Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery Volume 2, 2005 - Issue 3
Submit an article Journal homepage
292
Views
35
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Nicotine delivery systems

Saul ShiffmanUniversity of Pittsburgh Smoking Research Group, Department of Psychology, Pittsburgh, PAUSAE-mail: [email protected]
,
Reginald V FantPinney Associates, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
,
August R BuchhalterPinney Associates, Bethesda, MDUSA
,
Joseph G GitchellThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Science, BaltimoreMD, USA
&
Jack E HenningfieldUniversity of Pittsburgh Smoking Research Group, Department of Psychology, Pittsburgh, PAUSAE-mail: [email protected]
Pages 563-577 | Published online: 10 May 2005

Bibliography

  • SHIFFMAN S, GITCHELL JG, WARNER KE, SLADE J, HENNINGFIELD JE, PINNEY JM: Tobacco harm reduction: conceptual structure and nomenclature for analysis and research. Nicotine Tob. Res. (2002) 4\(Suppl. 2):S113–S129.
  • ••Article catalogues diverse uses of MN, inthe context of diverse approaches to tobacco harm reduction.
  • HUMAN SERVICES: The Health Consequences of Smoking-: Nicotine Addiction. A report of the Surgeon General. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC, USA (1988).
  • HUGHES JR, HATSUKAMI D: Signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1986) 43(3):289–294.
  • GEORGE TP, O'MALLEY SS: Current pharmacological treatments for nicotine dependence. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (2004) 25(1):42–47.
  • HENNINGFIELD JE: Nicotine medications for smoking cessation. N Engl. J. Med. (1995) 333:1196–1203.
  • ••Article characterises the clinical course ofnicotine addiction and reviews its treatment with nicotine gum and patch.
  • BENOWITZ NL: Clinical pharmacology of transdermal nicotine. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. (1995) 41(3):168–174.
  • GORSLINE J: Nicotine pharmacokinetics of four nicotine transdermal systems. Health Values (1993) 17(2):20–24.
  • FANT RV, HENNINGFIELD JE, SHIFFMAN S, STRAHS KR, REITBERG DP: A pharmacokinetic crossover study to compare the absorption characteristics of three transdermal nicotine patches. Pharmacol Biochem. Behav. (2000) 67(3):479–482.
  • •Article compares head-to-head PK profiles of the highest marketed doses of three patch systems.
  • GOURLAY SG, BENOWITZ NL, FORBES A, McNEIL JJ: Determinants of plasma concentrations of nicotine and cotinine during cigarette smoking and transdermal nicotine treatment. Eur. j Clin. Pharmacol. (1997) 51:407–414.
  • SHIFFMAN S, KHAYRALLAH M, NOWAK R: Efficacy of the nicotine patch for relief of craving and withdrawal 7-10 weeks after cessation. Nicotine Tob. Res. (2000) 2(4):371–378.
  • SHIFFMAN S, ELASH CA, PATON SM et al.: Comparative efficacy of 24-hour and 16-hour transdermal nicotine patches for relief of morning craving. Addiction (2000) 95(8):1185–1195.
  • DAUGHTON DM, HEATLEY SA, PRENDERGAST JJ et al.: Effect of transdermal nicotine delivery as an adjunct to low-intervention smoking cessation therapy. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Arch. Intern. Med. (1991) 151:749–752.
  • TONNESEN P, PAOLETTI P, GUSTAVSSON G et al.: Higher dosage nicotine patches increase one-year smoking cessation rates: results from the European CEASE trial. Collaborative European Anti-Smoking Evaluation. European Respiratory Society. Eur. Respir. J. (1999) 13(2):238–246.
  • HAJEK P, WEST R, FOULDS J, NILSSON F, BURROWS S, MEADOW A: Randomized comparative trial of nicotine polacrilex, a transdermal patch, nasal spray, and an inhaler. Arch. Intern. Med. (1999) 159(17):2033–2038.
  • BENOWITZ NL: Nicotine replacement therapy. What has been accomplished - can we do better? Drugs (1993) 45(2):157–170.
  • TIFFANY ST, COX LS, ELASH CA: Effects of transdermal nicotine patches on abstinence-induced and cue- elicited craving in cigarette smokers. J. Consult. Clin. PsychoL (2000) 68(2):233–240.
  • WATERS AJ, SHIFFMAN S, SAYETTE MA, PATY JA, GWALTNEY CJ, BALABANIS MH: Cue provoked craving and nicotine replacement therapy in smoking cessation. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol (2005) (In press).
  • SHIFFMAN S, GNYS M, RICHARDS TJ, PATY JA, HICKCOX M, KASSEL JD: Temptations to smoke after quitting: a comparison of lapsers and maintainers. Health Psychol (1996) 15(6):455–461.
  • SHIFFMAN S, DRESLER CM, HAJEK P, GILBURT SJ, TARGETT DA, STRAHS KR: Efficacy of a nicotine lozenge for smoking cessation. Arch. Intern. Med. (2002) 162(11):1267–1276.
  • SHIFFMAN S, HUGHES JR, MARINO ME, SWEENEY CT: Patterns of over-the-counter nicotine gum use: persistent use and concurrent smoking. Addiction (2003) 12(3):310–316.
  • SHIFFMAN S, ROLF CN, HELLEBUSCH SJ et al.: Real-world efficacy of prescription and over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapy. Addiction (2002) 97(5):505–516.
  • SHIFFMAN S, HUGHES JR, PILLITTERI JL, BURTON SL: Persistent use of nicotine replacement therapy: an analysis of actual purchase patterns in a population based sample. Tob. Control (2003) 12:310–316.
  • SHIFFMAN S, ENGBERG JB, PATY JA et al.: A day at a time: predicting smoking lapse from daily urge. J. Abnorm. PsychoL (1997) 106(1):104–116.
  • SAYETTE MA, SHIFFMAN S, TIFFANY ST, NIAURA RS, MARTIN CS, SHADEL WG: The measurement of drug craving. Addiction (2000)95\(Suppl. 2):5189–5210.
  • SHIFFMAN S, PATY JA, GNYS M, KASSEL JA, HICKCOX M: First lapses to smoking: within-subjects analysis of real-time reports. J. Consult. Clin. PsychoL (1996) 64(2):366–379.
  • BENOWITZ NL, JACOB P 3 SAVANAPRIDI C: Determinants of nicotine intake while chewing nicotine polacrilex gum. Clin. Pharmacol Ther. (1987) 41(4):467–473.
  • TONNESEN P, FRYD V, HANSEN M et al.: Two and four mg nicotine chewing gum and group counseling in smoking cessation: an open, randomized, controlled trial with a 22 month follow-up. Addict. Behav. (1988) 13(1):17–27.
  • HERRERA N, FRANCO R, HERRERA L, PARTIDAS A, ROLANDO R, FAGERSTROM KO: Nicotine gum, 2 and 4 mg, for nicotine dependence. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial within a behavior modification support program. Chest (1995) 108(2):447–451.
  • SHIFFMAN S, GITCHELL J, PINNEY JM, BURTON SL, KEMPER KE, LARA EA: Public health benefit of over-the-counter nicotine medications. Tob. Control (1997) 6(4):306–310.
  • ••This paper models the positive impact onpublic health achieved by making nicotine medications available without a prescription.
  • BENOWITZ NL, JACOB P 3rd: Daily intake of nicotine during cigarette smoking. Clin. PharmacoL Ther. (1984) 35(4):499–504.
  • CURRY SJ, LUDMAN EJ, MCCLURE J: Self-administered treatment for smoking cessation. J. Clin. PsychoL (2003) 59(3):305–319.
  • HENNINGFIELD JE, STAPLETON JM, BENOWITZ NL, GRAYSON RG, LONDON ED: Higher levels of nicotine in arterial than in venous blood after cigarette smoking. Drug Alcohol Depend. (1993) 33:23–29.
  • HENNINGFIELD JE, RADZIUS A, COOPER TM, CLAYTON RR: Drinking coffee and carbonated beverages blocks absorption of nicotine from nicotine polacrilex gum. JAMA (1990) 264(12):1560–1564.
  • SHIFFMAN S, SHADEL WG, NIAURA R et al.: Efficacy of acute administration of nicotine gum in relief of cue-provoked cigarette craving. Psychopharmacology (2003) 166(4):343–350.
  • •Article indicates that nicotine gum can reduce acute craving following exposure to a provocative stimulus.
  • COHEN LM, COLLINS FL, BRITT DM: The effect of chewing gum on tobacco withdrawal. Addict. Behav. (1997) 22(6):769–773.
  • CHOI JH, DRESLER CM, NORTON MR, STRAHS KR: Pharmacokinetics of a nicotine polacrilex lozenge. Nicotine Tob. Res. (2003) 5(5):635–644.
  • HEATHERTON TF, KOZLOWSKI LT, FRECKER RC, FAGERSTROM KO: The fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire. Br. J. Addict. (1991) 86:1119–1127.
  • SHIFFMAN S, DRESLER CM, ROHAY JM: Successful treatment with a nicotine lozenge of smokers with prior failure in pharmacological therapy. Addiction (2004) 99(1):83–92.
  • SHIFFMAN S, MARINO ME, PILLITTERI JL: The effectiveness of nicotine patch and nicotine lozenge in very heavy smokers. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. (2005) 28(1):49–55.
  • SHIFFMAN S: Nicotine lozenge efficacy inlight smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend. (2005) 77(3):311–314.
  • MOLANDER L, LUNELL E: Pharmacokinetic investigation of a nicotine sublingual tablet. Eur. J. Clin. PharmacoL (2001) 56:813–819.
  • GLOVER ED, GLOVER PN, FRANZON M et al.: A comparison of a nicotine sublingual tablet and placebo for smoking cessation. Nicotine Tob. Res. (2002) 4(4):441–450.
  • MOLANDER L, LUNELL E, ANDERSSON SB, KUYLENSTIERNA F: Dose released and absolute bioavailability of nicotine from a nicotine vapor inhaler. Clin. PharmacoL Ther. (1996) 59(4):394–400.
  • BERGSTROM M, NORDBERG A, LUNELL E, ANTONI G, LANGSTROM B: Regional deposition of inhaled "C-nicotine vapor in the human airway as visualized by positron emission tomography. Clin. PharmacoL Ther. (1995) 57:309–317.
  • LUNELL E, MOLANDER L, ANDERSSON SB: Temperature dependency of the release and bioavailability of nicotine from a nicotine vapour inhaler; in vitro/ in vivo correlation. Eur. J. PharmacoL (1997) 52:495–500.
  • SCHNEIDER NG, LUNELL E, OLMSTEAD RE, FAGERSTROM KO: Clinical pharmacokinetics of nasal nicotine delivery. A review and comparison to other nicotine systems. Clin. Pharmacoki net. (1996) 31(1):65–80.
  • GOURLAY SG, BENOWITZ NL: Arteriovenous differences in plasma concentration of nicotine and catecholamines and related cardiovascular effects after smoking, nicotine nasal spray, and intravenous nicotine. Clin. PharmacoL Ther. (1997) 62(4):453–463
  • HURT RD, OFFORD KP, CROGHAN IT et al.: Temporal effects of nicotine nasal spray and gum on nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Psychopharmacology (1998) 140:98–104.
  • SCHUH KJ, SCHUH LM, HENNINGFIELD JE, STITZER ML: Nicotine nasal spray and vapor inhaler: abuse liability assessment. Psychopharmacology (1997) 130(4):352–361.
  • SILAGY C, LANCASTER T, STEAD L, MANT D, FOWLER G: Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Sys. Rev. (2004) 3:CD000146.
  • ••Article presents a comprehensive meta-analysis on the efficacy of MN products (nicotine patch, gum, lozenge, nasal spray, inhaler and sublingual tablet).
  • COVEY LS, SULLIVAN MA, JOHNSTON JA, GLASSMAN AH, ROBINSON MD, ADAMS DP: Advances in non-nicotine pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. Drugs (2000) 59(1):17–31.
  • HUGHES JR, GOLDSTEIN MG, HURT RD, SHIFFMAN S. Recent advances in the pharmacotherapy of smoking. JAMA (1999). 281(1):72–76.
  • •This article summarises the current state of pharmacological treatment for smoking cessation.
  • MCNEILL A, FOULDS J, BATES C: Regulation of nicotine replacement therapies (NRT): a critique of current practice. Addiction (2001) 96(12):1757–1768.
  • •This paper critiques the current system by which MN products are regulated around the world.
  • MURRAY RP, BAILEY WC, DANIELS K et al.: Safety of nicotine polacrilex gum used by 3,094 participants in the lung health study. Lung health research study group. Chest (1996) 109(2):438–445.
  • ECONOMICS DATA: Physician's Desk Reference. Medical Economics Data Production Company, Montvale, NJ, USA (1997):1565–1569.
  • THOMSON: Physician's Desk Reference. PDR Electronic Library. Thomson Micromedex volume (2004).
  • WALTON R, JOHNSTONE E, MUNAFO M, NEVILLE M, GRIFFITHS S: Genetic clues to the molecular basis of tobacco addiction and progress towards personalized therapy. Trends MoL Med. (2001) 7(2):70–76.
  • MUNAFO MR, CLARK TG, JOHNSTONE EC, MURPHY MFG, WALTON RT: The genetic basis for smoking behavior: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nicotine Tob. Res. (2004) 6(4):583–597.
  • TRANSDERMAL NICOTINE STUDY GROUP: Transdermal nicotine for smoking cessation. Six-month results from two multicenter controlled clinical trials. JAMA (1991) 266(22):3133–3138.
  • ZEVIN S, JACOB P 3 BENOWITZ NL: Dose-related cardiovascular and endocrine effects of transdermal nicotine. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1998) 64:87–95.
  • JORENBY DE, SMITH SS, FIORE MC et al.: Varying nicotine patch dose and type of smoking cessation counseling. JAMA (1995) 274(17):1347–1352.
  • HUGHES JR, LESMES GR, HATSUKAMI DK et al.: Are higher doses of nicotine replacement more effective for smoking cessation. Nicotine Tob. Res. (1999) 1:169–174.
  • NIAURA R, SAYETTE MA, SHIFFMAN S et al.: Comparative efficacy of rapid-release nicotine gum versus Nicorette in relieving smoking cue-provoked craving. Proceedings of the 9th Annual Meeting of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. New Orleans, LA, USA (2003) PA5–8.
  • SWEENEY CT, FANT FAGERSTROM KO, MCGOVERN JF, HENNINGFIELD JE: Combination nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation: rationale, efficacy and tolerability. CNS Drugs (2001) 15(6):453–467.
  • FAGERSTROM KO, SCHNEIDER NG, LUNELL E: Effectiveness of nicotine patch and nicotine gum as individual versus combined treatments for tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Psychopharmacology (1993) 111(3):271–277.
  • KORNITZER M, BOUTSEN M, DRAMADC M, THUS J, GUSTAVSSON G. Combined use of nicotine patch and gum in smoking cessation: a placebo-controlled clinical trial. Prey. Med. (1995) 24(1):41–47.
  • PUSKA P, KORHONEN H, VARTIAINEN E, URJANHEIMO E, GUSTAVSSON G, WESTIN A: Combined use of nicotine patch and gum compared with gum alone in smoking cessation: a clinical trial in North Karelia. Tob. Control (1995) 4: 231–235.
  • BLONDAL T, GUDMUNDSSON LJ, OLAFSDOTTIR I, GUSTAVSSON G, WESTIN A: Nicotine nasal spray with nicotine patch for smoking cessation: Randomised trial with six year follow up. Br. Med. J. (1999) 318:285–289.
  • WESTMAN EC, TOMLIN KF, PERKINS CE, BRYSON WH, ROSE JE: Oral nicotine solution: single dose pharmacokinetic study. Proceedings of the 7th Annual Meeting of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. Seattle, WA, USA (2001) P03 01.
  • WESTMAN EC, TOMLIN KF, PERKINS CE, ROSE JE: Oral nicotine solution for smoking cessation: a pilot tolerability study. Nicotine Tob. Res. (2001) 3(4):391–396.
  • D'ORLANDO KJ, FOX BS: Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of single and repeated doses of nicotine with the Straw, a novel nicotine replacement product. Nicotine Tob. Res. (2004) 6(1):63–70.
  • ZOBRIST H, MARRIOT JG, GILBERT R, EPSTEIN M, PAPPAS J: Preliminary eight week safety and efficacy of oral transmucosal nicotine (OT-nicotine) compared to patch and gum for smoking cessation. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. Nashville, TN, USA (1997) POB 50.
  • SUMNER W 2nd: Estimating the health consequences of replacing cigarettes with nicotine inhalers. Tob. Control (2003) 12(2):124–132.
  • CINCIRIPINI PM, LAPITSKY LG, WALLFISCH A, MACE R, NEZAMI E, VUNAKIS HV: An evaluation of a multicomponent treatment program involving scheduled smoking and relapse prevention procedures: initial findings. Addict. Behav. (1994) 19(1):13–22.
  • GUNTHER V GRISTSCH S, MEISE U: Smoking cessation - gradual or sudden stopping? Drug Alcohol Depend. (1992) 29:231–236.
  • FANT RV, SCHUH KJ, STITZER ML: Response to smoking as a function of prior smoking amounts. Psychopharmacology (1995) 119(4):385–390.
  • EBERT RV MCNABB ME, SNOW SL: Effect of nicotine gum or plasma nicotine levels of cigarette smokers. Clin. PharmacoL Ther. (1984) 35:495–498.
  • WENNIKE P, DANIELSSON T, LANDFELDT B, WESTIN TONNESEN P: Smoking reduction promotes smoking cessation: results from a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of nicotine gum with 2-year follow-up. Addiction (2003) 98(10):1395–1402.
  • BAER JS, KAIVIARCK T, LICHTENSTEIN E, RANSOM CC Jr: Prediction of smoking relapse: analyses of temptations and transgressions after initial cessation. J. Consult. Clin. PsychoL (1989) 57(5):623–627.
  • GARVEY AJ, BLISS RE, HITCHCOCK JL, HEINOLD JW, ROSNER B: Predictors of smoking relapse among self-quitters: a report from the Normative Aging Study. Addict. Behav. (1992) 17(4):367–377.
  • KENFORD SL, FIORE MC, JORENBY DE, SMITH SS, WETTER D, BAKER TB: Predicting smoking cessation. Who will quit with and without the nicotine patch. JAMA (1994) 271(8):589–594.
  • SHIFFMAN S, SCHARF D: Milestones in smoking cessation: a process analysis. Proceedings of the 8th Annual Meeting of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. Savannah, GA, USA (2002) RP–72.
  • BALFOUR DJ, FAGERSTROM KO: Pharmacology of nicotine and its therapeutic use in smoking cessation and neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacol Ther. (1996) 72(1):51–81.
  • OF MEDICINE: Executive summary. In: Clearing the Smoke. Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction. K S P S R W S Bondurant (Eds), National Academy Press, Washington DC, USA (2001):1–14. Executive summary describing the attempted shift to reduce the harm of smoking for the many smokers who are unable or unwilling to quit, providing an overview of harm reduction principles and products.
  • HUGHES JR: Reduced smoking: an introduction and review of the evidence. Addiction (2000) 95\(Suppl. 1):53–57.
  • FAGERSTROM KO, HUGHES JR: Nicotine concentrations with concurrent use of cigarettes and nicotine replacement: a review. Nicotine Tob. Res. (2002) 4\(Suppl. 2):S73–S79.
  • FARKAS AJ. When does cigarette fading increase the likelihood of future cessation? Ann. Behav. Med. (1999) 21(1):71–76.
  • HUGHES JR, CUMMINGS KM, HYLAND A: Ability of smokers to reduce their smoking and its association with future smoking cessation. Addiction (1999) 94(1):109–114.
  • FAGERSTROM KO, TEJDING R, WESTIN A, LUNELL E: Aiding reduction of smoking with nicotine replacement medications: hope for the recalcitrant smoker? Tob. Control (1997) 6: 311–16.
  • CARPENTER MJ, HUGHES JR, SOLOMON LJ, CALLAS PW: Both smoking reduction with nicotine replacement therapy and motivational advice increase future cessation among smokers unmotivated to quit. J. Consult. Clin. PsychoL (2004) 72(3):371–381.
  • GRAY N, BOYLE P: The future of the nicotine-addiction market. Lancet (2003) 362(9387):1764.
  • This paper conceptualises both tobacco products and MN as part of a larger "nicotine market" and argues that safe MN products should displace hazardous tobacco products in this marketplace.
  • SCHNEIDER NG, LUNELL E, OLMSTEAD RE, FAGERSTROM KO: Clinical pharmacokinetics of nasal nicotine delivery. A review and comparison to other nicotine systems. Clin. Pharmacoki net. (1996) 31:65–80.
  • BENOWITZ NL, PORCHET H, SHEINER L, JACOB P 3rd: Nicotine absorption and cardiovascular effects with smokeless tobacco use: comparison with cigarettes and nicotine gum. Clin. Pharmacol Ther. (1988) 44:23–28.
  • MEDICAL ECONOMICS: Physician's desk reference. Medical Economics Data Production Company, Montvale, NJ, USA (1995):1443.
  • MEDICAL ECONOMICS: Physician's desk reference. Medical Economics Data Production Company, Montvale, NJ, USA (1995):1411.
  • SCHNEIDER NG, OLMSTEAD RE, FRANZON MA, LUNELL E: The nicotine inhaler: clinical pharmacokinetics and comparison with other nicotine treatments. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (2001) 40(9):661–684.
  • MOLANDER L, LUNELL E: Pharmacokinetic investigation of a nicotine sublingual tablet. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol (2001) 56:813–819.
  • DRUG ADMINISTRATION: NDA NO 21–330 nicotine polacrilex lozenge. Division of Over-The-Counter Drug Products. HFD-560 (2002).

Websites

  • http://www.who.int/tobacco/ health_priority/en/ World Health Organization, Tobacco Free Initiative (2005).
  • http://www.nicotrol.com/ns/prescribing.asp Nicotrol nasal spray prescribing information, pharmacokinetics (2003).
  • http://www.nicotrol.com/inhaler/ prescribing.asp Nicotrol inhaler prescribing information, pharmacokinetics (2003).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.