563
Views
71
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor toxicity and mitochondrial DNA

, PhD (Postdoctoral Fellow) & , MD
Pages 1493-1504 | Published online: 07 Oct 2010

Bibliography

  • Mitchell HS, Stephens E. Contraception choice for HIV positive women. Sex Transm Infect 2004;80(3):167-73
  • Brinkman K, Vrouenraets S, Kauffmann R, Treatment of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced lactic acidosis. AIDS 2000;14(17):2801-2
  • Gerard Y, Maulin L, Yazdanpanah Y, Symptomatic hyperlactataemia: an emerging complication of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2000;14(17):2723-30
  • John M, Moore CB, James IR, Chronic hyperlactatemia in HIV-infected patients taking antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2001;15(6):717-23
  • Mokrzycki MH, Harris C, May H, Lactic acidosis associated with stavudine administration: a report of five cases. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30(1):198-200
  • Olano JP, Borucki MJ, Wen JW, Haque AK. Massive hepatic steatosis and lactic acidosis in a patient with AIDS who was receiving zidovudine. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21(4):973-6
  • Shaer AJ, Rastegar A. Lactic acidosis in the setting of antiretroviral therapy for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A case report and review of the literature. Am J Nephrol 2000;20(4):332-8
  • Tantisiriwat W, Tebas P, Polish LB, Elevated lactate levels in hospitalized persons with HIV infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001;17(3):195-201
  • Walker UA. Clinical manifestations of mitochondrial toxicity. J HIV Ther 2001;6(1):17-21
  • Anderson TD, Davidovich A, Feldman D, Mitochondrial schwannopathy and peripheral myelinopathy in a rabbit model of dideoxycytidine neurotoxicity. Lab Invest 1994;70(5):724-39
  • Chariot P, Bourokba N, Brivet F. Mitochondrial DNA and nucleoside toxicity. N Engl J Med 2002;347(3):216-8, author reply -8
  • Dalakas MC, Illa I, Pezeshkpour GH, Mitochondrial myopathy caused by long-term zidovudine therapy. N Engl J Med 1990;322(16):1098-105
  • Chen CH, Cheng YC. Delayed cytotoxicity and selective loss of mitochondrial DNA in cells treated with the anti-human immunodeficiency virus compound 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine. J Biol Chem 1989;264(20):11934-7
  • Chen CH, Vazquez-Padua M, Cheng YC. Effect of anti-human immunodeficiency virus nucleoside analogs on mitochondrial DNA and its implication for delayed toxicity. Mol Pharmacol 1991;39(5):625-8
  • Kakuda TN. Pharmacology of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial toxicity. Clin Ther 2000;22(6):685-708
  • Lim SE, Copeland WC. Differential incorporation and removal of antiviral deoxynucleotides by human DNA polymerase gamma. J Biol Chem 2001;276(26):23616-23
  • Lewis W, Copeland WC, Day BJ. Mitochondrial DNA depletion, oxidative stress, and mutation: mechanisms of dysfunction from nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Lab Invest 2001;81(6):777-90
  • Lewis W, Dalakas MC. Mitochondrial toxicity of antiviral drugs. Nat Med 1995;1(5):417-22
  • Lewis W, Day BJ, Copeland WC. Mitochondrial toxicity of NRTI antiviral drugs: an integrated cellular perspective. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003;2(10):812-22
  • Copeland WC, Chen MS, Wang TS. Human DNA polymerases alpha and beta are able to incorporate anti-HIV deoxynucleotides into DNA. J Biol Chem 1992;267(30):21459-64
  • Lewis W, Simpson JF, Meyer RR. Cardiac mitochondrial DNA polymerase-gamma is inhibited competitively and noncompetitively by phosphorylated zidovudine. Circ Res 1994;74(2):344-8
  • Nickel W, Austermann S, Bialek G, Grosse F. Interactions of azidothymidine triphosphate with the cellular DNA polymerases alpha, delta, and epsilon and with DNA primase. J Biol Chem 1992;267(2):848-54
  • Cox S, Ruden U, Nagy K, Serum levels and catabolism of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine in vivo measured using a specific radioimmunoassay. J Virol Methods 1990;30(1):89-98
  • Heidenreich O, Kruhoffer M, Grosse F, Eckstein F. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus 1 reverse transcriptase by 3′-azidothymidine triphosphate. Eur J Biochem 1990;192(3):621-5
  • Reardon JE, Miller WH. Human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase. Substrate and inhibitor kinetics with thymidine 5′-triphosphate and 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine 5′-triphosphate. J Biol Chem 1990;265(33):20302-7
  • Bialkowska A, Bialkowski K, Gerschenson M, Oxidative DNA damage in fetal tissues after transplacental exposure to 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT). Carcinogenesis 2000;21(5):1059-62
  • de la Asuncion JG, del Olmo ML, Sastre J, AZT treatment induces molecular and ultrastructural oxidative damage to muscle mitochondria. Prevention by antioxidant vitamins. J Clin Invest 1998;102(1):4-9
  • Choi J, Liu RM, Kundu RK, Molecular mechanism of decreased glutathione content in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat-transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 2000;275(5):3693-8
  • Choi J, Opalenik SR, Wu W, Modulation of glutathione synthetic enzymes by acidic fibroblast growth factor. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000;375(1):201-9
  • Raidel SM, Haase C, Jansen NR, Targeted myocardial transgenic expression of HIV Tat causes cardiomyopathy and mitochondrial damage. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002;282(5):H1672-8
  • Barrientos A, Casademont J, Cardellach F, Qualitative and quantitative changes in skeletal muscle mtDNA and expression of mitochondrial-encoded genes in the human aging process. Biochem Mol Med 1997;62(2):165-71
  • Lee HC, Wei YH. Mitochondrial alterations, cellular response to oxidative stress and defective degradation of proteins in aging. Biogerontology 2001;2(4):231-44
  • Bartley PB, Westacott L, Boots RJ, Large hepatic mitochondrial DNA deletions associated with L-lactic acidosis and highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2001;15(3):419-20
  • Martin AM, Hammond E, Nolan D, Accumulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients treated with nucleoside-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors. Am J Hum Genet 2003;72(3):549-60
  • Walker UA, Venhoff N. Multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions and lactic acidosis in an HIV-infected patient under antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2001;15(11):1449-50
  • Eriksson S, Kierdaszuk B, Munch-Petersen B, Comparison of the substrate specificities of human thymidine kinase 1 and 2 and deoxycytidine kinase toward antiviral and cytostatic nucleoside analogs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991;176(2):586-92
  • Eriksson S, Munch-Petersen B, Kierdaszuk B, Arner E. Expression and substrate specificities of human thymidine kinase 1, thymidine kinase 2 and deoxycytidine kinase. Adv Exp Med Biol 1991;309B:239-43
  • McKee EE, Bentley AT, Hatch M, Phosphorylation of thymidine and AZT in heart mitochondria: elucidation of a novel mechanism of AZT cardiotoxicity. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2004;4(2):155-67
  • Munch-Petersen B, Cloos L, Tyrsted G, Eriksson S. Diverging substrate specificity of pure human thymidine kinases 1 and 2 against antiviral dideoxynucleosides. J Biol Chem 1991;266(14):9032-8
  • Kohler JJ, Hosseini SH, Cucoranu I, Murine cardiac mtDNA: effects of transgenic manipulation of nucleoside phosphorylation. Lab Invest 2009;89(2):122-30
  • Saada A, Shaag A, Mandel H, Mutant mitochondrial thymidine kinase in mitochondrial DNA depletion myopathy. Nat Genet 2001;29(3):342-4
  • Kohler JJ, Hosseini SH, Cucoranu I, Transgenic cardiac-targeted overexpression of human thymidylate kinase. Lab Invest 2010;90(3):383-90
  • Bourdais J, Biondi R, Sarfati S, Cellular phosphorylation of anti-HIV nucleosides. Role of nucleoside diphosphate kinase. J Biol Chem 1996;271(14):7887-90
  • Connolly KJ, Hammer SM. Antiretroviral therapy: strategies beyond single-agent reverse transcriptase inhibition. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36(3):509-20
  • Miller WH, Daluge SM, Garvey EP, Phosphorylation of carbovir enantiomers by cellular enzymes determines the stereoselectivity of antiviral activity. J Biol Chem 1992;267(29):21220-4
  • Martin JL, Brown CE, Matthews-Davis N, Reardon JE. Effects of antiviral nucleoside analogs on human DNA polymerases and mitochondrial DNA synthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38(12):2743-9
  • Birkus G, Hitchcock MJ, Cihlar T. Assessment of mitochondrial toxicity in human cells treated with tenofovir: comparison with other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46(3):716-23
  • Parker WB, White EL, Shaddix SC, Mechanism of inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase and human DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma by the 5′-triphosphates of carbovir, 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine, 2′,3′-dideoxyguanosine and 3′-deoxythymidine. A novel RNA template for the evaluation of antiretroviral drugs. J Biol Chem 1991;266(3):1754-62
  • Wu Y, Li N, Zhang T, Mitochondrial DNA base excision repair and mitochondrial DNA mutation in human hepatic HuH-7 cells exposed to stavudine. Mutat Res 2009;664(1-2):28-38
  • Cihlar T, Ho ES, Lin DC, Mulato AS. Human renal organic anion transporter 1 (hOAT1) and its role in the nephrotoxicity of antiviral nucleotide analogs. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2001;20(4-7):641-8
  • Cihlar T, Ray AS, Laflamme G, Molecular assessment of the potential for renal drug interactions between tenofovir and HIV protease inhibitors. Antivir Ther 2007;12(2):267-72
  • Ray AS, Cihlar T, Robinson KL, Mechanism of active renal tubular efflux of tenofovir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50(10):3297-304
  • Chariot P, Drogou I, de Lacroix-Szmania I, Zidovudine-induced mitochondrial disorder with massive liver steatosis, myopathy, lactic acidosis, and mitochondrial DNA depletion. J Hepatol 1999;30(1):156-60
  • McKenzie R, Fried MW, Sallie R, Hepatic failure and lactic acidosis due to fialuridine (FIAU), an investigational nucleoside analogue for chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 1995;333(17):1099-105
  • Miller KD, Cameron M, Wood LV, Lactic acidosis and hepatic steatosis associated with use of stavudine: report of four cases. Ann Intern Med 2000;133(3):192-6
  • Murphy MD, O'Hearn M, Chou S. Fatal lactic acidosis and acute renal failure after addition of tenofovir to an antiretroviral regimen containing didanosine. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36(8):1082-5
  • Lonergan JT, Behling C, Pfander H, Hyperlactatemia and hepatic abnormalities in 10 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving nucleoside analogue combination regimens. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31(1):162-6
  • Freiman JP, Helfert KE, Hamrell MR, Stein DS. Hepatomegaly with severe steatosis in HIV-seropositive patients. AIDS 1993;7(3):379-85
  • Gaou I, Malliti M, Guimont MC, Effect of stavudine on mitochondrial genome and fatty acid oxidation in lean and obese mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001;297(2):516-23
  • Casademont J, Barrientos A, Grau JM, The effect of zidovudine on skeletal muscle mtDNA in HIV-1 infected patients with mild or no muscle dysfunction. Brain 1996;119(Pt 4):1357-64
  • Grau JM, Masanes F, Pedrol E, Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and myopathy: clinical relevance of zidovudine therapy. Ann Neurol 1993;34(2):206-11
  • Manji H, Harrison MJ, Round JM, Muscle disease, HIV and zidovudine: the spectrum of muscle disease in HIV-infected individuals treated with zidovudine. J Neurol 1993;240(8):479-88
  • Ojetti V, Gasbarrini A, Migneco A, Lamivudine-induced muscle mitochondrial toxicity. Dig Liver Dis 2002;34(5):384-5
  • White AJ. Mitochondrial toxicity and HIV therapy. Sex Transm Infect 2001;77(3):158-73
  • Simpson DM, Bender AN. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated myopathy: analysis of 11 patients. Ann Neurol 1988;24(1):79-84
  • Herskowitz A, Willoughby SB, Baughman KL, Cardiomyopathy associated with antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection: a report of six cases. Ann Intern Med 1992;116(4):311-13
  • Lewis W, Grupp IL, Grupp G, Cardiac dysfunction occurs in the HIV-1 transgenic mouse treated with zidovudine. Lab Invest 2000;80(2):187-97
  • Kohler JJ, Hosseini SH, Green E, Absence of mitochondrial toxicity in hearts of transgenic mice treated with abacavir. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2010;10(2):146-51
  • Sabin CA, Worm SW, Weber R, Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the D:A:D study: a multi-cohort collaboration. Lancet 2008;371(9622):1417-26
  • Ziagen. NDA20-977/NDA 20-978. 2000
  • Sanz E. Analyses of adverse reaction reports in the WHO database. WHO Signal 2005:1-8
  • Ide T, Tsutsui H, Hayashidani S, Mitochondrial DNA damage and dysfunction associated with oxidative stress in failing hearts after myocardial infarction. Circ Res 2001;88(5):529-35
  • Lewis W. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, mitochondrial DNA and AIDS therapy. Antivir Ther 2005;10(Suppl 2):M13-27
  • Nojiri H, Shimizu T, Funakoshi M, Oxidative stress causes heart failure with impaired mitochondrial respiration. J Biol Chem 2006;281(44):33789-801
  • Kalayjian RC. The treatment of HIV-associated nephropathy. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2010;17(1):59-71
  • Valle R, Haragsim L. Nephrotoxicity as a complication of antiretroviral therapy. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2006;13(3):314-19
  • Izzedine H, Harris M, Perazella MA. The nephrotoxic effects of HAART. Nat Rev Nephrol 2009;5(10):563-73
  • Izzedine H, Hulot JS, Villard E, Association between ABCC2 gene haplotypes and tenofovir-induced proximal tubulopathy. J Infect Dis 2006;194(11):1481-91
  • Knupp CA, Hak LJ, Coakley DF, Disposition of didanosine in HIV-seropositive patients with normal renal function or chronic renal failure: influence of hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996;60(5):535-42
  • Dalakas MC. Peripheral neuropathy and antiretroviral drugs. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2001;6(1):14-20
  • Dalakas MC, Semino-Mora C, Leon-Monzon M. Mitochondrial alterations with mitochondrial DNA depletion in the nerves of AIDS patients with peripheral neuropathy induced by 2′3′-dideoxycytidine (ddC). Lab Invest 2001;81(11):1537-44
  • Kallianpur AR, Hulgan T. Pharmacogenetics of nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor-associated peripheral neuropathy. Pharmacogenomics 2009;10(4):623-37
  • Berger AR, Arezzo JC, Schaumburg HH, 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (ddC) toxic neuropathy: a study of 52 patients. Neurology 1993;43(2):358-62
  • Browne MJ, Mayer KH, Chafee SB, 2′,3′-didehydro-3′-deoxythymidine (d4T) in patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex: a phase I trial. J Infect Dis 1993;167(1):21-9
  • Cupler EJ, Dalakas MC. Exacerbation of peripheral neuropathy by lamivudine. Lancet 1995;345(8947):460-1
  • Dubinsky RM, Yarchoan R, Dalakas M, Broder S. Reversible axonal neuropathy from the treatment of AIDS and related disorders with 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (ddC). Muscle Nerve 1989;12(10):856-60
  • Merigan TC, Skowron G, Bozzette SA, Circulating p24 antigen levels and responses to dideoxycytidine in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. A phase I and II study. Ann Intern Med 1989;110(3):189-94
  • Yarchoan R, Pluda JM, Thomas RV, Long-term toxicity/activity profile of 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine in AIDS or AIDS-related complex. Lancet 1990;336(8714):526-9
  • Tozzi V, Libertone R, Liuzzi G. HIV pharmacogenetics in clinical practice: recent achievements and future challenges. Curr HIV Res 2008;6(6):544-54
  • Pandolfo M. Iron metabolism and mitochondrial abnormalities in Friedreich ataxia. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2002;29(3):536-47; discussion 48-52
  • Grinspoon S, Carr A. Cardiovascular risk and body-fat abnormalities in HIV-infected adults. N Engl J Med 2005;352(1):48-62
  • Villarroya F, Domingo P, Giralt M. Lipodystrophy in HIV 1-infected patients: lessons for obesity research. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007;31(12):1763-76
  • Fichtenbaum CJ. Does antiretroviral therapy increase or decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease? Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2010;7(2):92-8
  • Jacotot E, Ravagnan L, Loeffler M, The HIV-1 viral protein R induces apoptosis via a direct effect on the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. J Exp Med 2000;191(1):33-46
  • Nie Z, Phenix BN, Lum JJ, HIV-1 protease processes procaspase 8 to cause mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, caspase cleavage and nuclear fragmentation. Cell Death Differ 2002;9(11):1172-84
  • Tedaldi EM, Baker RK, Moorman AC, Influence of coinfection with hepatitis C virus on morbidity and mortality due to human immunodeficiency virus infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36(3):363-7
  • Bazzoli C, Jullien V, Le Tiec C, Intracellular pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs in HIV-infected patients, and their correlation with drug action. Clin Pharmacokinet 2010;49(1):17-45
  • Negredo E, Miro O, Rodriguez-Santiago B, Improvement of mitochondrial toxicity in patients receiving a nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor-sparing strategy: results from the Multicenter Study with Nevirapine and Kaletra (MULTINEKA). Clin Infect Dis 2009;49(6):892-900
  • Effros RB, Fletcher CV, Gebo K, Aging and infectious diseases: workshop on HIV infection and aging: what is known and future research directions. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47(4):542-53
  • Loeb LA, Wallace DC, Martin GM. The mitochondrial theory of aging and its relationship to reactive oxygen species damage and somatic mtDNA mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102(52):18769-70
  • Onen NF, Overton ET, Seyfried W, Aging and HIV infection: a comparison between older HIV-infected persons and the general population. HIV Clin Trials 2010;11(2):100-9
  • Bogner JR, Vielhauer V, Beckmann RA, Stavudine versus zidovudine and the development of lipodystrophy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001;27(3):237-44
  • Emtriva. NDA 021500/NDA 021896. 2008
  • Epivir. NDA 020564/NDA 020596. 2008
  • Kumar PN, Patel P. Lamivudine for the treatment of HIV. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010;6(1):105-14
  • Vidal F, Domingo JC, Guallar J, In vitro cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir alone and in combination with other antiretrovirals in human renal proximal tubule cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50(11):3824-32

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.