The safety profile of cyclophosphamide in multiple sclerosis therapy

Bibliography

• WEINER HL, COHEN JA: Treatment of multiple sclerosis with cyclophosphamide:critical review of clinical and immunological effects. Mult. Scler. (2002) 8:142-154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMITH DR, BALASHOV KE, HAFLER DA, KHOURY SJ, WEINER HL: Immune deviation following pulse cyclophosphamide/ methylprednisolone treatment of multiple sclerosis: increased interleukin-4 production and associated eosinophilia. Ann. Neurol. (1997) 42:313-318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BALASHOV KE, SMITH DR, KHOURY SJ, HAFLER DA, WEINER HL: Increased IL-12 production in progressive multiple sclerosis: induction by activated CD4+ T-cells via CD40 ligand. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1997) 94:599-603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TOTARO R, PASSACANTANDO A, RUSSO T et al.: Effects of interferon beta, cyclophosphamide and azathioprine on cytokine profile in patients with multiple sclerosis. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. (2005) 18:377-383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SATOH T, CHEN Q, SASAKI G, YOKOZEKI H, KATAYAMA I, NISHIOKA K: Cyclophosphamide induced blood and tissue eosinophilia in contact hypersensitivity: mechanismof hapten induced eosinophil recruitment into the skin. Eur. J. Immunol. (1997) 27:85-91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KARNI A, KONSTANTIN B, HANCOCK WW et al.: Cyclophosphamide modulates CD4+ Tcells into a T helper 2 phenotypes and reverses increased IFN gamma production of CD8+ Tcells in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimmunol. (2004) 146:189-198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COMABELLA M, KONSTANTINE B, ISSAZADEH S, SMITH D, WEINER HL, KHOURY SJ: Elevated interleukin-12 in progressive multiple sclerosis correlates with disease activity and is normalized by pulse cyclophosphamide therapy. J. Clin. Invest. (1998) 102:671-678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAKASHIMA H, SMITH DR, FUKAURA H, KHOURY SJ, HAFLER DA, WEINER HL: Pulse cyclophosphamide plus methylprednisolone induces myelin–antigen-specific IL-4-secreting Tcells in multiple sclerosis patients. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. (1998) 88:28-34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PADMANABHAN BK, A, HANOCK W, KHOURY S, WEINER HL: Effect of cyclophosphamide pulse therapy on chemokine receptor expression in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology (2001):A226.
   Google Scholar
• IKEZAWA Y, NAKAZAWA M, TAMURA C,TAKAHASHI K, MINAMI M, IKEZAWA Z: Cyclophosphamide decreases the number, percentage and the function of CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T cells, which suppress induction of contact hypersensitivity. J. Dermatol. Sci. (2005) 39:105-112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SU Y-C, ROLPH MS, COOLEY MA, SEWELL WA: Cyclophosphamide augments inflammation by reducing immunosuppression in a mouse model of allergic airway disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (2006) 117:635-641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GHIRINGHELLI F, LARMONIER N, SCHMITT E et al.: CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells suppress tumor immunity but are sensitive to cyclophosphamide which allows immunotherapy of established tumors to be curative. Eur. J. Immunol. (2004) 34:336-344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUTSIAK MEC, SEMNANI RT, DE PASCALIS R, KASHMIRI SVS, SCHLOM J, SABZEVARI H: Inhibition of CD4+25+ T regulatory cell function implicated in enhanced immune response by low-dose cyclophosphamide. Blood (2005) 105:2862-2868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AIMARD G, GIRARD PF, RAVEAU J: Multiple sclerosis and the autoimmunization process. Treatment by antimitotics. Lyon. Med. (1966) 215:345-352.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SOSPEDRA M, MARTIN R: Immunology of multiple sclerosis. Ann. Rev. Immunol. (2005) 23:683-747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GIRARD PF, AIMARD G, PELLET H: Immunodepressive therapy in neurology. Presse. Med. (1967) 75:967-968.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HOMMES OR, PRICK JJ, LAMERS KJ: Treatment of the chronic progressive form of multiple sclerosis with a combination of cyclophosphamide and prednisone. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. (1975) 78:59-72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOMMES OR, LAMERS KJ, REEKERS P: Effect of intensive immunosuppression on the course of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. (1980) 223:177-190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOMMES O, LAMERS K, REEKERS P: Prognostic factors in intensive immunosuppression on the course of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. In: Progress in Multiple Sclerosis Research. Bauer HJ (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany (1980):396-400.
   Google Scholar
• GONSETTE RE, DEMONTY L, DELMOTTE P: Intensive immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide in multiple sclerosis. Follow up of 110 patients for 2 – 6 years. J. Neurol. (1977) 214:173-181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GONSETTE RE D, DELMOTTE P: Intensive immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide in remittent forms of multiple sclerosis: followup of 134 patients for 2 – 10 years. In: Progress in Multiple Sclerosis Research. Bauer HJ (Ed.), Springer-Verla, Berlin, Germany (1980):401-406.
   Google Scholar
• HAUSER SL, DAWSON DM, LEHRICHJR et al.: Intensive immunosuppression in progressive multiple sclerosis. A randomized, three-arm study of high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide, plasma exchange, and ACTH. N. Engl. J. Med. (1983) 308:173-180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEINER HL, MACKIN GA, ORAV EJ et al.: Intermittent cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in progressive multiple sclerosis: final report of the Northeast Cooperative Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Group. Neurology (1993) 43:910-918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIKOSKY W, FIREMAN B, ELMORE R et al.: Intense immunosuppression in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: the Kaiser study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry (1991) 54:1055-1060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NO AUTHORS LISTED: The Canadian Cooperative trial of cyclophosphamide and plasma exchange in progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet (1991) 337:441-446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOHOL MJ, OLEK MJ, ORAV EJ et al.: Treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis with pulse cyclophosphamide/methylprednisolone: response to therapy is linked to the duration of progressive disease. Mult. Scler. (1999) 5:403-409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOBBINI MI, SMITH ME, RICHERT ND, FRANK JA, MCFARLAND HF: Effect of open label pulse cyclophosphamide therapy on MRI measures of disease activity in five patients with refractory relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimmunol. (1999) 99:142-149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PATTI F, CATALDI ML, NICOLETTI F, REGGIO E, NICOLETTI A, REGGIO A: Combination of cyclophosphamide and interferon-beta halts progression in patients with rapidly transitional multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry (2001) 71:404-407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PERINI P, GALLO P: Cyclophosphamide is effective in stabilizing rapidly deteriorating secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. (2003) 250:834-838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZEPHIR H, DE SEZE J, DUHAMEL A et al.: Treatment of progressive forms of multiple sclerosis by cyclophosphamide: a cohort study of 490 patients. J. Neurol. Sci. (2004) 218:73-77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PERINI P, CALABRESE M, TIBERIO M, RANZATO F, BATTISTIN L, GALLO P: Mitoxantrone versus cyclophosphamide in secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis: a comparative study. J. Neurol. (2006) 253:1034-1040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LANGFORD CA: Complications of cyclophosphamide therapy. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolarymgol. (1977) 254:65-72.
   Google Scholar
• GOLDBERG MA, ANTIN JH, GUINAN EC et al.: Cyclophosphamide cardiotoxicity: an analysis of dosing as a risk factor. Blood (1986) 68:1114-1118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOTTDIENDER JS, APPELBAUM FR, FERRANS VJ et al.: Cardiotoxicity associated with high-dose cyclophosphamide therapy. Arch. Inter. Med. (1981) 141:758-763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRAVERMAN AC, ANTIN JH, PLAPPERT MT et al.: Cyclophosphamide cardiotoxicity in bone marrow transplantation: a prospective evaluation of new drug dosing regimen. J. Clin. Oncol. (1991) 9:1215-1223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MERICO A, LEVEDIANOS G, GALLO P, PICCIONE F, TONIN P: Evaluation of myocardial functional parameters during intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy: a case report. Mult. Scler. (2002) 8:179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SUAREZ-ALMAZOR ME, BELSECK E, SHEA B, WELLS G, TUGWELL P: Cyclophosphamide for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2000) 4:CD001157.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ARIES PM, ULLRICH S, GROSS WL: A case of destructive Wegener’s granulomatosis complicated by cytomegalovirus infection. Nat. Clin. Pract. (2006) 2:511-515.
   Google Scholar
• WOLFE F, MICHAUD K, CHAKRAVARTY EF: Rates and predictors of herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and non-inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders. Rheumatology (2006) 45:1370-1375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALEXOPOULOU A, THEODOROU M, DOURAKIS SP, KARAYIANNIS P et al.: Hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients receiving chemotherapy for malignancies: role of precore stop-codon and basic core promoter mutations. J. Viral Hepat. (2006) 13:591-596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHOY DS, WEISS A, LIN PT: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy following treatment for Wegener’s granulomatosis. JAMA (1992) 268:600-601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORGENSTERN LB, PARDO CA: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy complicating treatment for Wegener’s granulomatosis. J. Rheumatol. (1995) 22:1593-1595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WARNATZ K, PETER HH, SCHUMACHER M et al.: Infectious CNS disease as a differential diagnosis in systemic rheumatic diseases: three case reports and a review of the literature. Ann. Rheum. Dis. (2003) 62:50-57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LA MANTIA L, MILANESE C, MASCOLI N et al.: Cyclophosphamide for Multiple Sclerosis. Cochrane database Syst. Rev. (2002) 4:CD002819.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PORTACCIO E, ZIPOLI V, SIRACUSA G, PIACENTINI S, SORBI S, AMATO MP: Safety and tolerability of cyclophosphamide ‘pulses’ in multiple sclerosis: a prospective study in a clinical cohort. Mult. Scler. (2003) 9:446-450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WATSON AR, RANCE CP, BAIN J: Long term effects of cyclophospamide on testicular function. Br. Med. J. (1985) 291:1457-1460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIVKEES SA, CRAWFORD JD: The relationship of gonadal activity and chemiotherapy-induced gonadal damage. JAMA (1988) 259:2123-2125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STILLWELL TJ, BENSON RC: Cyclophospamide-induced haemorrhagic cystitis. A review of 100 patients. Cancer (1988) 61:451-457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STILLWELL TJ, BENSON RC, DEREMEE RA, MCDONALD TJ, WEILAND LH: Cyclophosphamide-induced bladder toxicity in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum. (1988) 31:465-470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PLOTZ PH, KLIPPEL JH, DECKER JL et al.: Bladder complications in patients receiving cyclophosphamide for systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Inter. Med. (1979) 91:221-223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAKER GL, KAHL LE, ZEE BC, STOLZER BL, AGARWAL AK, MEDSGER T Jr: Malignancy following treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with cyclophospamide. Long-term case-control follow-up study. Am. J. Med. (1987) 83:1-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PEDERSEN-BJERGAARD J, ERSBOLL J, HANSEN VL et al.: Carcinoma of the urinary bladder after treatment with cyclophosphamide for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med. (1988) 318:1028-1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TALAR-WILLIAMS C, HIJAZI YM, MCCLELLAN MW et al.: Cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis and bladder cancer in patients with Wegener granulomatosis. Ann. Intern. Med. (1996) 124:477-484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RADIS CD, Kahl LE, BAKER GL et al.: Effects of cyclophosphamide on the development of malignancy and on lon-term survival in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A 20-year follow-up study. Arthritis Rheum. (1995) 38:1120-1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KINLEN LJ, SHEIL AGR, PETO J et al.: Collaborative United Kingdom-Australian study of cancer in patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs. Br. Med. J. (1979) ii:1461-1466.
   Google Scholar
• FARREL RJ, ANG Y, KILEEN P et al.: Increased incidence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in inflammatory bowel disease patients on immunosuppressive therapy but overall rick ia low. Gut (2000) 47:514-519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KINLEN LJ: Immunologic factors, including AIDS. In: Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, 2nd edition. Schottenfeld D, Fraunemi JF (Eds), Oxford University Press, New York, USA (1996):532-545.
   Google Scholar
• KHAN OA, ZVARTAU-HIND M, CAON C et al.: Effect of monthly intravenous cyclophosphamide in rapidly deteriorating multiple sclerosis patients resistant to conventional therapy. Mult. Scler. (2001) 7:185-188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GLADSTONE DE, ZAMKOFF KW, KRUPP L et al.: High-dose cyclophosphamide for moderate to severe refractory multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. (2006) 63:1388-1393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOUMPAS DT, AUSTIN HA III, VAUGHAN EM et al.: Risk for sustained amenorrhea in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving intermittent pulse cyclophosphamide therapy. Ann. Intern. Med. (1993) 119:366-369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOURLEY MF, AUSTIN HA III, SCOTT D et al.: Methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide, alone or in combination, in patients with lupus nephritis. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. (1996) 125:549-557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOSCA M, RUIZ-IRASTORZA G, KHAMASHTA MA, HUGHES GRV: Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Intern. Immunopharm. (2001) 1:1065-1075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOORE MJ: Clinical pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (1991) 20:194-208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE JONG ME, HUITEMA ADR, RODENHUIS S, BEJINEN JH: Clinical pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (2005) 44:1135-1164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE RIDDER D, VAN POPPEL H, DEMONTY L et al.: Bladder cancer in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with cyclophosphamide. J. Urol. (1998) 159:1881-1884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARTIN F, LAUWERYS B, LEFEBVRE C, DEVOGELAER JP, HOUSSIAU FA: Side-effects of intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy. Lupus (1997) 6:254-257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar