373
Views
24
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Advances in intravesical therapy for urinary tract disorders

, , &

References

  • Zargar H, Aning J, Ischia J, et al. Optimizing intravesical mitomycin C therapy in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol. 2014;11(4):220–230. DOI:10.1038/nrurol.2014.52.
  • Tyagi P, Kashyap MP, Kawamorita N, et al. Intravesical liposome and antisense treatment for detrusor overactivity and interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. ISRN Pharmacol. 2014;2014:601653. DOI:10.1155/2014/601653.
  • Rajaganapathy BR, Jayabalan N, Tyagi P, et al. Advances in therapeutic development for radiation cystitis. LUTS. 2014;6(1):1–10. DOI:10.1111/luts.12045.
  • Kuo HC, Liu HT, Chuang YC, et al. Pilot study of liposome-encapsulated onabotulinumtoxina for patients with overactive bladder: a single-center study. Eur Urol. 2014;65(6):1117–1124. DOI:10.1016/j.eururo.2014.01.036.
  • Parkin J, Shea C, Sant GR. Intravesical dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for interstitial cystitis–a practical approach. Urology. 1997;49(5A Suppl):105–107.
  • Eldrup J, Thorup J, Nielsen SL, et al. Permeability and ultrastructure of human bladder epithelium. Br J Urol. 1983;55(5):488–492.
  • Parsons CL, Boychuk D, Jones S, et al. Bladder surface glycosaminoglycans: an epithelial permeability barrier. J Urol. 1990;143(1):139–142.
  • Kaufman J, Hensley H, Jacobs J, et al. Non-invasive imaging of near infrafred dye labeled liposomes facilitates evaluation of bioresidence time. J Urol. 2010;183(4):e628. DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2010.02.1406.
  • Tyagi S, Tyagi P, Van-le S, et al. Qualitative and quantitative expression profile of muscarinic receptors in human urothelium and detrusor. J Urol. 2006;176(4 Pt 1):1673–1678. S0022-5347(06)01533-3 [pii]. DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2006.06.088.
  • Saban MR, Backer JM, Backer MV, et al. VEGF receptors and neuropilins are expressed in the urothelial and neuronal cells in normal mouse urinary bladder and are upregulated in inflammation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008;295(1):F60–72. DOI:10.1152/ajprenal.00618.2007.
  • Kim Y, Yoshimura N, Masuda H, et al. Antimuscarinic agents exhibit local inhibitory effects on muscarinic receptors in bladder-afferent pathways. Urology. 2005;65(2):238–242.
  • Shirley SW, Stewart BH, Mirelman S. Dimethyl sulfoxide in treatment of inflammatory genitourinary disorders. Urology. 1978;11(3):215–220.
  • Ghoniem GM, McBride D, Sood OP, et al. Clinical experience with multiagent intravesical therapy in interstitial cystitis patients unresponsive to single-agent therapy. World J Urol. 1993;11(3):178–182.
  • Birder LA, Kanai AJ, de Groat WC. DMSO: effect on bladder afferent neurons and nitric oxide release. J Urol. 1997;158(5):1989–1995.
  • Childs SJ. Dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) in the treatment of interstitial cystitis. Urol Clin North Am. 1994 Feb;21(1):85–88.
  • Santos NC, Figueira-Coelho J, Martins-Silva J, et al. Multidisciplinary utilization of dimethyl sulfoxide: pharmacological, cellular, and molecular aspects. Biochem Pharmacol. 2003;65(7):1035–1041.
  • Perez-Marrero R, Emerson LE, Feltis JT. A controlled study of dimethyl sulfoxide in interstitial cystitis. J Urol. 1988;140(1):36–39.
  • Nishimura M, Takano Y, Toshitani S. Systemic contact dermatitis medicamentosa occurring after intravesical dimethyl sulfoxide treatment for interstitial cystitis. Arch Dermatol. 1988;124(2):182–183.
  • Abramov Y, Goldberg RP, McGuire M, et al. Eosinophilic cystitis after bladder instillation with dimethyl sulfoxide. Urology. 2004;63(6):1182–1183.
  • Biggers RD. Self-administration of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for interstitial cystitis. Urology. 1986;28(1):10–11.
  • Shurafa M, Shumaker E, Cronin S. Prostaglandin F2-alpha bladder irrigation for control of intractable cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. J Urol. 1987;137(6):1230–1231.
  • Trigg ME, O’Reilly J, Rumelhart S, et al. Prostaglandin E1 bladder instillations to control severe hemorrhagic cystitis. J Urol. 1990;143(1):92–94.
  • Miller LJ, Chandler SW, Ippoliti CM. Treatment of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis with prostaglandins. Ann Pharmacother. 1994;28(5):590–594.
  • Hindley RG, Brierly RD, Thomas PJ. Prostaglandin E2 and bethanechol in combination for treating detrusor underactivity. BJU Int. 2004;93(1):89–92.
  • Lai MC, Kuo YC, Kuo HC. Intravesical hyaluronic acid for interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome: a comparative randomized assessment of different regimens. Int J Urol. 2013;20(2):203–207. DOI:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2012.03135.x.
  • Gulpinar O, Haliloglu AH, Gokce MI, et al. Instillation of hyaluronic acid via electromotive drug administration can improve the efficacy of treatment in patients with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome: a randomized prospective study. Korean J Urol. 2014;55(5):354–359. DOI:10.4111/kju.2014.55.5.354.
  • Gulpinar O, Kayis A, Suer E, et al. Clinical comparision of intravesical hyaluronic acid and hyaluronic acid-chondroitin sulphate therapy for patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitital cystitis. Can Urol Assoc J. 2014;8(9–10):E610–4. DOI:10.5489/cuaj.2036.
  • Zabkowski T, Jurkiewicz B, Saracyn M. Treatment of recurrent bacterial cystitis by intravesical instillations of hyaluronic acid. Urol J. 2015;12(3):2192–2195.
  • Au JL, Badalament RA, Wientjes MG, et al. Methods to improve efficacy of intravesical mitomycin C: results of a randomized phase III trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93(8):597–604.
  • Hurst RE, Zebrowski R. Identification of proteoglycans present at high density on bovine and human bladder luminal surface. J Urol. 1994;152(5 Pt 1):1641–1645.
  • Di Stasi SM, Giannantoni A, Stephen RL, et al. Intravesical electromotive mitomycin C versus passive transport mitomycin C for high risk superficial bladder cancer: a prospective randomized study. J Urol. 2003;170(3):777–782.
  • Chen D, Song D, Wientjes MG, et al. Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on bladder tissue penetration of intravesical paclitaxel. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9(1):363–369.
  • Hsieh JT, Zhou J, Gore C, et al. R11, a novel cell-permeable peptide, as an intravesical delivery vehicle. BJU Int. 2011; 108(10):1666–1671. DOI:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10185.x.
  • Gontero P, Cattel L, Paone TC, et al. Pharmacokinetic study to optimize the intravesical administration of gemcitabine. BJU Int. 2010; 106(11):1652–1656. DOI:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09496.x.
  • Palou J, Carcas A, Segarra J, et al. Phase I pharmacokinetic study of a single intravesical instillation of gemcitabine administered immediately after transurethral resection plus multiple random biopsies in patients with superficial bladder cancer. J Urol. 2004;172(2):485–488. DOI:10.1097/01.ju.0000131770.14409.7f.
  • Gao X, Au JL, Badalament RA, et al. Bladder tissue uptake of mitomycin C during intravesical therapy is linear with drug concentration in urine. Clin Cancer Res. 1998;4(1):139–143.
  • Au JL, Jang SH, Wientjes MG. Clinical aspects of drug delivery to tumors. J Control Release. 2002;78(1–3):81–95.
  • Elman NM, Patta Y, Scott AW, et al. The next generation of drug-delivery microdevices. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;85(5):544–547. clpt20094 [pii]. DOI:10.1038/clpt.2009.4.
  • Nickel JC, Jain P, Shore N, et al. Continuous intravesical lidocaine treatment for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: safety and efficacy of a new drug delivery device. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(143):143ra00. DOI:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003804.
  • Farokhzad OC, Dimitrakov JD, Karp JM, et al. Drug delivery systems in urology–getting “smarter”. Urology. 2006;68(3):463–469. S0090-4295(06)00499-7 [pii]. DOI:10.1016/j.urology.2006.03.069.
  • Lee H, Cima MJ. An intravesical device for the sustained delivery of lidocaine to the bladder. J Control Release. 2011;149(2):133–139. DOI:10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.10.016.
  • Knudsen BE, Chew BH, Denstedt JD. Drug-eluting biomaterials in urology: the time is ripe. BJU Int. 2005;95(6):726–727. DOI:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05388.x.
  • Jeong B, Bae YH, Kim SW. In situ gelation of PEG-PLGA-PEG triblock copolymer aqueous solutions and degradation thereof. J Biomed Mater Res. 2000;50(2):171–177.
  • Tyagi P, Li Z, Chancellor M, et al. Sustained intravesical drug delivery using thermosensitive hydrogel. Pharm Res. 2004;21(5):832–837.
  • Lin T, Zhang Y, Wu J, et al. A floating hydrogel system capable of generating CO2 bubbles to diminish urinary obstruction after intravesical instillation. Pharm Res. 2014;31(10):2655–2663. DOI:10.1007/s11095-014-1362-y.
  • Men K, Liu W, Li L, et al. Delivering instilled hydrophobic drug to the bladder by a cationic nanoparticle and thermo-sensitive hydrogel composite system. Nanoscale. 2012;4(20):6425–6433. DOI:10.1039/c2nr31592k.
  • Chen JP, Leu YL, Fang CL, et al. Thermosensitive hydrogels composed of hyaluronic acid and gelatin as carriers for the intravesical administration of cisplatin. J Pharm Sci. 2011;100(2):655–666. DOI:10.1002/jps.22309.
  • Truschel ST, Wang E, Ruiz WG, et al. Stretch-regulated exocytosis/endocytosis in bladder umbrella cells. Mol Biol Cell. 2002;13(3):830–846.
  • Rajaganapathy BR, Chancellor MB, Nirmal J, et al. Bladder uptake of liposomes after intravesical administration occurs by endocytosis. PloS one. 2015;10(3):e0122766. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0122766.
  • Frangos DN, Killion JJ, Fan D, et al. The development of liposomes containing interferon alpha for the intravesical therapy of human superficial bladder cancer. J Urol. 1990;143(6):1252–1256.
  • Johnson JW, Nayar R, Killion JJ, et al. Binding of liposomes to human bladder tumor epithelial cell lines: implications for an intravesical drug delivery system for the treatment of bladder cancer. Sel Cancer Ther. 1989;5(4):147–155.
  • Sapra P, Tyagi P, Allen TM. Ligand-targeted liposomes for cancer treatment. Curr Drug Deliv. 2005;2(4):369–381.
  • Gregoriadis G. Engineering liposomes for drug delivery: progress and problems. Trends Biotechnol. 1995;13(12):527–537.
  • Gregoriadis G, Allison AC. Entrapment of proteins in liposomes prevents allergic reactions in pre-immunised mice. FEBS Lett. 1974;45(1): 71–74.
  • Lee S, Dausch S, Maierhofer G, et al. A new therapy concept for the treatment of dry eye–the usefulness of phospholipid liposomes. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 2004;221(10):825–836.
  • Dausch D, Lee S, Dausch S, et al. Comparative study of treatment of the dry eye syndrome due to disturbances of the tear film lipid layer with lipid-containing tear substitutes. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 2006;223(12):974–983.
  • Peters KM, Hasenau D, Killinger KA, et al. Liposomal bladder instillations for IC/BPS: an open-label clinical evaluation. Int Urol Nephrol. 2014;46(12):2291–2295. DOI:10.1007/s11255-014-0828-5.
  • Chuang YC, Lee WC, Chiang PH. Intravesical liposome versus oral pentosan polysulfate for interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. J Urol. 2009;182(4):1393–1400. DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2009.06.024.
  • Stremmel W, Merle U, Zahn A, et al. Retarded release phosphatidylcholine benefits patients with chronic active ulcerative colitis. Gut. 2005;54(7):966–971. 54/7/966 [pii]. DOI:10.1136/gut.2004.052316.
  • Apostolidis A, Dasgupta P, Fowler CJ. Proposed mechanism for the efficacy of injected botulinum toxin in the treatment of human detrusor overactivity. Eur Urol. 2006;49(4):644–650.
  • Apostolidis A, Popat R, Yiangou Y, et al. Decreased sensory receptors P2X3 and TRPV1 in suburothelial nerve fibers following intradetrusor injections of botulinum toxin for human detrusor overactivity. J Urol. 2005;174(3):977–982. discussion 82-3. DOI:10.1097/01.ju.0000169481.42259.54.
  • Brubaker L, Richter HE, Visco A, et al. Refractory idiopathic urge urinary incontinence and botulinum A injection. J Urol. 2008;180(1):217–222. DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2008.03.028.
  • Mandal M, Lee KD. Listeriolysin O-liposome-mediated cytosolic delivery of macromolecule antigen in vivo: enhancement of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte frequency, activity, and tumor protection. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002;1563(1–2):7–17.
  • Caccin P, Rossetto O, Rigoni M, et al. VAMP/synaptobrevin cleavage by tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins is strongly enhanced by acidic liposomes. FEBS Lett. 2003;542(1–3):132–136.
  • Chuang YC, Tyagi P, Huang CC, et al. Urodynamic and immunohistochemical evaluation of intravesical botulinum toxin A delivery using liposomes. J Urol. 2009;182(2):786–792. DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2009.03.083.
  • Chuang YC, Yoshimura N, Huang CC, et al. Intravesical botulinum toxin a administration produces analgesia against acetic acid induced bladder pain responses in rats. J Urol. 2004;172(4 Pt 1):1529–1532.
  • Chuang YC, Tyagi P, Huang HY, et al. Intravesical immune suppression by liposomal tacrolimus in cyclophosphamide-induced inflammatory cystitis. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011;30(3):421–427. DOI:10.1002/nau.20981.
  • Nirmal J, Tyagi P, Chancellor MB, et al. Development of potential orphan drug therapy of intravesical liposomal tacrolimus for hemorrhagic cystitis due to increased local drug exposure. J Urol. 2013;189(4):1553–1558. DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2012.10.123.
  • Rajaganapathy BR, Janicki JJ, Levanovich P, et al. Intravesical liposomal tacrolimus protects against radiation cystitis induced by 3-beam targeted bladder radiation. J Urol. 2015. DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2015.03.108.
  • Dadgostar H, Waheed N. The evolving role of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Eye. 2008;22(6):761–767. eye200886 [pii]. DOI:10.1038/eye.2008.86.
  • Blietz CE, Thode B, Hauses M, et al. In vivo studies on the availability and toxicity of antisense oligonucleotides in bladder cancer. In Vivo. 2009;23(1):13–19.
  • Martin TA, Jiang WG. Loss of tight junction barrier function and its role in cancer metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1788(4):872–891. DOI:10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.11.005.
  • Huygens A, Kamuhabwa AR, Roskams T, et al. Permeation of hypericin in spheroids composed of different grade transitional cell carcinoma cell lines and normal human urothelial cells. J Urol. 2005;174(1):69–72. DOI:10.1097/01.ju.0000162037.49102.56.
  • Shorning BY, Griffiths D, Clarke AR, et al. Lkb1 and Pten synergise to suppress mTOR-mediated tumorigenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the mouse bladder. PloS one. 2011;6(1):e16209. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0016209.
  • Beckel JM, Daugherty SL, Tyagi P, et al. Pannexin 1 channels mediate the release of ATP into the lumen of the rat urinary bladder. J Physiol. 2015;593(8):1857–1871. DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2014.283119.
  • Kashyap M, Kawamorita N, Tyagi V, et al. Down-regulation of nerve growth factor expression in the bladder by antisense oligonucleotides as new treatment for overactive bladder. J Urol. 2013;190(2):757–764. DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.090.
  • Nogawa M, Yuasa T, Kimura S, et al. Intravesical administration of small interfering RNA targeting PLK-1 successfully prevents the growth of bladder cancer. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(4):978–985. DOI:10.1172/JCI23043.
  • Kang MR, Yang G, Place RF, et al. Intravesical delivery of small activating RNA formulated into lipid nanoparticles inhibits orthotopic bladder tumor growth. Cancer Res. 2012;72(19):5069–5079. DOI:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-1871.
  • Fazel J, Rotzer S, Seidl C, et al. Fractionated intravesical radioimmunotherpy Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb is effective without toxic side-effects in a nude mouse model of advanced human bladder carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther. 2015. DOI:10.1080/15384047.2015.1071735.
  • Li X, Choi WW, Yan R, et al. The differential expression of EphB2 and EphB4 receptor kinases in normal bladder and in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. PloS one. 2014;9(8):e105326. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0105326.
  • Martin DT, Steinbach JM, Liu J, et al. Surface-modified nanoparticles enhance transurothelial penetration and delivery of survivin siRNA in treating bladder cancer. Mol Cancer Ther. 2014;13(1):71–81. DOI:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-13-0502.
  • Martin DT, Hoimes CJ, Kaimakliotis HZ, et al. Nanoparticles for urothelium penetration and delivery of the histone deacetylase inhibitor belinostat for treatment of bladder cancer. Nanomedicine. 2013;9(8):1124–1134. DOI:10.1016/j.nano.2013.05.017.
  • Erdogar N, Iskit AB, Eroglu H, et al. Cationic core-shell nanoparticles for intravesical chemotherapy in tumor-induced rat model: safety and efficacy. Int J Pharm. 2014;471(1–2):1–9. DOI:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.014.
  • Mugabe C, Matsui Y, So AI, et al. In vivo evaluation of mucoadhesive nanoparticulate docetaxel for intravesical treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17(9):2788–2798. DOI:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2981.
  • McKiernan JM, Barlow LJ, Laudano MA, et al. A phase I trial of intravesical nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel in the treatment of bacillus Calmette-Guerin refractory nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol. 2011;186(2):448–451. DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2011.03.129.
  • Wang BL, Gao X, Men K, et al. Treating acute cystitis with biodegradable micelle-encapsulated quercetin. Int J Nanomedicine. 2012;7:2239–2247. DOI:10.2147/IJN.S29416.
  • Klem B, Lappin G, Nicholson S, et al. Determination of the bioavailability of [14C]-hexaminolevulinate using accelerator mass spectrometry after intravesical administration to human volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;46(4):456–460. DOI:10.1177/0091270006286849.
  • Walter P, Grosse J, Bihr AM, et al. Bioavailability of trospium chloride after intravesical instillation in patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction: a pilot study. Neurourol Urodyn. 1999;18(5): 447–453.
  • Krause P, Fuhr U, Schnitker J, et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravesical versus oral oxybutynin in healthy adults: results of an open label, randomized, prospective clinical study. J Urol. 2013;190(5):1791–1977. DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2013.05.011.
  • Parsons CL. Successful downregulation of bladder sensory nerves with combination of heparin and alkalinized lidocaine in patients with interstitial cystitis. Urology. 2005;65(1):45–48.
  • Lee JE, Lim HJ. LDP12, a novel cell-permeable peptide derived from L1 capsid protein of the human papillomavirus. Mol Biol Rep. 2012;39(2):1079–1086. DOI:10.1007/s11033-011-0834-y.
  • Petrou SP, Parker AS, Crook JE, et al. Botulinum a toxin/dimethyl sulfoxide bladder instillations for women with refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity: a phase 1/2 study. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2009;84(8):702–706. DOI:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)60520-X.
  • Guo C, Yang B, Gu W, et al. Intravesical resiniferatoxin for the treatment of storage lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with either interstitial cystitis or detrusor overactivity: a meta-analysis. PloS one. 2013;8(12):e82591. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0082591.
  • Kim JC, Park EY, Hong SH, et al. Changes of urinary nerve growth factor and prostaglandins in male patients with overactive bladder symptom. Int J Urol. 2005;12(10):875–880. DOI:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2005.01140.x.
  • Kuball J, Wen SF, Leissner J, et al. Successful adenovirus-mediated wild-type p53 gene transfer in patients with bladder cancer by intravesical vector instillation. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(4):957–965.
  • Slobodov G, Feloney M, Gran C, et al. Abnormal expression of molecular markers for bladder impermeability and differentiation in the urothelium of patients with interstitial cystitis. J Urol. 2004;171(4):1554–1558.
  • Tyagi P, Smith PP, Kuchel GA, et al. Pathophysiology and animal modeling of underactive bladder. Int Urol Nephrol. 2014;46(Suppl 1):S11–21. DOI:10.1007/s11255-014-0808-9.
  • Smith PP. Aging and the underactive detrusor: a failure of activity or activation? Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29(3):408–412. DOI:10.1002/nau.20765.
  • Aizawa N, Wyndaele JJ, Homma Y, et al. Effects of TRPV4 cation channel activation on the primary bladder afferent activities of the rat. Neurourol Urodyn. 2012;31(1):148–155. DOI:10.1002/nau.21212.
  • Jang SW, Liu X, Chan CB, et al. Deoxygedunin, a natural product with potent neurotrophic activity in mice. PLoS One. 2010;5(7):e11528. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0011528.
  • Jang SW, Liu X, Chan CB, et al. Amitriptyline is a TrkA and TrkB receptor agonist that promotes TrkA/TrkB heterodimerization and has potent neurotrophic activity. Chem Biol. 2009;16(6):644–656. DOI:10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.05.010.
  • Praveen Kumar V, Gajendra Reddy R, Vo DD, et al. Synthesis and neurite growth evaluation of new analogues of honokiol, a neolignan with potent neurotrophic activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2012;22(3):1439–1444. DOI:10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.015.
  • Cardenas DD, Ditunno JF, Graziani V, et al. Two phase 3, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials of fampridine-SR for treatment of spasticity in chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2014;52(1):70–76. DOI:10.1038/sc.2013.137.
  • Corcoran AT, Yoshimura N, Tyagi V, et al. Mapping the cytokine profile of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis in human bladder and urine specimens. World J Urol. 2013;31(1):241–246. DOI:10.1007/s00345-012-0852-y.
  • Bouchelouche K, Alvarez S, Horn T, et al. Human detrusor smooth muscle cells release interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and RANTES in response to proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Urology. 2006;67(1):214–219.
  • Jacobs BL, Smaldone MC, Tyagi V, et al. Increased nerve growth factor in neurogenic overactive bladder and interstitial cystitis patients. Can J Urol. 2010;17(1):4989–4994.
  • Tyagi P, Barclay D, Zamora R, et al. Urine cytokines suggest an inflammatory response in the overactive bladder: a pilot study. Int Urol Nephrol. 2010;42(3):629–635. DOI:10.1007/s11255-009-9647-5.
  • Tyagi P, Killinger K, Tyagi V, et al. Urinary chemokines as noninvasive predictors of ulcerative interstitial cystitis. J Urol. 2012;187(6):2243–2248. DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2012.01.034.
  • Birder LA, Wolf-Johnston A, Griffiths D, et al. Role of urothelial nerve growth factor in human bladder function. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(3):405–409. DOI:10.1002/nau.20372.
  • Liu HT, Chancellor MB, Kuo HC. Decrease of urinary nerve growth factor levels after antimuscarinic therapy in patients with overactive bladder. BJU Int. 2009;103(12):1668–1672. DOI:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08380.x.
  • Liu HT, Kuo HC. Urinary nerve growth factor levels are increased in patients with bladder outlet obstruction with overactive bladder symptoms and reduced after successful medical treatment. Urology. 2008;72(1):104–108. discussion 08. DOI:10.1016/j.urology.2008.01.069.
  • Liu HT, Tyagi P, Chancellor MB, et al. Urinary nerve growth factor level is increased in patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and decreased in responders to treatment. BJU Int. 2009. BJU8675 [pii]. DOI:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08675.x.
  • Antunes-Lopes T, Carvalho-Barros S, Cruz CD, et al. Biomarkers in overactive bladder: a new objective and noninvasive tool? Adv Urol. 2011;2011:382431. DOI:10.1155/2011/382431.
  • Desireddi NV, Campbell PL, Stern JA, et al. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha as possible biomarkers for the chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol. 2008;179(5):1857–1861. discussion 61-2. DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2008.01.028.
  • Agarwal M, He C, Siddiqui J, et al. CCL11 (eotaxin-1): a new diagnostic serum marker for prostate cancer. Prostate. 2013;73(6):573–581. DOI:10.1002/pros.22597.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.