Pharmacokinetic and toxicological considerations for the treatment of diabetes in patients with liver disease

Bibliography

• Picardi A, D'Avola D, Gentilucci UV, et al. Diabetes in chronic liver disease: from old concepts to new evidence. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2006;22:274-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loria P, Lonardo A, Anania F. Liver and diabetes. A vicious circle. Hepatol Res 2013;43:51-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne CD. Dorothy Hodgkin Lecture 2012: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance and ectopic fat: a new problem in diabetes management. Diabet Med 2012;29:1098-107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh PS, Hsieh YJ. Impact of liver diseases on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17:5240-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Compean D, Jaquez-Quintana JO, Maldonado-Garza H. Hepatogenous diabetes. Current views of an ancient problem. Ann Hepatol 2009;8:13-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrides AS, DeFronzo RA. Glucose and insulin metabolism in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1989;8:107-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrides AS, Vogt C, Schulze-Berge D, et al. Pathogenesis of glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1994;19:616-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Compean D, Jaquez-Quintana JO, Gonzalez-Gonzalez JA, et al. Liver cirrhosis and diabetes: risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical implications and management. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:280-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tschope D, Hanefeld M, Meier JJ, et al. The role of co-morbidity in the selection of antidiabetic pharmacotherapy in type-2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013;12:62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lubowsky ND, Siegel R, Pittas AG. Management of glycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus and CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2007;50:865-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly JB, Berns JS. Selection and dosing of medications for management of diabetes in patients with advanced kidney disease. Semin Dial 2010;23:163-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheen AJ. Pharmacokinetic considerations for the treatment of diabetes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013;9:529-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan R, Foster GR, Chowdhury TA. Managing diabetes in patients with chronic liver disease. Postgrad Med 2012;124:130-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolman KG, Fonseca V, Dalpiaz A, et al. Spectrum of liver disease in type 2 diabetes and management of patients with diabetes and liver disease. Diabetes Care 2007;30:734-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Wagner LB, Rinella ME. The role of insulin-sensitizing agents in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2011;4:249-63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shyangdan D, Clar C, Ghouri N, et al. Insulin sensitisers in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess 2011;15:1-110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazza A, Fruci B, Garinis GA, et al. The role of metformin in the management of NAFLD. Exp Diabetes Res 2012;2012:716404
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albers I, Hartmann H, Bircher J, et al. Superiority of the Child-Pugh classification to quantitative liver function tests for assessing prognosis of liver cirrhosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989;24:269-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbeeck RK. Pharmacokinetics and dosage adjustment in patients with hepatic dysfunction. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2008;64:1147-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava B, Alexander GJ. Renal failure in chronic liver disease and the hepatorenal syndrome. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2011;72:497-503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia 2012;55:1577-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham GG, Punt J, Arora M, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of metformin. Clin Pharmacokinet 2011;50:81-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheen AJ. Clinical pharmacokinetics of metformin. Clin Pharmacokinet 1996;30:359-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Bao JQ, Day JS, et al. Metformin sinusoidal efflux from the liver is consistent with negligible biliary excretion and absence of enterohepatic cycling. Drug Metab Dispos 2013;41:1967-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groop LC. Sulfonylureas in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1992;15:737-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inkster B, Zammitt NN, Frier BM. Drug-induced hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2012;11:597-614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balant L. Clinical pharmacokinetics of sulphonylurea hypoglycaemic drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 1981;6:215-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueda H, Sakurai T, Ota M, et al. Disappearance rate of tolbutamide in normal subjects and in diabetes mellitus, liver cirrhosis, and renal disease. Diabetes 1963;12:414-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson E. Rate of metabolism of tolbutamide in test subjects with liver disease or with impaired renal function. Am J Med Sci 1964;248:657-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou L, Naraharisetti SB, Liu L, et al. Contributions of human cytochrome P450 enzymes to glyburide metabolism. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2010;31:228-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson JG. Pharmacokinetics of glyburide. Am J Med 1985;79:67-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman JM. Glyburide: a second-generation sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent. History, chemistry, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, clinical use and adverse effects. Pharmacotherapy 1985;5:43-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langtry HD, Balfour JA. Glimepiride. A review of its use in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs 1998;55:563-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenkranz B. Pharmacokinetic basis for the safety of glimepiride in risk groups of NIDDM patients. Horm Metab Res 1996;28:434-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebovitz HE. Glipizide: a second-generation sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent. Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and clinical use. Pharmacotherapy 1985;5:63-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nygren A, Bulow G, Sundblad L, et al. The effect of glipizide on extraction of insulin by the human cirrhotic and noncirrhotic liver. Metabolism 1988;37:810-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot DJ, Suharjono, Lewis BC, et al. Identification of the human cytochromes P450 catalysing the rate-limiting pathways of gliclazide elimination. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007;64:450-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malaisse WJ. Gliquidone contributes to improvement of type 2 diabetes mellitus management: a review of pharmacokinetic and clinical trial data. Drugs RD 2006;7:331-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scott LJ. Repaglinide: a review of its use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs 2012;72:249-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod JF. Clinical pharmacokinetics of nateglinide: a rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004;43:97-120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheen AJ. Drug-drug and food-drug pharmacokinetic interactions with new insulinotropic agents repaglinide and nateglinide. Clin Pharmacokinet 2007;46:93-108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalliokoski A, Backman JT, Neuvonen PJ, et al. Effects of the SLCO1B1*1B haplotype on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide and nateglinide. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2008;18:937-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalliokoski A, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ, et al. Different effects of SLCO1B1 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide and nateglinide. J Clin Pharmacol 2008;48:311-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatorp V. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide. Clin Pharmacokinet 2002;41:471-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatorp V, Walther KH, Christensen MS, et al. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in subjects with chronic liver disease. J Clin Pharmacol 2000;40:142-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhury S, Hirschberg Y, Filipek R, et al. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of nateglinide in subjects with hepatic cirrhosis. J Clin Pharmacol 2000;40:634-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morita Y, Ueno T, Sasaki N, et al. Nateglinide is useful for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients with type 2 diabetes. Hepatogastroenterology 2005;52:1338-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillippe HM, Wargo KA. Mitiglinide for type 2 diabetes treatment. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013;14:2133-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu L, Lu S, Lin Y, et al. Carboxyl-glucuronidation of mitiglinide by human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Biochem Pharmacol 2007;73:1842-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balfour JA, McTavish D. Acarbose. An update of its pharmacology and therapeutic use in diabetes mellitus. Drugs 1993;46:1025-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kihara Y, Ogami Y, Tabaru A, et al. Safe and effective treatment of diabetes mellitus associated with chronic liver diseases with an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose. J Gastroenterol 1997;32:777-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zillikens MC, Swart GR, van den Berg JW, et al. Effects of the glucosidase inhibitor acarbose in patients with liver cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1989;3:453-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentile S, Turco S, Guarino G, et al. Effect of treatment with acarbose and insulin in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus associated with non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2001;3:33-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentile S, Guarino G, Romano M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of acarbose in hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;3:184-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamagishi S, Nakamura K, Inoue H. Acarbose is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Med Hypotheses 2005;65:377-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott LJ, Spencer CM. Miglitol: a review of its therapeutic potential in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs 2000;59:521-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagai K, Matsumaru K, Takahashi Y, et al. Effective therapy using voglibose for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a patient with insufficient dietary and exercise therapy: exploring other treatment possibilities. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2011;5:336-43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scheen AJ, Lefebvre PJ. Troglitazone: antihyperglycemic activity and potential role in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999;22:1568-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoi T. Troglitazone. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2010;196:419-35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scheen AJ. Hepatotoxicity with thiazolidinediones: is it a class effect? Drug Saf 2001;24:873-88
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jaakkola T, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ, et al. Pioglitazone is metabolised by CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 in vitro: potential for interactions with CYP2C8 inhibitors. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2006;99:44-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. Actos (pioglitazone hydrochloride). Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/1999/21073lbl.pdf [Accessed 6 January 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Eckland DA, Danhof M. Clinical pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2000;108:234-42
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belfort R, Harrison SA, Brown K, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2297-307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanyal AJ, Chalasani N, Kowdley KV, et al. Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1675-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutchman G, Modi A, Kleiner DE, et al. The effects of discontinuing pioglitazone in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2007;46:424-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox PJ, Ryan DA, Hollis FJ, et al. Absorption, disposition, and metabolism of rosiglitazone, a potent thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizer, in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2000;28:772-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. Avandia (rosiglitazone maleate). Prescribing information. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/UCM143413.pdf [Accessed 6 January 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Tiikkainen M, Hakkinen AM, Korsheninnikova E, et al. Effects of rosiglitazone and metformin on liver fat content, hepatic insulin resistance, insulin clearance, and gene expression in adipose tissue in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2004;53:2169-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheen AJ. A review of gliptins in 2011. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012;13:81-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheen AJ. Pharmacokinetics of dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010;12:648-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golightly LK, Drayna CC, McDermott MT. Comparative clinical pharmacokinetics of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Clin Pharmacokinet 2012;51:501-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itou M, Kawaguchi T, Taniguchi E, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4: a key player in chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:2298-306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent SH, Reed JR, Bergman AJ, et al. Metabolism and excretion of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor [14C]sitagliptin in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2007;35:533-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migoya EM, Stevens CH, Bergman AJ, et al. Effect of moderate hepatic insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin. Can J Clin Pharmacol 2009;16:e165-70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arase Y, Kawamura Y, Seko Y, et al. Efficacy and safety in sitagliptin therapy for diabetes complicated by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatol Res 2013;43(11):1163-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwasaki T, Yoneda M, Inamori M, et al. Sitagliptin as a novel treatment agent for non-alcoholic Fatty liver disease patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hepatogastroenterology 2011;58:2103-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itou M, Kawaguchi T, Taniguchi E, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor improves insulin resistance and steatosis in a refractory nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patient: a case report. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2012;6:538-44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yilmaz Y, Yonal O, Deyneli O, et al. Effects of sitagliptin in diabetic patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2012;75:240-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arase Y, Suzuki F, Kobayashi M, et al. Efficacy and safety in sitagliptin therapy for diabetes complicated by chronic liver disease caused by hepatitis C virus. Hepatol Res 2011;41:524-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwasaki T, Tomeno W, Yoneda M, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease adversely affects the glycemic control afforded by sitagliptin. Hepatogastroenterology 2012;59:1522-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He YL. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vildagliptin. Clin Pharmacokinet 2012;51:147-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He YL, Sabo R, Campestrini J, et al. The influence of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor vildagliptin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007;63:677-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulton DW, Li L, Frevert EU, et al. Influence of renal or hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of saxagliptin. Clin Pharmacokinet 2011;50:253-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheen AJ. Linagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (pharmacokinetic evaluation). Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011;7:1561-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graefe-Mody U, Rose P, Retlich S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of linagliptin in subjects with hepatic impairment. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012;74:75-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karim A, Fleck P, Dorsey D, et al. Single dose pharmacokinetics of alogliptin benzoate(SYR-322) in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment [abstract 107]. J Clin Pharmacol 2007;47:1207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheen AJ. Evaluating SGLT2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes: pharmacokinetic and toxicological considerations. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plosker GL. Dapagliflozin: a review of its use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs 2012;72:2289-312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasichayanula S, Liu X, Lacreta F, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dapagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014;53:17-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasichayanula S, Liu X, Zhang W, et al. Influence of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of dapagliflozin: an open-label, parallel-group, single-dose study. Clin Ther 2011;33:1798-808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamos EM, Younk LM, Davis SN. Canagliflozin, an inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013;9:763-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. InvokanaTM (canagliflozin) tablets, for oral use: US prescribing information. 2013. Available from: http/wwwjanssenmdcom/pdf/invokana/PI-INVOKANApdf [Accessed 6 January 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Scheen AJ. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014;53:213-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macha S, Rose P, Mattheus M, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, in patients with hepatic impairment. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; published on line, doi:10.1111/dom.12183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Krauwinkel WJ, Keirns J, et al. The effect of moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of ipragliflozin, a novel sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor. Clin Drug Investig 2013;33:489-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jespersen MJ, Knop FK, Christensen M. GLP-1 agonists for type 2 diabetes: pharmacokinetic and toxicological considerations. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013;9:17-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copley K, McCowen K, Hiles R, et al. Investigation of exenatide elimination and its in vivo and in vitro degradation. Curr Drug Metab 2006;7:367-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malm-Erjefalt M, Bjornsdottir I, Vanggaard J, et al. Metabolism and excretion of the once-daily human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide in healthy male subjects and its in vitro degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase IV and neutral endopeptidase. Drug Metab Dispos 2010;38:1944-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint A, Nazzal K, Jagielski P, et al. Influence of hepatic impairment on pharmacokinetics of the human GLP-1 analogue, liraglutide. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010;70:807-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohki T, Isogawa A, Iwamoto M, et al. The effectiveness of liraglutide in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to sitagliptin and pioglitazone. ScientificWorldJournal 2012;2012:496453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Amico E. Efficacy of liraglutide in a patient with type 2 diabetes and cryptogenic cirrhosis. Acta Biomed 2011;82:160-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Armstrong MJ, Barton D, Gaunt P, et al. Liraglutide efficacy and action in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LEAN): study protocol for a phase II multicentre, double-blinded, randomised, controlled trial. BMJ Open 2013;3:e003995
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency. Assessment report : lyxumia (lixisenatide). Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Public_assessment_report/human/002445/WC500140449.pdf [Accessed 6 January 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Letiexhe MR, Scheen AJ, Gerard PL, et al. Insulin secretion, clearance, and action on glucose metabolism in cirrhotic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:1263-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nygren A, Adner N, Sundblad L, et al. Insulin uptake by the human alcoholic cirrhotic liver. Metabolism 1985;34:48-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannampilly JJ. Role of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (insulin pump) in reducing blood glucose in four patients with type 2 diabetes and cirrhosis: a case series. Diabetes Technol Ther 2010;12:543-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghali P, Lindor KD. Hepatotoxicity of drugs used for treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. Semin Liver Dis 2004;24:389-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro VJ, Senior JR. Drug-related hepatotoxicity. N Engl J Med 2006;354:731-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheen AJ, Paquot N. Metformin revisited: a critical review of the benefit-risk balance in at-risk patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab 2013;39:179-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brackett CC. Clarifying metformin's role and risks in liver dysfunction. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2010;50:407-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saadi T, Waterman M, Yassin H, et al. Metformin-induced mixed hepatocellular and cholestatic hepatic injury: case report and literature review. Int J Gen Med 2013;6:703-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scheen AJ. Metformin and lactic acidosis. Acta Clin Belg 2011;66:329-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbero-Becerra VJ, Santiago-Hernandez JJ, Villegas-Lopez FA, et al. Mechanisms involved in the protective effects of metformin against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr Med Chem 2012;19:2918-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalau JD. Lactic acidosis induced by metformin: incidence, management and prevention. Drug Saf 2010;33:727-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck E, Scheen AJ. Quels bénéfices anti-tumoraux attendre de la metformine? Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2013;74:137-47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris K, Smith L. Safety and efficacy of metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic hepatitis C. Ann Pharmacother 2013;47:1348-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donadon V, Balbi M, Mas MD, et al. Metformin and reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in diabetic patients with chronic liver disease. Liver Int 2010;30:750-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nkontchou G, Cosson E, Aout M, et al. Impact of metformin on the prognosis of cirrhosis induced by viral hepatitis C in diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:2601-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider HL, Hornbach KD, Kniaz JL, et al. Chlorpropamide hepatotoxicity: report of a case and review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol 1984;79:721-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakao NL, Gelb AM, Stenger RJ, et al. A case of chronic liver disease due to tolazamide. Gastroenterology 1985;89:192-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman RC, Dean PJ, Radparvar A, et al. Glyburide-induced hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1987;106:837-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Basten JP, van Hoek B, Zeijen R, et al. Glyburide-induced cholestatic hepatitis and liver failure. Case-report and review of the literature. Neth J Med 1992;40:305-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saw D, Pitman E, Maung M, et al. Granulomatous hepatitis associated with glyburide. Dig Dis Sci 1996;41:322-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chounta A, Zouridakis S, Ellinas C, et al. Cholestatic liver injury after glimepiride therapy. J Hepatol 2005;42:944-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dourakis SP, Tzemanakis E, Sinani C, et al. Gliclazide-induced acute hepatitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000;12:119-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chitturi S, Le V, Kench J, et al. Gliclazide-induced acute hepatitis with hypersensitivity features. Dig Dis Sci 2002;47:1107-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nan DN, Hernandez JL, Fernandez-Ayala M, et al. Acute hepatotoxicity caused by repaglinide. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Garcia F, Borras J, Verdu C, et al. Cholestatic hepatitis associated with repaglinide. Diabetes Care 2005;28:752-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsiao SH, Liao LH, Cheng PN, et al. Hepatotoxicity associated with acarbose therapy. Ann Pharmacother 2006;40:151-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson RF. Miglitol and hepatotoxicity in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am Fam Physician 2000;62:315; 18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawakami S, Arima T, Harada K, et al. Hepatic necrosis with cholestasis induced by long-term voglibose administration. Intern Med 2001;40:484-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolman KG, Freston JW, Kupfer S, et al. Liver safety in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with pioglitazone: results from a 3-year, randomized, comparator-controlled study in the US. Drug Saf 2009;32:787-800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebovitz HE, Kreider M, Freed MI. Evaluation of liver function in type 2 diabetic patients during clinical trials: evidence that rosiglitazone does not cause hepatic dysfunction. Diabetes Care 2002;25:815-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gastaldelli A, Harrison S, Belfort-Aguiar R, et al. Pioglitazone in the treatment of NASH: the role of adiponectin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;32:769-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yki-Jarvinen H. Thiazolidinediones and the liver in humans. Curr Opin Lipidol 2009;20:477-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khattab M, Emad M, Abdelaleem A, et al. Pioglitazone improves virological response to peginterferon alpha-2b/ribavirin combination therapy in hepatitis C genotype 4 patients with insulin resistance. Liver Int 2010;30:447-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison SA, Hamzeh FM, Han J, et al. Chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 patients with insulin resistance treated with pioglitazone and peginterferon alpha-2a plus ribavirin. Hepatology 2012;56:464-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gooßen K, Gräber S. Longer term safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; published on line, doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01610.x [Last accessed 17 March 2014]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel SS, Round E, Golm GT, et al. Safety and tolerability of sitagliptin in type 2 diabetes: pooled analysis of 25 clinical studies. Diabetes Ther 2013;4:119-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ligueros-Saylan M, Foley JE, Schweizer A, et al. An assessment of adverse effects of vildagliptin versus comparators on the liver, the pancreas, the immune system, the skin and in patients with impaired renal function from a large pooled database of Phase II and III clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010;12:495-509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweizer A, Dejager S, Foley JE, et al. Assessing the general safety and tolerability of vildagliptin: value of pooled analyses from a large safety database versus evaluation of individual studies. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2011;7:49-57
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ali S, Fonseca V. Saxagliptin overview: special focus on safety and adverse effects. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2013;12:103-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Prato S, Taskinen MR, Owens DR, et al. Efficacy and safety of linagliptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and poor glycemic control: pooled analysis of data from three placebo-controlled phase III trials. J Diabetes Complications 2013;27:274-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toyoda-Akui M, Yokomori H, Kaneko F, et al. A case of drug-induced hepatic injury associated with sitagliptin. Intern Med 2011;50:1015-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross BN, Cross LB, Foard J, et al. Elevated hepatic enzymes potentially associated with sitagliptin. Ann Pharmacother 2010;44:394-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang M, Zhang L, Wu B, et al. Dapagliflozin treatment for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014;30(3):204-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigro SC, Riche DM, Pheng M, et al. Canagliflozin, a novel SGLT2 inhibitor for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Ann Pharmacother 2013;47:1301-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buse JB, Klonoff DC, Nielsen LL, et al. Metabolic effects of two years of exenatide treatment on diabetes, obesity, and hepatic biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes: an interim analysis of data from the open-label, uncontrolled extension of three double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Clin Ther 2007;29:139-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong MJ, Houlihan DD, Rowe IA, et al. Safety and efficacy of liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes and elevated liver enzymes: individual patient data meta-analysis of the LEAD program. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013;37:234-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forst T, Pfutzner A. Pharmacological profile, efficacy and safety of lixisenatide in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013;14:2281-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar