844-845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORRIS AA, BAUDOUIN SV, SNOW MH: Renal tubular acidosis and hypophosphatemia after treatment with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. AIDS (2001) 15:140-141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CROWTHER MA, CALLAGHAN W, HODSMAN AB, MACKIE ID: Dideoxyinosine-associated nephrotoxicity. AIDS (1993) 7:131-132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEWIS W, DAY BJ, COPELAND WC: Mitochondrial toxicity of NRTI antiviral drugs: an integrated cellular perspective. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. (2003) 2:812-822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COTE HCF, BRUMME ZL, CRAIB KJP et al.: Changes in mitochondrial DNA as a marker of nucleoside toxicity in HIV-infected patients. N. Engl. J. Med. (2002) 346:811-820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MIRO O, , et al.: Mitochondrial effects of HIV infection on the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-infected patients who were never treated with antiretrovirals. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2004) 39:710-716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAI Y, TSE CM, UNADKAT JD: Mitochondrial expression of the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) results in enhanced mitochondrial toxicity of antiviral drugs. J. Biol. Chem. (2004) 279:4490-4497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TANJI N, TANJI K, KAMBHAM N, MARKOWITZ GS, BELL A, D’AGATI VD: Adefovir nephrotoxicity: possible role of mitochondrial DNA depletion. Hum. Pathol. (2001) 32:734-740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAUMOY M, VIDAL F, PERAIRE J et al.: Proximal tubular kidney damage and tenofovir: a role for mitochondrial toxicity? AIDS (2004) 18:1741-1742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VITTECOQ D, DUMITRESCU L, BEAUFILS H, DERAY G: Fanconi syndrome associated with cidofovir therapy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1997) 41:1846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VANDERCAM B, MOREAU M, GOFFIN E, MAROT JC, COSYNS JP, JADOUL M: Cidofovir-induced end-stage renal failure. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1999) 29:948-949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FISHER EJ, CHALONER K, COHN DL et al.: Community programs for clinical research on AIDS. The safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil in patients with adefovir dipivoxil and HIV disease: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. AIDS (2001) 15:1695-1700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAHN J, LAGAKOS S, WULFSOHN M et al.: Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil with antiretroviral therapy: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA (1999) 282:2305-2312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CIHLAR T, LIN DC, PRITCHARD JB, FULLER MD, MENDEL DB, SWEET DH: The antiviral nucleotide analogs cidofovir and adefovir dipivoxil are novel substrates for human and rat renal organic acid transporter 1. Mol. Pharmacol. (1999) 56:570-580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HO ES, LIN DC, MENDEL DB, CIHLAR T: Cytotoxicity of antiviral nucleotides adefovir dipivoxil and cidofovir is induced by the expression of human renal organic anion transporter 1. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2000) 11:383-393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHUETZ JD, CONNELLY MC, SUN D et al.: MRP4: A previously unidentified factor in resistance to nucleoside-based antiviral drugs. Nat. Med. (1999) 5:1048-1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GALLANT JE, STASZEWSKI S, POZNIAK AL et al.: Efficacy and safety of tenofovir DF versus stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients: a 3-year randomized trial. JAMA (2004) 292:191-201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SQUIRES K, POZNIAK AL, PIERONE G Jr et al.: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in nucleoside-resistant HIV-1 infection: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. (2003) 139:313-320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHOOLEY RT, RUANE P, MYERS RA et al.: Tenofovir DF in antiretroviral-experienced patients: results from a 48-week, randomized, double-blind study. AIDS (2002) 16:1257-1263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VERHELST D, MONGE M, MEYNARD JL et al.: Fanconi syndrome and renal failure induced by tenofovir: a first case report. Am. J. Kidney. Dis. (2002) 40:1331-1333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COCA S, PERAZELLA MA: Rapid communication: acute renal failure associated with tenofovir: evidence of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Am. J. Med. Sci. (2002) 324:342-344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CREPUT C, GONZALEZ-CANALI G, HILL G, PIKETTY C, KAZATCHKINE M, NOCHY D: Renal lesions in HIV-1-positive patient treated with tenofovir. AIDS (2003) 17:935-937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHAAF B, ARIES SP, KRAMME E, STEINHOFF J, DALHOFF K: Acute renal failure associated with tenofovir treatment in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2003) 37:e41-e43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEE JC, MAROSOK RD: Acute tubular necrosis in a patient receiving tenofovir. AIDS (2003) 17:2543-2544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KARRAS A, LAFAURIE M, FURCO A et al.: Tenofovir-related nephrotoxicity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: three cases of renal failure, Fanconi syndrome, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2003) 36:1070-1073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANTONIOU T, RABOUD J, CHIRHIN S et al.: Incidence of and risk factors for tenofovir-induced nephrotoxicity: a retrospective cohort study. HIV Med. (2005) 6:284-290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIFKIN BS, PERAZELLA MA: Tenofovir-associated nephrotoxicity: Fanconi syndrome and renal failure. Am. J. Med. (2004) 117:282-284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PEYRIERE H, REYNES J, ROUANET I et al.: Renal tubular dysfunction associated with tenofovir therapy: report of 7 cases. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. (2004) 35:269-273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARRIOS ANA, GARCIA-BENAYAS T, GONZALEZ-LAHOZ J, SORIANO V: Tenofovir-related nephrotoxicity in HIV-infected patients. AIDS (2004) 18:960-963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRETON G, ALEXANDRE M, DUVAL X et al.: Tubulopathy consecutive to tenofovir-containing antiretroviral therapy in two patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. (2004) 36:527-528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GASPAR G, MONEREO A, GARCIA-REYNE A, DE GUZMAN M: Fanconi syndrome and acute renal failure in a patient treated with tenofovir: a call for caution. AIDS (2004) 18:351-352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JAMES CW, STEINHAUS MC, SZABO S, DRESSIER RM: Tenofovir-related nephrotoxicity: case report and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy (2004) 24:415-418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KRUMMEL T, PARVEZ-BRAUN L, FRANTZEN L et al.: Tenofovir-induced acute renal failure in an HIV patient with normal renal function. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. (2005) 20:473-474.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MALIK A, ABRAHAM P, MALIK N: Acute renal failure and Fanconi syndrome in an AIDS patient on tenofovir treatment-case report and review of literature. J. Infect. (2005) 51:E61-E65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ZIMMERMAN AE, PIZZOFERATO T, BEDFORD J, MORRIS A, HOFFMAN R, BRADEN G: Tenofovir-associated acute and chronic kidney disease: a case of multiple drug interactions. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2006) 42:283-290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CIHLAR T, BIRKUS G, GREENWALT DE, HITCHCOCK MJ: Tenofovir exhibits low cytotoxicity in various human cell types: Comparison with other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Antiviral Res. (2002) 54:37-45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IZZEDINE H, HULOT JS, VITTECOQ D et al.: Long-term renal safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients. Data from a double-blind randomized active-controlled multicentre study. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. (2005) 20:743-746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IZZEDINE H, ISNARD-BAGNIS C, HULOT JS et al.: Renal safety of tenofovir in HIV treatment-experienced patients. AIDS (2004) 18:1074-1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JONES R, STEBBING J, NELSON M et al.: Renal dysfunction with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens is not observed more frequently: a cohort and case-control study. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. (2004) 37:1489-1495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PADILLA S, GUTIERREZ F, MASIA M, CANOVAS V, OROZCO C: Low frequency of renal function impairment during one-year of therapy with tenofovir-containing regimens in the real-world: a case-control study. AIDS Patient Care STDS (2005) 19:421-424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAUSS S, BERGER F, SCHMUTZ G: Antiretroviral theapy with tenofovir is associated with mild renal dysfunction. AIDS (2005) 40:1194-1198.
   Google Scholar
• GALLANT JE, PARISH MA, KENNEDY JC, MOORE RD: Changes in renal function associated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate treatment, compared with nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor treatment. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2005) 40:1194-1198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GALLANT JE, DEJESUS E, ARRIBAS JR et al.: Tenofovir DF, emtricitabine, and efavirenz versus zidovudine, lamivudine, and efavirenz for HIV. N. Engl. J. Med. (2006) 354:251-260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARR A, VELLA S, DE JONG MD et al.: A controlled trial of nevirapine plus zidovudine alone versus zidovudine alone in p24 antigenaemic HIV-infected patients. The Dutch-Italian-Australian Nevirapine Study Group. AIDS (1996) 10:635-641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KNUDTSON E, PARA M, BOSWELL H, FAN-HAVARD P: Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome and renal toxicity with a nevirapine-containing regimen in a pregnant patient with human immunodeficiency virus. Obstet. Gynecol. (2003) 101:1094-1097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANGEL-MORENO-MAROTO A, SUAREZ-CASTELLANO L, HERNANDEZ-CABRERA M, PEREZ-ARELLANO JL: Severe efavirenz-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (not-DRESS) with acute renal failure. J. Infect. (2005) Epub ahead of print.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LEEN C, WAT C, NIEFORTH K: Pharmacokinetics of enfuvirtide in a patient with impaired renal function. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2004) 39:e119-e121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LALEZARI JP, HENRY K, O’HEARN M et al.: Enfuvirtide, an HIV-1 fusion inhibitor, for drug-resistant HIV infection in North and South America. N. Engl. J. Med. (2003) 348:2175-2185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WALLI R, HERFORT O, MICHL GM et al.: Treatment with protease inhibitors associated with peripheral insulin resistance and impaired oral glucose tolerance in HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS (1998) 12:F167-F173
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FRIIS-MOLLER N, WEBER R, REISS P et al.: Cardiovascular disease risk factors in HIV patients-association with antiretroviral therapy. Results from the D:A:D study. AIDS (2003) 17:1179-1193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROWN TT, COLE SR, LI X et al.: Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus in the multicenter AIDS cohort study. Arch. Intern. Med. (2005) 165:1179-1184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YAN Q, HRUZ PW: Direct comparison of the acute In vivo effects of HIV protease inhibitors on peripheral glucose disposal. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. (2005) 40:398-403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHIKUMA CM, HU N, MILNE C et al.: Mitochondrial DNA decrease in subcutaneous adipose tissue of HIV-infected individuals with peripheral lipoatrophy. AIDS (2001) 15:1801-1809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KANNISTO K, SUTINEN J, KORSHENINNIKOVA E et al.: Expression of adipogenic transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1, IL-6, and CD45 in subcutaneous adipose tissue in lipodystrophy associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS (2003) 17:1753-1762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SEABERG EC, MUNOZ A, LU M et al.: Association between highly active antiretroviral therapy and hypertension in a large cohort of men followed from 1984 to 2003. AIDS (2005) 19:953-960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PALACIOS R, SANTOS J, GARCIA A et al.: Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on blood pressure in HIV-infected patients. A prospective study in a cohort of naive patients. HIV Med. (2006) 7:10-15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THIEBAULT R, EL-SADR MW, FRIIS-MOLLER N: Predictors of hypertension and changes of blood pressure in HIV-infected patients. Antivir. Ther. (2005) 10:811-823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JERICO C, KNOBEL H, MONTER M et al.: Hypertension in HIV-infected patients: prevalence and related factors. Am. J. Hypertens. (2005) 18:1396-1401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POLIS MA, SPOONER KM, BAIRD BF et al.: Anticytomegaloviral activity and safety of cidofovir in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and cytomegalovirus viruria. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. (1995) 39:882-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LALEZARI JP, HOLLAND GN, KRAMER F et al.: Randomized, controlled study of the safety and efficacy of intravenous cidofovir for the treatment of relapsing cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. (1998) 17:339-344.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NOORMOHAMED FH, YOULE MS, HIGGS CJ, GAZZARD BG, LANT AF: Renal excretion and pharmacokinetics of foscarnet in HIV sero-positive patients: effect of probenecid pretreatment. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1997) 43:112-115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAVARRO JF, QUEREDA C, QUEREDA C et al.: Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and renal tubular acidosis secondary to foscarnet therapy. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (1996) 27:431-434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FARESE JR RV, SCHAMBELAN M, HOLLANDER H et al.: Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus associated with foscarnet treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Ann. Intern. Med. (1990) 112:955-956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEAUFILS H, DERAY G, KATLAMA C et al.: Foscarnet and crystals in glomerular capillary lumens. Lancet (1990) 336:755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NO AUTHORS LISTED: Morbidity and toxic effects associated with ganciclovir or foscarnet therapy in a randomized cytomegalovirus retinitis trial. Studies of ocular complications of AIDS Research Group, in collaboration with the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Arch. Intern. Med. (1995) 155:65-74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCZCEPANSKA-KONKEL M, YUSUFI AN, VANSCOY M, WEBSTER SK, DOUSA TP: Phosphonocarboxylic acids as specific inhibitors of Na+-dependent transport of phosphate across renal brush border membrane. J. Biol. Chem. (1986) 261:6375-6383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHMIDT GM, HORAK DA, NILAND JC, DUNCAN SR, FORMAN SJ, ZAIA JA: A randomized, controlled trial of prophylactic ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus pulmonary infection in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow transplants; The City of Hope-Stanford-Syntex CMV Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. (1991) 324:1005-1001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KEENEY RE, KIRK LE, BRIGDEN D: Acyclovir tolerance in humans. Am. J. Med. (1982) 73:176-181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAWYER MH, WEBB DE, BALOW JE, STAUSS SE: Acyclovir-induced renal failure. Clinical course and histology. Am. J. Med. (1988) 84:1067-1071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GIUSTINA A, ROMANELLI G, CIMINO A, BRUNORI G: Low dose acyclovir and acute renal failure. Ann. Intern. Med. (1988) 108:312.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ECK P, SILVER SM, CLARK EC: Acute renal failure and coma after a high dose of oral acyclovir. N. Engl. J. Med. (1991) 325:1178-1179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE MIRANDA P, BLUM MR: Pharmacokinetics of acyclovir after intravenous and oral administration. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1983) 12(Suppl. B):29-37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAKEDA T, KHAMDAN S, NARIKAWA S et al.: Human organic anion transporters and human organic cation transporters mediate renal antiviral transport. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2002) 300:918-924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEIN R, BRUNKHORST R, THON WF: Symptomatic sulfadiazine crystalluria in AIDS patients: a report of two cases. Clin. Nephrol. (1993) 39:254-256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOLINA JM, BELENFANT X, DOCO-LECOMPTE T: Sulfadiazine-induced crystalluria in AIDS patients with toxoplasma encephalitis. AIDS (1991) 5:587-589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARBONE LG, BENDIXEN B, APPEL GB: Sulfadiazine-associated obstructive nephropathy occurring in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (1988) 12:72-75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SEN S, BAYRAK R, OK E, BASDEMIR G: Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis and vasculitis or vascular rejection in renal allografts. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (2001) 37:E4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• JOSEPHSON MA, CHIU MY, WOODLE ES, THISTLETHWAITE JR, HAAS M: Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis in renal allografts: histopathologic features and clinical course in six patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (1999) 34:540-548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAKI DG, FOX BC, KUNTZ J, SOLLINGER HW, BELZER FO: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for prophylaxis of infection in renal transplantation. Side effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, interaction with cyclosporine. J. Lab. Clin. Med. (1992) 119:11-124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DON BR: The effect of trimethoprim on potassium and uric acid metabolism in normal human subjects. Clin. Nephrol. (2001) 55:45-52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VELAZQUEZ H, PERAZELLA MA, WRIGHT FS, ELLISON DH: Renal mechanism of trimethoprim-induced hyperkalemia. Ann. Intern. Med. (1993) 119:296-301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHLANGER LE, KLEYMAN TR, LING BN: K(+)-sparing diuretic actions of trimethoprim: inhibition of Na+ channels in A6 distal nephron cells. Kidney Int. (1994) 45:1070-1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALLAPAN R, PERAZELLA MA, BULLER GK: Hyperkalemia in hospitalized patients treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Ann. Intern. Med. (1996) 124:316-320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GREENBERG S, REISER IW, CHOU SY: Hyperkalemia with high-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (1993) 22:603-606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SATTLER FR, COWAN R, NIELSEN DM, RUSKIN J: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with pentamidine for treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A prospective, noncrossover study. Ann. Intern. Med. (1988) 109:280-287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REISER IW, CHOU SY, BROWN MI, PORUSH JG: Reversal of trimethoprim-induced antikaliuresis. Kidney Int. (1996) 50:2063-2069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LACHAAL M, VENUTO RC: Nephrotoxicity and hyperkalemia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome treated with pentamidine. Am. J. Med. (1989) 87:260-263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIDMAN C, BRONNER U, GUSTAFSSON LL et al.: Plasma pentamidine concentrations vary between individuals with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and the drug is actively secreted by the kidney. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1994) 33:803-810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FEDDERSEN A, SACK K: Experimental studies on the nephrotoxicity of pentamidine in rats. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1991) 28:437-446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POOLA NR, KALIS M, PLAKOGIANNIS FM, TAFT DR: Characterization of pentamidine excretion in the isolated perfused rat kidney. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2003) 52:397-404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KLEYMAN TR, ROBERTS C, LING BN: A mechanism for pentamidine-induced hyperkalemia: inhibition of distal nephron sodium transport. Ann. Intern. Med. (1995) 122:103-106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WINGARD JR, KUBILLIS P, LEE L et al.: Clinical significance of nephrotoxicity in patients treated with amphotericin B for suspected or proven aspergillosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1999) 29:1402-1407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCCURDY DK, FREDERIC M, ELKINTON JR: Renal tubular acidosis due to amphotericin B. N. Engl. J. Med. (1968) 278:124-130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOREAU P, MILPIED N, FAYETTE N, RAMEE JF, HAROUSSEAU JL: Reduced renal toxicity and improved clinical tolerance of amphotericin B mixed with intralipid compared with conventional amphotericin B in neutropenic patients. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1992) 30:535-541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WINGARD JR, WHITE MH, ANAISSIE E, RAFALLI J, GOODMAN J, ARRIETA A: L Amph/ABLC Collaborative Study Group: a randomized, double-blind comparative trial evaluating the safety of liposomal amphotericin B versus amphotericin B lipid complex in the empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia. L Amph/ABLC Collaborative Study Group. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2000) 31:1155-1163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUBER AD, MAA L, LAM M, GUGLIELMO BJ: Risk factors for amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1999) 43:267-271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BATES DW, SU L, YU DT et al.: Correlates of acute renal failure in patients receiving parenteral amphotericin B. Kidney Int. (2001) 60:1452-1459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAYLIS C, RENKE HR, BRENNER BM: Mechanisms of the defect in glomerular filtration associated with gentamicin administration. Kidney Int. (1977) 12:344-353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAKAJIMA T, HISHIDA A, KATO A: Mechanisms for protective effects of free radical scavengers on gentamicin-mediated nephropathy in rats. Am. J. Physiol. (1994) 266:F425-F431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LINTON AL, CLARK WF, DRIEDGER AA et al.: Acute interstitial nephritis due to drugs. Review of the literature with a report of nine cases. Ann. Intern. Med. (1980) 93:735-741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar