Combination therapy of Western drugs and herbal medicines: recent advances in understanding interactions involving metabolism and efflux

Bibliography

• Tessier DJ, Bash DS. A surgeon's guide to herbal supplements. J Surg Res 2003;114:30-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverstein DD, Spiegel AD. Are physicians aware of the risks of alternative medicine? J Community Health 2001;26:159-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams CA, Lamprecht ED. Review: some commonly fed herbs and other functional foods in equine nutrition. Vet J 2008;178:21-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McChesney JD, Venkataraman SK, Henri JT. Plant natural products: back to the future or into extinction? Phytochemistry 2007;68:2015-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cranwell-Bruce L. Herb-drug interactions. Medsurg Nurs 2008;17:52-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elvin-Lewis M. Should we be concerned about herbal remedies. J Ethnopharmacol 2001;75:141-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poppenga RH. Herbal medicine: potential for intoxication and interaction with conventional drugs. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 2002;17:6-18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bressler R. Herb-drug interactions: interactions between Ginkgo biloba and prescription medications. Geriatrics 2005;60:30-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen XW, Serag ES, Sneed KB, Clinical herbal interactions with conventional drugs: from molecules to maladies. Curr Med Chem 2011;18:1-13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cordier W, Steenkamp V. Drug interactions in African herbal remedies. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 2011;26:53-63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen J. Recognition and prevention of herb-drug interactions, part 1: pharmacokinetic interactions. Acupunct Today 2006;7:1-6
   Google Scholar
• McFadden R, Peterson N. Interactions between drugs and four common medicinal herbs. Nurs Stand 2011;25:65-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Han K. Role of transporters in drug interactions. Arch Pharm Res 2011;34:1865-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavez ML, Jordan MA, Chavez PI. Evidence-based drug-herbal interactions. Life Sci 2006;78:2146-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin JH. CYP Induction-mediated drug interactions: in vitro assessment and clinical implications. Pharm Res 2006;23:1089-116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monostory K, Pascussi J. Regulation of drug-metabolizing human cytochrome P450s. Acta Chim Slov 2008;55:20-37
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong R-H, Fang Z-Z, Zhu L-L, Investigation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) inhibitory properties of carvacrol. Phytother Res 2012;26:86-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamed M-EF, Frye RF. Inhibitory effects of commonly used herbal extracts on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4, 1A6 and 1A9 enzyme activities. Drug Metab Dispos 2011;39:1522-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benet LZ, Cummins CL, Wu CY. Transporter-enzyme interactions: implications for predicting drug-drug interactions from in vivo data. Curr Drug Metab 2003;4:393-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benet LZ, Cummins CL, Wu CY. Unmasking the dynamic interplay between efflux transporters and metabolic enzymes. Int J Pharm 2004;277:3-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Zhang Y, Huang SM. Scientific and regulatory perspectives on metabolizing enzyme-transporter interplay and its role in drug interactions: challenges in predicting drug interactions. Mol Pharm 2009;6:1766-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durr D, Stieger B, Kullak-Ublick GA, St John's Wort induces intestinal P-glycoprotein/MDR1 and intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;68:598-604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkataramanan R, Komoroski B, Strom S. In vitro and in vivo assessment of herb drug interactions. Life Sci 2006;78:2105-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal D, Mitra AK. MDR and CYP3A4-mediated drug-herbal interactions. Life Sci 2006;78:2131-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey DG, Spence JD, Edgar B, Ethanol enhances the hemodynamic effects of felodipine. Clin Invest Med 1989;12:357-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farkas D, Greenblatt DJ. Influence of fruit juices on drug disposition: discrepancies between in vitro and clinical studies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008;4:381-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yee GC, Stanley DL, Pessa LJ, Effects of grapefruit juice on blood cyclosporine concentration. Lancet 1995;345:955-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundahl J, Regardh CG, Edgar B, Effects of grapefruit juice ingestion – pharmacokinetics and heamodynamics of intravenously and orally administered felodipine in healthy men. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1997;52:139-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifford CP, Adams DA, Murray S, The cardiac effect of terfenadine after inhibition of its metabolism by grapefruit juice. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1997;52:311-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupferschmidt HHT, Fattinger KE, Ha HR, Grapefruit juice enhances the bioavailability of the HIV protease inhibitor saquinavir in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998;45:355-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilja JJ, Kivisto KT, Backman JT, Effect of grapefruit juice dose on grapefruit juice-triazolam interaction: repeated consumption prolongs triazolam half-life. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000;56:411-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dresser GK, Bailey DG, Leake BF, Fruit juices inhibit organic anion transporting polypeptide-mediated drug uptake to decrease the oral availability of fexofenadine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;71:11-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tachjian A, Maria V, Jahangir A. Use of herbal products and potential interactions in patients with cardiovascular diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:515-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izzo AA, Ernst E. Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: a systematic review. Drugs 2001;61:2163-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller KL, Liebowitz RS, Newby LK. Complementary and alternative medicine in cardiovascular disease: a review of biologically based approaches. Am Heart J 2004;147:401-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izzo AA, Di Carlo G, Borrelli F, Ernst E. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy and herbal medicines: the risk of drug interaction. Int J Cardiol 2005;98:1-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrelli F, Izzo AA. Herb-Drug interactions with St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum): an update on clinical observations. AAPS J 2009;11:710-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johne A, Brockmuller J, Bauer S, Pharmacokinetic interaction of digoxin with an herbal extract from St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum). Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;66:338-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennessy M, Kelleher D, Spiers JP, St John's Wort increases expression of P-glycoprotein: implications for drug interactions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;53:75-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng TO. Danshen: a popular chinese cardiac herbal drug. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng TO. Cardiovascular effects of Danshen. Int J Cardiol 2007;121:9-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izzat MB, Yim APC, El-Zufari MH. A taste of chinese medicine!. Ann Thorac Surg 1998;66:941-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu CM, Chan JCN, Sanderson JE. Chinese herbs and warfarin potentiation by ‘Danshen’. J Intern Med 1997;241:337-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou S, Zhou Z, Li C, Identification of drugs that interact with herbs in drug development. Drug Discov Today 2007;12:664-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan K, Lo ACT, Yeung JHK, The effects of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) on warfarin pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin enantiomers in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 1995;47:402-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majerus PW, Tollefsen DM. Blood coagulation and anticoagulant, thrombolytic, and antiplatelet drugs. Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McGraw Hill; New York: 2006
   Google Scholar
• Wang X, Cheung CM, Lee WYW, Major tashinones of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) exhibit different modes of inhibition on human CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 activities in vitro. Phytomedicine 2010;17:868-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu Y, Zhang L, Wang X, The effect of compound Danshen dripping pills, a chinese herb medicine, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;137:1457-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Yeung JH. Investigation of cytochrome P450 1A2 and 3A inhibitory properties of Danshen tincture. Phytomedicine 2012;19:348-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang Z-Z, Zhang Y-Y, Ge G-B, Time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 by noscapine potentially explains clinical noscapine-warfarin interaction. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010;69:193-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fugh-Berman A. Herb-drug interactions. Lancet 2000;355:134-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bent S, Goldberg H, Padula A, Spontaneous bleeding associated with Ginkgo biloba: a case report and systematic review of the literature. J Gen Intern Med 2005;20:657-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews MK. Association of Ginkgo biloba with intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 1998;50:1933-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taki Y, Yokotani K, Yamada S, Ginkgo biloba extract attenuates warfarin-mediated anticoagulation through induction of hepatic cytochrome P450 ensymes by bilobalide in mice. Phytomedicine 2012;19:177-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Zhang J-W, Li W, Ginsenoside metabolites, rather than naturally occuring ginsenosides, lead to inhibition of human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Toxicol Sci 2006;91:356-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkey MR, Henderson GL, Gershwin ME, Variability in commercial ginseng products: analysis of 25 preparations. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:1101-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugimoto K, Ohmori M, Tsuruoka S, Different effects of St John's Wort on the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin and pravastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001;70:518-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore LB, Goodwin B, Jones SA, St. John's wort induces hepatic drug metabolism through activation of the pregane X receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:7500-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berginc K, Zakelj S, Kristl A. In vitro interactions between garlic extract and drugs used for the treatment of cardiovascular and diabetic patients. Eur J Nutr 2010;49:373-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadja J, Rentsch CM, Gubler C, Garlic extract induces intestinal P-glycoprotein, but exhibits no effect on intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 in humans. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010;41:729-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai C, Chen H, Sheen L, Garlic: health benefits and actions. Biomedicine 2012;2:17-29
   Google Scholar
• Asdaq SMB, Inamdar MN. The potential for interaction of hydrochlorothiazide with garlic in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2009;181:472-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijerman I, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH. Herb-drug interactions in oncology: focus on mechanisms of induction. Oncologist 2006;11:742-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong FA, Sparreboom A, Verweij J, Mathijssen RH. Lifestyle habits as a contributor to anti-cancer treatment failure. Eur J Cancer 2008;44:374-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He S-M, Yang A-K, Li X-T, Effects of herbal products on the metabolism and transport of anticancer agents. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010;6:1195-213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komoroski BJ, Parise RA, Egorin MJ, Effect of the St. John's wort constituent hyperforin on docetaxel metabolism by human hepatocyte cultures. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:6972-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Shin Y-J, Kim HJ, Danshen extract does not alter pharmacokinetics of docetaxel and clopidogrel, reflecting its negligible potential in P-glycoprotein- and cytochrome P450-mediated herb-drug interactions. Int J Pharm 2011;410:68-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox MC, Low J, Lee J, Influence of Garlic (Allium sativum) on the pharmacokinetics of Docetaxel. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:4636-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith PF, Bullock JM, Booker BM, The influence of St. John's wort on the pharmacokinetics and protein binding of imatinib mesylate. Pharmacotherapy 2004;24:1508-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilgi N, Bell K, Ananthakrishnan AN, Atallah E. Imatinib and Panax ginseng: a potential interaction resulting in liver toxicity. Ann Pharmacother 2010;44:926-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang S-W, Han H-S, Lim KY, Han J-Y. Drug interaction between complementary herbal medicines and gefitinib. J Thorac Oncol 2008;3:942-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baretta Z, Ghiotto C, Marino D, Jirillo A. Aloe-induced hypokalemia in a patient with breast cancer during chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 2009;20:1445-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathijssen RH, Verweij J, de Bruijn P, Effects of St. John's wort on irinotecan metabolism. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:1247-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke SJ, McLachlan AJ. Interaction between complementary and alternative medicine with conventional anti-cancer medicine. Cancer Forum 2011;35:1-6
   Google Scholar
• Reif S, Nicolson MC, Bisset D, Effect of grapefruit juice intake on etoposide bioavailability. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2002;58:491-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansal T, Awasthi A, Jaggi M, Pre-clinical evidence for altered absorption and biliary excretion of irinotecan (CPT-11) in combination with quercetin: possible contribution of P-glycoprotein. Life Sci 2008;83:250-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Erp NP, Baker SD, Zhao M, Effect of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) on the pharmacokinetics of irinotecan. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:7800-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirkov S, Komoroski BJ, Ramirez J, Effects of green tea compounds on irinotecan metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2007;35:228-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engels FK, de Jong FA, Sparreboom A, Medicinal cannabis does not influence the clinical pharmacokinetics of irinotecan and docetaxel. Oncologist 2007;12:291-300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mai I, Stormer E, Bauer S, Impact of St John's wort treatment on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid in renal transplant patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003;18:819-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer S, Stormer E, Johne A, Alterations in cyclosporin A pharmacokinetics and metabolism during treatment with St John's wort in renal transplant patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003;55:203-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy PA, Kern SE, Stanczyk FZ, Interaction of St. John's Wort with oral contraceptives: effects on the pharmacokinetics of norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol, ovarian activity and breakthrough bleeding. Contraception 2005;71:402-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz UI, Buschel B, Kirch W. Unwanted pregnancy on self-medication with St John's wort despite hormonal contraception. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003;55:112-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfrunder A, Schiesser M, Gerber S. Interaction of St John's wort with low dose oral contraceptive therapy: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003;56:683-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall SD, Wang Z, Huang SM, The interaction between St John's wort and an oral contraceptive. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;74:525-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels N, Finkelstein Y, Singer SR, Herbal medicine and epilepsy: proconvulsive effects and interactions with antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia 2008;49:373-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bystritsky A, Hovav S, Sherbourne C, Use of complementary and alternative medicine in a large sample of anxiety patients. Psychosomatics 2011; published online 1 February 2012; doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2011.11.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zick SM, Wright BD, Sen A, Preliminary examination of the efficacy and safety of a standardized chamomile extract for chronic primary insomnia: A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med 2011;11:1-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gu L, Liu Y-J, Wang Y-B, Role for monoaminergic systems in the antidepressant-like effect of ethanol extracts from Hemerocallis citrina. J Ethnopharmacol 2012;139:780-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Z, Yang X, Ho PCL, Herb-Drug interactions. Drugs 2005;65:1239-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izzo AA, Ernst E. Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs. Drugs 2009;69:1777-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampath C, Holbik M, Krenn L, Butterweck V. Anxiolytic effects of fractions obtained from Passiflora incarnate L. in the elevated plus maze in mice. Phytother Res 2011;25:789-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrasco MC, Vallejo JR, Pardo-de-Santayana M Interactions of Valeriana officinalis L. and Passiflora incarnate L. in a patient treated with lorazepam. Phytother Res 2009;23:1795-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuo X-C, Zhang B-K, Jia S-J, Effects of Ginko biloba extracts on diazepam metabolism: a pharmacokinetic study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010;66:503-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Lee WYW, Zhou X, A pharmacodynamic-pharmacokinetic (PD-PK) study on the effects of Danshen (Salvia miltiorhiza) on midalozam, a model CYP3A probe substrate, in the rat. Phytomedicine 2010;17:876-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai L, Hao H, Wang Q, Effects of short-term and long-term pretreatment of Schisandra lignans of regulating hepatic and intestinal CYP3A in rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2009;37:2399-407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller SC, Majcher-Peszynska J, Mundkowski RG, No clinically relevant CYP3A induction after St. John's wort with low hyperforin content in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009;65:81-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang X, Cheng J, Krausz KW, Pregnane X receptor-mediated induction of CYP3A by black cohosh. Xenobiotica 2011;41:112-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokooji T, Kida M, Mori M, Interaction of Rhei rhizoma extract with cytochrome P450 3A and efflux transporters in rats. Pharmazie 2010;65:367-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia C-H, Sun J-G, Wang G-J, Herb-Drug interaction: in vivo and in vitro effect of shenmai injection, a herbal preparation, on the metabolic activities of hepatic cytochrome P450 3A1/2, 2C6, 1A2, and 2E1 in rats. Planta Med 2010;76:245-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang J-C, Wu Y-T, Lee W-C, Herb-drug interactions of silymarin or silibinin on the pharmacokinetics of trazodone in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2009;182:227-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad KPRC, Tharangani PGD, Samaranayake CN. Recurrent relapses of depression in a patient established on sertraline after taking herbal medicinal mixtures- a herb drug interaction? J Psychopharmacol 2009;23:216-19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hojo Y, Echizenya M, Ohkubo T, Drug interaction between St John's wort and zolpidem in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharm Ther 2011;36:711-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakao M, Muramoto Y, Hisadome M, The effect of Shoseiryuto, a traditional Japanese medicine, on cytochrome P450s, N-acetyltransferase 2 and xanthine oxidase, in extensive or intermediate metabolizers of CYP2D6. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007;63:345-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan Y, Abd-Rashid BA, Ismail Z, In vitro modulatory effects of andorgraphis paniculata, Centella asiatica and orthoiphon stamineus on cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP 2C19). J Ethnopharmacol 2011;133:881-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhananjay P, Mitra AK. MDR- and CYP3A4-mediated drug–herbal interactions. Life Sci 2006;78:2131-45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conry JM. Significant drug interactions in the HIV patient. J Pharm Pract 2000;XIII:499-514
   Google Scholar
• Gurley BJ, Swain A, Williams DK, Gauging the clinical significance of P-glycoprotein-mediated herb-drug interactions: comparative effects of St. John's wort, echinacea, clarithromycin, and rifampin on digoxin pharmacokinetics. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008;52:772-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decker CJ, Laitenen LM, Bridson GW, Metabolism of amprenavir in liver microsomes: role of CYP3A4 inhibition for drug interactions. J Pharm Sci 1998;87:803-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Maat MM, Ekhart GC, Huitema AD, Drug interactions between antiretroviral drugs and comedicated agents. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003;42:223-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz JS, DeVane CL, Boulton DW, Effect of St. Johns Wort (Hypericum Perforatum) on cytochrome P-450 2D6 and 3A4 activity in healthy volunteers. Life Sci 2000;66:133-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Maat MMR, Hoetelmans RMW, Mathot RAA, Drug interaction between St John's wort and nevirapine. AIDS 2001;15:420-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson DA, Mather G, Trager WF, Characterization of the in vitro biotransformation of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor nevirapine by human hepatic cytochromes P-450. Drug Metab Dispos 1999;27:1488-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiba M, Hensleigh M, Nishime JA, Role of cytochrome P450 3A4 in human metabolism of MK-639, a potent human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor. Drug Metab Dispos 1996;24:307-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piscitelli SC, Burstein AH, Chaitt D, Indinavir concentrations and St John's wort. Lancet 2000;355:547-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piscitelli SC, Burstein AH, Welden N, The effect of garlic supplements on the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:234-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster BC, Foster MS, Vandenhoek S, An in vitro evaluation of Human cytochrome P450 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by garlic. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2001;4:176-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu A, Granneman GR, Bertz RJ. Ritonavir clinical pharmacokinetics and interactions with other anti-HIV agents. Clin Pharmacokinet 1998;35:275-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulkowski MS. Drug-induced liver injury associated with antiretroviral therapy that includes HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:90-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson LB, Kauffman CA. Voriconazole: a new triazole antifungal agent. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:630-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyland R, Jones BC, Smith DA. Identification of the Cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the N-oxidation of voriconazole. Drug Metab Dispos 2003;31:540-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rengelshausen J, Banfield M, Riedel KD, Opposite effects of short-term and long-term St John's wort intake on voriconazole pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005;78:25-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Agtmael MA, Gupta V, van der Wosten TH, Grapefruit juice increases the bioavailability of artemether. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999;55:405-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Agtmael MA, Gupta V, van der Graaf CA, The effect of grapefruit juice on the time-dependent decline of artemether plasma levels in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;66:408-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy J, Schipper HG, Koopmans RP, Effect of grapefruit juice or cimetidine coadministration on albendazole bioavailability. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002;66:260-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro N, Jung H, Medina R, Interaction between grapefruit juice and praziquantel in Humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:1614-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar