Starch microparticles as vaccine adjuvant

Bibliography

• BRAYDEN DJ: Or vaccination in mai udng aitigens in pati des current aatus Eur. J. Pharm. Si. (2001) 14(3):183–189.
   Google Scholar
• YEH ELLENSH, SMITH PL: Phydologicd condderaionsin thedaign of paticulatedosage forms for or vaxine delivery. Adv. Drug DEll v. Rev. (1998) 34(2-3):123–133.
   Google Scholar
• CLARK MA, JEPSON MA, H I RST BH :Exploiting M cells for drug aid vaxine delivery. Adv. Drug Div. Re/. (2001) 50(1-2):81–106.
   Google Scholar
• PO A: Delivery sistemsfor non-paenterd vaxines Adv. Drug Div. Re/. (1995) 18:101–109.
   Google Scholar
• HAGAN DT: Micropatidesaid polyrnersfor themucosa delivery of vaxines Adv. Drug Div. Re/. (1998) 34:305–320.
   Google Scholar
• RYAN EJ, DALY LM, MILLS KH : I mmunomodulaors aid dd i very sydens for vaoci nation by mucosa routes Trends Bicte:hnd. (2001) 19(8):293–304.
   Google Scholar
• SINGH M, LI XM, WANG H et al.: Controlled rel Effie micropati des ffi a dngle dose di phtheri a toxoi d vaoci ne immunogenidty in s-ndl aiimd modds Vaccine(1998) 16(4):346–352.
   Google Scholar
• OGRA PL, FADEN H, WELLIVER RC: Vaoci nati on straegiesfor mucosa immune reeponsas Olin. Micrcbid. Re/. (2001) 14(2):430–445.
   Google Scholar
• ABREU MT: Immunologic regulation of Toll-li ke receptors in gut epithdi um. Curr. Opi n. Gaetrcele-d. (2003) 19(6):559–564.
   Google Scholar
• STORNI T, KUNDIG TM, SENT! JOHANSEN P: Immunity in reeponto pati cul aegen-del i very sisterns Adv.Drug Div. Rat. (2005) 57(3):333–355.
   Google Scholar
• LUBBEN IM, VERN EF JC, BORCHARD G, JUNGINGER HE: Chitosai for mucosa vaxinaion. Adv. Drug Div. Rat. (2001) 52(2):139–144.
   Google Scholar
• GUPTA RK, SINGH M, O'HAGAN DT: Fbly(lactide-co-glycol i de) micropa-ti d esfor the development of d ng e-do control! ed-releasevamines Adv. Drug Div. Rat. (1998) 32(3):225–246.
   Google Scholar
• TUOVINEN L, PELTONEN S, LIIKOLA M et al.: Drug releasefrom sta-ch-aostaemicropa-tidesaid filmswith aid without incorporated dpha-anylaee. Bicmate-ials(2004) 25(18):4355–4362.
   Google Scholar
• ARTURSSON R EDMAN LAAKSO T, SJOHOLM I: Cha-acteri zai on of polyacryl stach micropatidesfficariersfor proteins aid drugs J. Pharm. S:i. (1984) 73(11):1507–1513.
   Google Scholar
• HERITAGE PL, LOOMES LM, JIANXI ON G Jet al.: Novel polymer-grafted stach micropatidesfor mucosa deiivery of vamines I mmundcgy (1996) 88(1):162–168.
   Google Scholar
• MCDERMOTT MR, HERITAGE PL, BARTZOKA V, BROOK MA: Fblyrner-grafted stach mi cropa-ti desfor or aid immunization. I mmund. Cell Bid. (1998) 76(3):256–262.
   Google Scholar
• •aimmalsas theof polymer-graftedstach mi cropati des as a mucosa adjuvait.
   Google Scholar
• SS Davia L I JG M E TomlinsDn (Eds), El%vier, London, UK (1984).
   Google Scholar
• HAGAN DT, RAPPUOLI R: Novel approaches to vaxine del ivery. Pharm. Res (2004) 21(9):1519–1530.
   Google Scholar
• HAGAN DT: Ord delivery of vaocines Formulation aid di nicei pha-macokinetic condderations Olin. Phamaccki net. (1992) 22(1):1–10.
   Google Scholar
• ALPAR HO, EYLES JE, WILLIAMSON ED, SOMAVARAPU S: I ntraial vaoci nation aganst plague, tetaiusaid diphtheria Adv. Drug Div. Re/. (2001) 51(1-3):173–201.
   Google Scholar
• FLORENCE AT: T he ord dos-x-pti on of micro- aid nalopa-ticulaes neither exceptiond nor unusJd. Pharm. Res (1997) 14(3):259–266.
   Google Scholar
• •A criticei review of thepossibilitiesto achieve effective paticulate uptdce through the inteetind mucosa
   Google Scholar
• ROTHMAN U, ARFORS KE, ARONSEN KF, LINDELL B, NYLANDER G: Enzyrnati call y deg-aclable mi craphe-esfcr eperi meld and clinical um xth meetingof the ncrdi c mi crcci rculati cn gcup. (1976)
   Google Scholar
• LINDBERG M, LOTE K, TEDER H: Biodecg-aidDlesta-ch micrwheres- anew medicei tool. In: Micrcepheresand Drug The-apy. SS Da/la L I JG M E TomlinsDn (Eds), El wvi er, London, UK (1984):153–188.
   Google Scholar
• BJORK E, EDMAN P: DegraidDledach micrwheresffianal ddivery sflem for insjlin. Int. J. Pharm. (1988)47:233–238.
   Google Scholar
• LEPISTO M, ARTURSSON R ED M AN LAAKSO T, SJOHOLM I: Determinaion of the degree of deri vai zai on of acryloylaed polysaxhaides by Fourier traisform proton N MR Tectroscopy. Anal. Bicchem. (1983) 133(1):132–135.
   Google Scholar
• AYERS JS, HANCOCK WS, HEARN MT: A novel method of activaion of cross-linked aga-oseswith 1,1'- ca-bonyldiimidazole which gives a matri x for affinity chromaography devoid of aidi tiond cha-ged groups d Bid. Cher. (1979) 254(8):2572–2574.
   Google Scholar
• MARTENSSON IL, SJOHOLM I: BiodegraidDlemicrwheres III : SD me immunol ogicd properti es of polyacryl sta-ch micropatidesJ Pharm. Si. (1986) 75(7):697–701.
   Google Scholar
• ARTURSSON P, ARRO E, EDMAN P, ERICSSON JLE, SJOHOLM I: BiodegraidDlemicroTheresV: Stimulaion of macrophageswith micropatidesmaieof vaiouspolysaochaidesJ Pharm. Sci. (1987) 76:127–133.
   Google Scholar
• WIKINGSSON L, SJOHOLM I: Fblyacryl stach micropa-tidesffiadjuval in ord immunisation, inducing mucosa aid sistemicimmunereeponsesin mice Vaccine (2002) 20:3355–3363.
   Google Scholar
• •Describesstach micropatides as ai ord vaocineadjuval aid chaacterisas the immune reepon induced.
   Google Scholar
• HERITAGE PL, BROOK MA, DERDOWN BJ, MCDERMOTT MR: Intl-masa immunization with polymer-grdted micropatidesactivaesthenasa-assDciaed lyrnphoid ti ssue aid dre ni ng lymph nodes I mmundcgy (1998) 93(2):249–256.
   Google Scholar
• CONSTANTIN M, FUNDUEANU G, CORTES R, ESPOSITO E, NASTRUZZI C: Aminated polysaochaide microTheresffi DNA ddivery syst EMS Drug Div. (2003) 10(3):139–149.
   Google Scholar
• ARTURSSON R EDMAN ERICSSON JLE: Macrophagestimulation with SD me structurdl y relaed polysaochal des Sirid J. I mmund . (1987) 25:245–254.
   Google Scholar
• ARTURSSON P, ERICSSON JI, SJOHOLM I: I nfl a-nmaory reepon to polyacryl stach micropa-ti d es, role of a-achidonicacid metdoolites Int. J. Pharm. (1988)46:149–157.
   Google Scholar
• MYERS RF, SIEGEL MI: Differentid effects of ait i-infla-nmatory drugs on I i poxygenaee aid cydo-oxygenaee activities of neutrophilsfrom a reverpassiveArthus reaction. Bicchem. Biophys Res Ccmmun. (1983) 112(2):586–594.
   Google Scholar
• SJOHOLM I: Effect on opni ns on the macrophage uptdce of polyacryl sta-ch micropatides Int. J. Pharm. (1986) 32:165–170.
   Google Scholar
• JOHANSSON D, SJOHOLM I: Receptor-mediated uptdceof dach aid ma-mai micropatides by macrophages reiaivecontribution of receptors for complement, immunoglobulinesaid cabohydraes Bicmate-ials(1988) 9:241–246.
   Google Scholar
• MONTGOMERY PC, RAFFERTY DE: Induction of secretory aid Serum aiti body responsesfollowing ord admi nistrdion of aitigen with bioadheeivedegraddolestach micropa-tides Or Micrcbid. Immund. (1998) 13(3):139–149.
   Google Scholar
• ARTURSSON P,EDMAN P, SJOHOLM I: Biodegraddolemicrodoheres II: I mmune reepon to heterologous aid aitologous protei ns entrqoped in polyacryl sta-ch micropa-tidesJ Pharm. Exp. The-. (1985) 234:255–260.
   Google Scholar
• STJARNKVIST P, WIKINGSSON L, SJOHOLM I: BiodegraddolemicroTheres XIII: Immune respon to the DN P hTtei conjugded to polyacryl stach micropatides J. Pharm. S:i. (1991) 80(5):436–440.
   Google Scholar
• WIKINGSSON L, STJARNKVIST P. microdoheres XVIII: T he adj uvait effect of polyacryl sta-ch micropatideswith conjugated humai Serum dbumin. Vaccine (1995) 13(7):629–636.
   Google Scholar
• HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Repert cn Leidimanias TDR/SWG (2004)
   Google Scholar
• BUTTON LL, REINER NE, MCMASTER WR: Modificdion of go63 genesfrom diverdoeci es of Lei dimani a for expression of recombinait protein at high levelsin Exhe-ichiaoli. Md. Bicchem. Para§td. (1991) 44(2):213–224.
   Google Scholar
• RUSSO DM, BURNS JM CARVALHO EM et al.: Humai T cell responses to gp63, a airfaoe all gen of Leitimania. J Immund. (1991) 147(10):3575–3580.
   Google Scholar
• BRADLEY DJ, KIRKLEY J. Regulation of Lmani a populaionswithin the host. I. T he vai dole cour of Lei dimani a dcnovani infectionsin mice Olin. Exp. Immund. (1977) 30(1):119–129.
   Google Scholar
• IIJIMA H, TAKAHASHI I, KIYONO H: Mucosei immunenetwork in thegut for the control of infectiousdiSESSES Rat. Med. Vird. (2001) 11(2):117–133.
   Google Scholar
• DIDIERLAURENT A, SRARD JC, KRAEHENBUHL NEUTRA MR: How the gut senses itscontent. CI Micrcloid. (2002) 4(2):61–72.
   Google Scholar
• •This reviav sJrnmai ses the current understanding of the i nterplay between the microflora ithi oellsaid the i mmune Is in the gut.
   Google Scholar
• MOWAT AM: Andomica baeisof toleraice aid immunity to intestind aitigens Nat. Rey Immund. (2003) 3(4):331–341.
   Google Scholar
• •This review di scusses the diatomi cd factors i mportait for the nature of the intedind immune reeponwith focuson locei factors that affect the behaviour of APC and T Is in thegut.
   Google Scholar
• MACDONALD TT: Themucosel immune system. Para§te I mmund . (2003) 25(5):235–246.
   Google Scholar
• NAGLER-ANDERSON C: Mai the ba-rier! Strdegic defenoes in the i ntedind mucosa Nat. Rat. Immund. (2001) 1(1):59–67.
   Google Scholar
• MCDERMOTT MR, BIENENSTOCK J. Evidencefor a common mucosi immunologic system. I. Migration of B immunoblastsinto intestind, reepiratory, aid genitd tissuesJ Immund. (1979) 122(5):1892–1898.
   Google Scholar
• ••A classic pTer using di adoptive I ymphocyte traisfer method to diow that the mucosei glrfaces a-e linked by migrating I gA plasmacyste precursors forming a common mucosei immune system.
   Google Scholar
• PAPPO J, OWEN RL: Absence of secretory component expression by epithelid cells overlying rdobit gut-aseociated I yrnphoid t i sale Padrceite-dcgy (1988) 95(5):1173–1177.
   Google Scholar
• SMITH MW: Selective expression of brudi border hydrolases by mouFa,ter'spdch aid jejund vi II usenterocytes d Cell. Phyd. (1985) 124(2):219–225.
   Google Scholar
• OWEN RL: Uptdce aid traidoort of intestind macromolecules aid microorgaiians by M oellsin Peyer's patches- a persondaid histori perdoective min. Immund. (1999) 11(3):157–163.
   Google Scholar
• NEUTRA MR, MANTIS NJ, KRAEHENBUHL JP: Colldoordion of epithelid oellswith orgalized mucosi lymphoid tiSSJES Nat. Immund. (2001) 2(11):1004–1009.
   Google Scholar
• BEIER R, GEBERT A: Kineticsof patide uptdcein the domes of Fayer'spdches Arn. J. Rid. (1998) 275(1 Ft 1):G130–G137.
   Google Scholar
• •This is the first pTer des:ribing, by electron microscopy, the qualitative uptdce aid didoosition of paticulde matters (exempl ifi ed with Saccharomyces cerevidae) in Peyer's patchess
   Google Scholar
• SIERRO F, DUBOIS B, COSTE A et al.: FIIindimuldion of intestind epithelid oellstriggersCCL20-medided mig-dion of dendritic cells Proa Natl. Acal Sci. USA (2001) 98(24):13722–13727.
   Google Scholar
• RESCIGNO M, URBANO M, VALZASINA B et al.: Dendritic cells expresstight junction proteins aid penetrategut epithelid monolayersto S3-nple bacteria Nat. Immund. (2001) 2(4):361–367.
   Google Scholar
• SHAO L, SERRANO D, MAYER L: The role of epithelid cel Is in immune reguldion in thegut.nin. Immund. (2001)13(3):163–176.
   Google Scholar
• DUCROC R, HEYMAN M, BEAUFRERE B, MORGAT JL, DESEUX JF: Hora1ith peroxidase traidoort across rdobit jejunum aid Fbyer's pdchesin vitro. Am. d Rid. (1983) 245(1):G54–58.
   Google Scholar
• KAISERLIAN D: Epithelid oellsin aitigen. S3-npling aid preeentation in mucosel tiSSJES Curr. Tcp. Micrcbid. Immund. (1999) 236:55–78.
   Google Scholar
• WILLIAMS RC, GIBBONS RJ: Inhibition of bacterid adherence by secretory immunog in A: a mechaiisr of ditigen didoosei. Science(1972) 177(50):697–699.
   Google Scholar
• BEAGLEY KW, HUSBAND AJ. I ntraepi theli d lymphocytes origins, didribution, aid function. Crit. Rat. Immund. (1998) 18(3):237–254.
   Google Scholar
• MULLER S, BUHLER-JUNGO M, MUELLER C: I ntestind intraepithelid lymphocytes exert potent protective cytotoxicactivity during ai acute vi rus infection. J. Immund. (2000) 164(4):1986–1994.
   Google Scholar
• FARSTAD IN, HARALDSEN G: Rion d Tecidizetion in the mucosei immunesystem: Rimed Is do not dways home dong the SErne track. I mmund . Tcday (1999) 20(6):267–277.
   Google Scholar
• •aimmaisas the knowledge of migratory properties of lymphocytes i n the mucosei immunesystem with focuson theadhesi on aid homing molecules
   Google Scholar
• KANTELE A, KANTELE JM, SAVILAHTI E et al.: Homing potentidsof drculating lyrnphocytesin humaisdepend on the dte of activdion: or, but not pa-enter, typhoid vaocindion induoes drculding aiti body-secreting cellsthat d I beer homing receptorsdi ring them to the gut. d Immund. (1997) 158(2):574–579.
   Google Scholar
• KANTELE A, HAKKINEN JM, MOLDOVEANU Z et al.: Differencesin immunereeponsesinduoed by or aid re dd immunizetionswith Salmcndlatyphi Ty21a Evidencefor compa-tmentdizetion within the common mucosi immune system in humais I nfed. I mmun. (1998) 66(12):5630–5635.
   Google Scholar
• QUIDING-ARBRINK M, NORDSTROM I, GRAN STROM G et al.: Differentid expression of tissue-accific adhesion molecules on humai drculatingbody-forming cells aftersystemic, enteric, aid need immunizations A molecula- basisfor the compatmentdization of effector B cell reeponsesJ Olin. Invest. (1997) 99(6):1281–1286.
   Google Scholar
• QUIDING-ARBRINK M, LAKEW M, NORDSTROM I et al.: Humai circulding Tecific alibody-forming oellsafter systemic aid mucosa immunizations differentid homing commitmentsaid cell all-face differenti ai on makers Eur. I mmund . (1995) 25(2):322–327.
   Google Scholar
• SONODA E, MATSUMOTO R, HITOSHI Y et al.: Traisforming growth factor beta induces I gA production aid els additively with interleukin 5 for I gA production. d Exp. Med. (1989) 170(4):1415–1420.
   Google Scholar
• LEBMAN DA, NOMURA DY, COFFMAN RL, LEE FD: Molecula cha-acterization of gam-line immunoglobulin A traiari pts produced during traisforming growth factor type beta-induced isptypesvitching. Fl-cc Natl. Acad. al. USA (1990) 87(10):3962–3966.
   Google Scholar
• WEINSTEIN PD, CEBRA JJ: The preferencefor switching to I gA expression by Ft+per's pdch germind center B oells is likely dueto the i ntri nec nfluence of their microenvironment. J. Immund. (1991) 147(12):4126–4135.
   Google Scholar
• WEINSTEIN PD, SCHWEITZER PA, CEBRA-THOMAS JA, CEBRA JJ. Molecula geneti c features reflecti ng the preferencefor isptypeswitching to I gA expreesi on by Peyer's pdch germind center BIs Int. Immund. (1991) 3(12):1253–1263.
   Google Scholar
• HARRIMAN GR, KUNIMOTO DY, ELLIOTT JF, PAETKAU V, STROBER W: Theroleof IL-Sin IgA B cell differentidion. J Immund. (1988) 140(9):3033–3039.
   Google Scholar
• BEAGLEY KW, ELDRIDGE, KIYONO H et al.: Recombinal murine IL-5 induces high rde I gA synthesis n cyding I gA-positive Peyer's patch B Is J I mmund . (1988) 141(6):2035–2042.
   Google Scholar
• BEAGLEY KW, ELDRIDGE, LEE F et al.: I nterlaki nsaid I gA synthesis Humai aid murineinterleukin 6 induce high rate I gA secretion in I gA-committed B oells d Exp. Med. (1989) 169(6):2133–2148.
   Google Scholar
• DEFRANCE T, VANBERVLIET B, BRIERE F et al.: I nterleukin 10 aid tradorming growth factor beta cooperate to induce ali-CD40-ativded naive humai B oells to secrete immunoglobulin A. d Exp. Med. (1992) 175(3):671–682.
   Google Scholar
• H ERS-EY GK: I L-13 reoeptors aid egnding pdhways ai evolving web. Alle-gy Olin. Immund. (2003) 111(4):677–690; qui z 691.
   Google Scholar
• TAGUCHI T, MCGHEE COFFMAN RL et al.: Andyesof TH1 aid TH2lsin murinegut-assod&1 tissuesFrequenciesof CD4+ aid CD 8+ T Is that sare I FN-ga-nmaaid IL-5. Immund. (1990) 145(1):68–77.
   Google Scholar
• BAO S, GOLDSTONE S, HUSBAND AJ: Localization of I FN-ga-nma aid IL-6 mRNA in murine ntatine by in etu hybridization. Immundcgy (1993) 80(4):666–670.
   Google Scholar
• MACPHERSON G, WYKES M: Dendriticoella B cellsaid the regulation of aiti body synthesis I mmund. Rat. (1999) 172:325–334.
   Google Scholar
• KUNKEL D, KIRCHHOFF D, RADBRUCH A, SCHEFFOLD A: Viadization of peptide preeentaion following orication ofaligen in normd aid Fbyer's patches-deficient mice Eur. J Immund. (2003) 33(5):1292–1301.
   Google Scholar
• ANJUERE F, LUCI C, LEBENS M et al.: In vivo adj uvalt-induced mobilization aid maturation of gut dendritic cellsdter ord administration of cholera toxi n. J Immund. (2004) 173(8):5103–5111.
   Google Scholar
• WEINER HL: Or toleralce: immune mechaiis-nsaid the generation of TH 3-type TGF-beta-secreting reguldory oells Micrcbalnfed. (2001) 3(11):947–954.
   Google Scholar
• •Givesai overview of the conoept of ord toleraicewith focus on wtive suppression aid theoells involved.
   Google Scholar
• RONCAROLO MG, BACCHETTA R, BORDIGNON C, NARULA S, LEVINGS MK: Type 1 T reguldory oells Immund. Rev. (2001) 182:68–79.
   Google Scholar
• IWASAKI A, KELSALL BL: Freehly ailded Ftyer's pdch, but not Tleen, dendritic cells produce interleukin 10 aid nduce the differentiati on of T helper Type 2 cells J. Exp. Med. (1999) 190(2):229–239.
   Google Scholar
• AKBARI O, DEKRUYFF RH, UMETSU DT: Rilmona-y dendriticoells produdng IL-10 medi de toleraice nduced by reepiratory exposire to aitigei. Nat. Immund. (2001) 2(8):725–731.
   Google Scholar
• KELSALL BL, STROBER W: Distinct populdionsof dendritic cellsa-epreeent in thesbithi domeaid T cell rejonsof themurinePeyer'spatch. d Exp. Med. (1996) 183(1):237–247.
   Google Scholar
• IWASAKI A, KELSALL BL: Mucosa immunity aid infla-nmdion. I. Mucosa dendritic cells their accidized role in initiating T oell responses Am. J. Phyad. (1999) 276(5 Pt 1):G1074–G1078.
   Google Scholar
• IWASAKI A, KELSALL BL: Localization of distinct Peyer's pdch dendritic cell absets aid their recruitment by chemoki nes marophajeinfla-nmatory proteinc (Ml P)-3p ha, Ml P-3beta aid seconda-y lyrnphoid orgai chemokine J. Exp. Med. (2000) 191(8):1381–1394.
   Google Scholar
• IWASAKI A, KELSALL BL: Unique functionsof CD 11b+, CD8 dpha+, aid double-negdive Peyer's pdch dendritic cells d Immund. (2001) 166(8):4884–4890.
   Google Scholar
• ••This paier dearibesthepotentid roleofDCsfor the polaisation of ai immune reepon. Different populations of D Cs with Tecific localisation in the domes produce disti nct patterns of cytoki nes (I L-10 or -12) aid prime nefve T cellsto secrete! L-4 aid 10 or I FN-7., rapecti vel y.
   Google Scholar
• JANEWAY CA, MEDZHITOV R: I nnate immune recognition. Ann. Rat. I mmund . (2002) 20:197–216.
   Google Scholar
• LAVELLE EC, SHARIF S, HOLLAND J, DAVISSS The i mportaice of gastrointatind uptdce of pa-tidesin thedeeign of or delivery sisterns Adv. Drug Div. Rez (1995) 18:5–22.
   Google Scholar
• NORRIS DA, PURI N, SINKO PJ: The effect of phyecal bat ers aid properties on the or dosprption of pati cul des Adv. Drug Div. Rat. (1998) 34(2-3):135–154.
   Google Scholar
• CHEN H, LANGER R: Or pa-ticulate delivery:usaid futuretrends Adv. DrugDiv. Rat. (1998) 34(2-3):339–350.
   Google Scholar
• HUSSAIN N, JAITLEY V, FLORENCE AT: Recent advaicesin the understaiding of uptdce of micropaticuldesacrosthegastrointestind lyrnphdics Adv. Drug Div. Rez (2001) 50(1-2):107–142.
   Google Scholar
• JEPSON MA, CLARK MA, HIRST BH: M cell ta-geting by lectins astrategy for mucosd vaocindion aid drug delivery. Adv. Drug Div. Rev (2004) 56(4):511–525.
   Google Scholar
• JANI P, HALBERT GW,LANGRIDGE J, FLORENCE AT: T he uptdce aid traidocati on of latex naiogiheres aid micraTheresafter or adminidrdion to rds J Pharm. Phamacd. (1989) 41(12):809–812.
   Google Scholar
• JANI P, HALBERT GW,LANGRIDGE J, FLORENCE AT: Nalopa-tide uptdce by the rd gastrointeetind MUCOS3: quaiti teflon aid patide dm dependency. J Pharm. Pharmaccl. (1990) 42(12):821–826.
   Google Scholar
• LABHASETWAR V, AMIDON GL, LEVY RI Gadrointeetind uptdce of biodegraddol e mi cropati des effect of patideSze Pham. Res (1996) 13(12):1838–1845.
   Google Scholar
• ERMAK TH, DOUGHERTY EP, BHAGAT HR, KABOK Z, PAPPO J: Uptdce aid traigiort of copolymer biodegraddile micraTheres by rdobit Feyer's pdch M cells Cell TiaueRes (1995) 279(2):433–436.
   Google Scholar
• LEFEVRE ME, HANCOCK DC, JOEL DD: I nteetind ba-rier to lage pa-ticuldes in mice d Tal. Envircn. Health (1980) 6(4):691–704.
   Google Scholar
• EBEL JP: A method for qualifying pati de dosprpti on from the s-ndl intedi ne of the moum Pharm. Res (1990) 7(8):848–851.
   Google Scholar
• HAMMOND CJ, MEULBROEK JA et al.: Controlled vaxine releaee in the gut-assod ded lymphoid tisaue I. Ordly administered biodegraddilemicroTheresta-get the F's pdchesJ Ccntrd. Rideas(1990) 11:205–214.
   Google Scholar
• •A deed cal pdper thowing the relation between sim aid relativehydrophobidty of micropatides aid the disposition of the patides in the gut mucosa
   Google Scholar
• JUNG T, KAMM W, BREITENBACH A et al.: Biodegraddile nampati des for ord dd i very of peptides I s there a rol efor polyrners to dfect mucosel uptd Eur. Pham. Biopham. (2000) 50(1):147–160.
   Google Scholar
• DELIE F: Evdudion of naio- aid micropa-tideuptdce by the gastroi ntedind tract. Adv. Drug Div. Rat. (1998) 34(2-3):221–233.
   Google Scholar
• LARHED A, STERTMAN L, EDVARDSSON E, SJOHOLM I: Stach micropatidesffiord vaodneadjuvait: aiti gen-dependent uptdce in mou intestind mucosa d D rug Target. (2004) 12(5):289–296.
   Google Scholar
• •The differentid uptdce of H Sok- aid rCT B-conjugated stach mi cropati d es in Peyer's patches aid vi I li in mou mucosa is shown by confocd laser-smining microscopy.
   Google Scholar
• GIANNASCA PJ, GIANNASCA KT, FALK P, GORDON JI, NEUTRA MR: Rond differences in glycoconjugates of inteetind Mlsin mice: potentid ta-getsfor mucosel vaxi nes Arn. J. Rid. (1994) 267(6 Pt 1):G1108–G1121.
   Google Scholar
• GIANNASCA KT, WELTZIN R et al.:•Role of the gl ycocdyx in regulating ax, of micropa-tides to ical plaerna membraiesof inteetind epithel id cells implicationsfor microbid atachment aid or vaocineta-geting. J. Exp. Med. (1996) 184(3):1045–1059.
   Google Scholar
• OSTH K, STRINDELIUS L, LARHED A et al.: Uptdce of ovdbumin-conjugated stach micropatidesby pig respiratory nasal mucosa in vitro. J. Drug Target. (2003) 11(1):75–82.
   Google Scholar
• HUSSAIN N, JANI PU, FLORENCE AT: Enhaiced or uptdce of tomdo lectin-conjugded nampatidesin the rd. Pharm. Res (1997) 14(5):613–618.
   Google Scholar
• GRDIC D, SMITH R, DONACHIE A •The mucosel adjuvait effectsof cholera toxin aid immune-dimulding complexes differ in their requirement for IL-12, indicating different pathways of xti on. Eur. J I mmund . (1999) 29(6):1774–1784.
   Google Scholar
• HAGAN DT, RAFFERTY D, WHARTON S, ILLUM L: I ntravagnd immunization in theep udng a bioadhedve microsphereaitigen ddivery system. Vaai ne(1993) 11(6):660–664.
   Google Scholar
• ILLUM L, FARRAJ NF, LEY H, DAVIS SS Nasal adminidrdion of genta-nicin uSng a novel micraThere delivery sydem. Int. J Pharm. (1988) 46:261–265.
   Google Scholar
• FARRAJ NF, JOHANSEN BR, ILLUM L: Nasal administrdion of insJlin uSng bioadhedvemicraTheresasadelivery system. d Ccntrd. Re eas (1990) 13:253–261.
   Google Scholar
• BJORK E, EDMAN R Cha-xterization of degraddileda-ch micraTheresffianal delivery sydem for drugs Int. J Pham. (1990) 62:187–192.
   Google Scholar
• BJORK E, ISAKSSON U, EDMAN ARTURSSON Paach micraTheres induce pulsati le del ivery of drugs aid peptides acrossthe epithelid bat er by reverSblesepaation of the tight junctions Drug Ta-get. (1995) 2(6):501–507.
   Google Scholar
• HOLMBERG K, BJORK E, BAKE B, EDMAN R I nfluence of degraddilesta-ch micraThereson the humai n mucosa Rhindcgy (1994) 32(2):74–77.
   Google Scholar
• AGGERBECK H, GIZURARSON N J, HERON I: Intl-aided booster vamindion against di phtheri a aid tetaius in mai. Vacci ne(1997) 15(3):307–316.
   Google Scholar
• MILLS KH, COSGROVE C, MCNEELA EA et al.: Frotectivelevelsof di phtheria-neutrd izing aiti body induced in heelthy vol unteers by unilderd priming-boosting i rib-aided immunization associded with restricted ipSIderd mucosd secretory immunoglobulin A. I nfed. I mmun. (2003) 71(2):726–732.
   Google Scholar
• MCNEELA EA, O'CONNOR D, JABBAL-GILL I et al.: A mucosd vane agdnst diphtheria Formuldion of cross reecting mderid (CRM (197)) of diphtheria toxin with chitosdi enhaices local aid systemic aiti body aid TH2 responses following ndelivery. Vaai ne(2001) 19(9–10):1188–1198.
   Google Scholar
• MCNEELA EA, JABBAL-GILL I, ILLUM L et al.: I ntraial immunization with genetically detoxified di phtheri a toxin inducesT cell responsesin humais enhaicement of TH2 responses aid toxin-neutrdizing aiti bodies by formulation with chi tosen. Vaccine(2004) 22(8):909–914.
   Google Scholar
• RYDELL N, SJOHOLM I: Mucosel vaxi nati on agdnst di phtheri a uS ng stach micropa-tidesffiadjuvait for cross-reacting materid (CRM 197) of di phtheri a toxi n. Vaccine(2005) 23:2775–2783.
   Google Scholar
• STERTMAN L, STRINDELIUS L, SJOHOLM I: aa-ch micropa-tidesffiai adjuvait in immunisation: effect of routeof administration on the immune respon in mice Vaccine(2004) 22(21-22):2863–2872.
   Google Scholar
• •Compa-es the chaacteristics of the immune responses obtd ned after different routesof administration.
   Google Scholar
• CHER DJ, OSMANN TR: Two typesof murinehdper T cell done II. Delayed-type hypersenStivity is mediated by TH1 clones J I mmund. (1987) 138( 11):3688–3694.
   Google Scholar
• PURKERSON JM, ISAKSON PC: I nterleukin 5 (I L-5) providesa Sgrid tha is required in addition to IL-4 for isptype switching to immunoglobulin (I g) G1 aid I gE. d Exp. Med. (1992) 175(4):973–982.
   Google Scholar
• LIEW FY: T(H )1 aid T(H )2 °Ells A historical perspective NatureRat. I mmund (2002) 2(1):55–60.
   Google Scholar
• •An eosIlent summay of the development aid progress of the T H 1/TH 2 conospt.
   Google Scholar
• STERTMAN L: Stach micropalidessai orvacci neadjuvait with emphaison thedifferentiaion of the i mmune respons (Thesis). Uppsala SAeclen (2004).
   Google Scholar
• HERSHBERG RM, CHO DH, YOUAKIM A et al.: Highly polalascl H LA das I I aiti gen processing aid presentai on by humai intestind epithelid cells J. Olin. Invest. (1998) 102(4):792–803.
   Google Scholar
• SANDERSON IR, OUELLETTE AJ, CARTER EA, WALKER WA, HARMATZ PR: Differentid regulation of B7 mRNA in enterocytesaid lymphoid cells Immundcgy (1993) 79(3):434–438.
   Google Scholar
• HERSHBERG RM, FRAMSON PE, CHO DH et al.: I ntestind epithelid cells us two distinct pahwaysfor H LA dass I I aitigen proceed ng. J. Clin. Invest. (1997) 100(1):204–215.
   Google Scholar
• KHOO UY, PROCTOR IE, MACPHERN AJ: CD4'T cell down-regulation in humai intestind mucosa evidencefor intestind toleraice to lumind bacterid aitigens J I mmund . (1997) 158(8):3626–3634.
   Google Scholar
• RASKGAARD D, LJUNGQVIST L, BENTZON MW, HERON I: T-cell proliferaiveresponsto aitigenssscreted by Mymbadel um tube-culceis I nfed. I mmun. (1991) 59(4):1558–1563.
   Google Scholar
• PAL PG, HORWITZ MA: Immunization with edracellula- proteinsof M ymbadel um tube-culceisi nduces cell-mediated immune responsas aid abstaitid protective immunity in a guinea pig model of pulmonay tuberculosis I nfed. Immun. (1992) 60(11):4781–4792.
   Google Scholar
• WIKINGSSON L, SJOHOLM I: Extracellula- aitigensfrom Salmcnella eite-itidisinduceeffectiveimmunerespons in miceafter or vaccinaion. I nfed. I mmun. (2002) 70(3):1434–1442.
   Google Scholar
• STRINDELIUS L, FILLER M, SJOHOLM I: Mucosl immunization with purified flagell in from Sdmcndla induoss systemic aid mucosi immune responses in C3H/HeJ mice Vaccine(2004) 22(27–28):3797–3808.
   Google Scholar
• STRINDELIUS L, FOLKESSON A, NORMARK S, SJOHOLM I : Immunogenic properti es of the Salmcnell a aypicel fimbris in BALB/c mice Vaccine (2004) 22(11–12):1448–1456.
   Google Scholar
• GEVVIRTZ AT, NAVAS TA, LYONS S, GODOWSKI PJ, MADARA JL: Cutting edge: bacterid flagellin activates bad aerdly expressed T L R5 to induce epithi proinflanmaory gene expression. I mmund . (2001) 167(4):1882–1885.
   Google Scholar
• BUTLER JE, LU NAVARRO P, CHRISTIANSEN B: The dosprption of proteins on a polydimethyldloxaie edastomer (PEP) aid their aitigeni c behaviours In: I mmundcgy cf Sliccnes M F NR Ras (Eds), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germaiy: (1996):75–84.
   Google Scholar
• HERITAGE PL, UNDERDOWN BJ, BROOK MA, MCDERMOTT MR: Or administration of polymer-gratecl sta-ch micropatidesactivaesgut-asspciaed lymphocytesaid primesmicefor a absequent systEMiCaitigen chdlenge Vaccine(1998) 16(20):2010–2017.
   Google Scholar
• GRIFFITH AH : Theroleof immunization in thecontrol of diphtheria Del. Bid. said. (1979)43:3–13.
   Google Scholar
• IPSEN J Circulating aititoxi n a the on of diphtheria in 425 patients Del. Bid. said. (1946) 54:325–447.
   Google Scholar
• CHRISTENSON B, HELLSTROM U, SYLVAN SP, H EN KSSON L, GRANSTROM M: Impact of avaccination canpagn on adult immunity to diphtheria Vaccine(2000) 19(9–10):1133–1140.
   Google Scholar
• CROSSLEY K, IRVINE P LEE BK, MEAD K: Tetaiusaid diphtheria immunity in urbai Minnesotaadults JAMA (1979) 242(21):2298–2300.
   Google Scholar
• CELLESI C, ZANCHI A, MICHELANGELI C et al.: Immunity to diphtheria in a sanpleof adult populaion from centrd I tdy. Vaccine(1989) 7(5):417–420.
   Google Scholar
• GALAZKA AM, ROBERTSON SE: Immunization against di phtheriawith specid emphadson immunization of adults Vaccine(1996) 14(9):845–857.
   Google Scholar
• MASTERTON RG, TETTMAR RE, PILE RL, JONES J, CROFT KF: Immunity to diphtheria in young Britith adults J. I nfed. (1987) 15(1):27–32.
   Google Scholar
• MM Levina GC W JB K GS Cobon (Eds), Marcel Dekker, NY, USA (1997).
   Google Scholar
• GUPTA RK, RELYVELD EH, LINDBLAD EB et al.: Adjuvaits- a bdaice between toxidty aid adjuvaitidty. Vaai ne(1993) 11(3):293–306.
   Google Scholar
• UCHIDA T, HARPER AA: An immunological study of the di phtheria toxin molecule. I mmuncchemi dry (1972) 9(9):891–906.
   Google Scholar
• PETRE J, PIZZA M, NENCIONI L et al.: The reaction of bacterid toxinswith formd dehyde aid its us for a-diger] Adoilization. Del. Bid. Sand (1996) 87:125–134.
   Google Scholar
• METZ B, KERSTEN GF, HOOGERHOUT P et d.: Identification of formddehyde-induced modifications i n proteins reactions with model peptides J Bid. Chem. (2004) 279(8):6235–6243.
   Google Scholar
• RYDELL N, SJOHOLM I: Ord vaccination against diphtheria udng polyacryl stach micropalidessadjuvait. Vaccine(2004) 22(9-10):1265–1274.
   Google Scholar
• PORRO M, SALETTI M, NENCIONI L, TAGLIAFERRI L, MARSILI I: I mmunogeni c correlation between cros reacting maerid (CRM 197) produosd by a mutat of Ccrynebadel um di phthe-i ae aid di phtheria toxoid. d I nfed. D is (1980) 142(5):716–724.
   Google Scholar
• MIYAMURA K, SHIGEKO N, O A, MURATA R, KONO R: Micro cell culture method for determinaion of diphtheria toxin aid aititoxin titersudng VERO Is J Bid. said. (1974) 2:189–201.
   Google Scholar
• VAN KRUININGEN HJ, WEST AB, FREDA BJ, HOLMES KA: Distribution of Fejer'spatchesin thedidd ileum. Inflanm. Bowel Dis (2002) 8(3):180–185.
   Google Scholar
• MICHETTI P, MAHAN MJ, SLAUCH JM, MEKALANOS JJ, NEUTRA MR: Monodond sscretory immunoglobulin A protects mi ce age nst orchdlengewith the i nvadve pahogen Salmcnella typhi muri um. I nfed. I mmun. (1992) 60(5):1786–1792.
   Google Scholar
• WINNER L, MACK J, WELTZIN R et al.: New model for aidyds of mucosl immunity: intestind secretion of specific monodond immunoglobulin A from hybri doma tumors protects agand Vibrio chderaeinfection. I nfed. I mmun. (1991) 59(3):977–982.
   Google Scholar