Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology Volume 3, 2007 - Issue 4
Submit an article Journal homepage
504
Views
89
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

CNS pharmacokinetics of antifungal agents

Shravan Kethireddy University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison 600 Highland Ave, H4/572, Madison, WI 53792, USA
&
David Andes University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison 600 Highland Ave, H4/572, Madison, WI 53792, USA
Pages 573-581 | Published online: 19 Oct 2007

Bibliography

  • ZHANG J-R, TUOMANEN E: Molecular and cellular mechanisms for microbial entry into the CNS. J. Neurovirol. (1999) 5:591-603.
  • NAU R, SORGEL F, PRANGE HW: Pharmacokinetic optimisation of the treatment of bacterial central nervous system infections. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (1998) 35(3):223-246.
  • DE LANGE ECM DM: Consideration in the use of cerebrspinal fluid pharmacokinetics to predict brain target concentrations in the clinical setting. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (2002) 41(10):691-703.
  • PARDRIDGE: Blood–brain barrier drug targeting: the future of brain drug development. Mol. Interven. (2003) 3(2):90-105.
  • FISCHER H, GOTTSCHLICH R, SEELIG A: Molecular parameters governing passive diffusion. J. Membrane Biol. (1998) 165:201-211.
  • KATZUNG: Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 9th Edition. Lange Medical Books/McGraw Hill, New York, USA (2004).
  • ANDES DR, CRAIG WA: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in meningitis. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. (1999) 13(3):595-611.
  • IMBERT F, JARDIN M, FERNANDEZ C: Effect of efflux inhibition on brain uptake of itraconazole in mice infected with Cryptococcus neoformans. Drug Metab. Dispos. (2002) 31:319-325.
  • LEE JW, AMANTEA MA, FRANCIS PA et al.: Pharmacokinetics and safety of a unilamellar liposomal formulation of amphotericin B in rabbits. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1994) 38(4):713-718.
  • GROLL AH, GIRI N, PETRAITIS V et al.: Comparative efficacy and distribution of lipid formulations of amphotericin B in experimental Candida albicans infection of the central nervous system. J. Infect. Dis. (2000) 182:274-282.
  • LABADIE EL, HAMILTON RH: Survival improvement in Coccidiodal meningitis by high-dose intrathecal amphotericin B. Arch. Intern. Med. (1986) 146:2013-2018.
  • CLEMONS KV, SOBEL RA, WILLIAMS PL, STEVENS DA: Amphotericin B: 30 years of clinical experience. Rev. Infect. Dis. (1990) 12(2):308-329.
  • WÜRTHWEIN G, GROLL AH, HEMPEL G et al.: Population pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B lipid complex in neonates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2005) 49(12):5092-5098.
  • GALLIS HA, DREW RH, PICKARD WW: Amphotericin B: 30 years of clinical experience. Rev. Infect. Dis. (1990) 12(2):308-329.
  • WALSH TJ, HIEMENZ JW, SEIBEL NL: Amphotericin B lipid complex for invasive fungal infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1998) 26:1383-1396.
  • VAN DER HORST CM, SAAG MS, CLOUD GA: Treatment of Cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N. Engl. J. Med. (1997) 337(1):15-21.
  • PERFECT DD Jr: Comparison of amphotericin B and N-D-ornithyl amphotericin B methyl ester in experimental Crytococcal meningitis and Candida albicans endocarditis with pyelonephritis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1985) 28(6):751-755.
  • HAYNES RR, CONNOLLY PA, DURKIN MM et al.: Antifungal therapy for central nervous system histoplasmosis, using a newly developed intracranial model of infection. J. Infect. Dis. (2002) 185:1830-1832.
  • CLEMONS KV, STEVENS DA: Comparative efficacies of four amphotericn B formulations against systemic murine aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2004) 48(3):1047-1050.
  • CLEMONS KV, SOBEL RA, WILLIAMS PL, PAPPAGIANIS D, STEVENS DA: Efficacy of intravenous liposomal amphotericin B against Coccidioidal meningitis in rabbits. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2002) 46(8):2420-2426.
  • CLEMONS KV, ESPIRITU M, PARMAR R, STEVENS DA: Comparative efficacies of conventional amphotericn B, liposomal amphotericn B, caspofungin, micafungin, and voriconazole alone and in combination against experimental murine central nervous system aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2005) 49(12):4867-4875.
  • JAFARI HS, SÁEZ-LLORENS X, SEVERIEN C et al.: Effects of antifungal therapy on inflammation, sterilization, and histology in experimental Candida albicans meningitis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1994) 38(1):83-89.
  • BLOCK ER, BENNETT JE: Pharmacological studies with 5-fluorocytosine. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1972) 1(6):476-482.
  • MADU A, CIOFFE C, MIAN U et al.: Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of rabbits: validation of an animal model used to measure drug concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1994) 38(9):2111-2115.
  • FOULDS G, BRENNAN DR, WAJSZCZUK C et al.: Fluconazole penetration into cerebrospinal fluid in humans. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1988) 28(4):363-366.
  • YANG H, WANG Q, ELMQUIST WF: Fluconazole distribution to the brain: a crossover study in freely-moving rats using in vivo microdialysis. Pharm. Res. (1996) 13(10):1570-1575.
  • THALER F, BERNARD B, TOD M et al.: Fluconazole penetration in cerebral parenchyma in humans at steady state. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1995) 39:1154-1156.
  • FISCHMAN AJ, ALPERT NM, LIVNI E et al.: Pharmacokinetics of 18F-labeled fluconazole in healthy human subjects by positron emission tomography. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:1270-1277.
  • WHEAT LJ, CONNOLLY P, SMEDEMA M, BRIZENDINE E, HAFNER R: Emergence of resistance to fluconazole as a cause of failure during treatment of histoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2001) 33:910-913.
  • SORENSEN KN, SOBEL RA, CLEMONS KV, PAPPAGIANIS D, STEVENS DA, WILLIAMS PL: Comparison of fluconazole and itraconazole in a rabbit model of Coccidioidal meningitis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2000) 44(6):1512-1517.
  • TUCKER RM, WILLIAMS PL, ARATHOON EG et al.: Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in human Coccidioidal meningitis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1988) 32(3):369-373.
  • SORENSEN KN, SOBEL RA, CLEMONS KV et al.: Comparative efficacies of terbinafine and fluconazole in treatment of experimental Coccidioidal meningitis in a rabbit model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2000) 44(11):3087-3091.
  • LORTHOLARY O, NICOLAS M, SOREDA S et al.: Fluconazole, with or without dexamethosone for experimental cryptococcosis: impact of treatment timing. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1999) 43:817-824.
  • SAVANI DV, PERFECT JR, COBO LM, DURACK DT: Penetration of new azole compounds into the eye and efficacy in experimental Candida endopthalmitis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1987) 31(1):6-10.
  • PERFECT SD Jr, DURACK DT: Comparison of itraconazole and fluconazole in treatment of Cryptococcal meningitis and Candida pyleonephritis in rabbits. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1986) 29(4):579-583.
  • KAMBERI P, SOBEL RA, CLEMONS KV et al.: Comparison of itraconazole and fluconazole treatment in a murine model of Coccidioidal meningitis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2006) 51:998–1003.
  • LIPTON SA, HICKEY WF, MORRIS JH, LOSCALZO J: Candidal infection in the central nervous system. Am. J. Med. (1984) 76(1):101-108.
  • SAAG MS, CLOUD GA, GRAYBILL JR et al.: A comparison of itraconazole versus fluconazole as maintainence therapy for AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1999) 28:291-296.
  • LUTSAR R RS, TROKE P: Voriconazole concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue of guinea pigs and immunocompromised patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2003) 37:728-732.
  • ELTER T, SIENIAWSKI M, GOSSMANN A et al.: Voriconazole brain tissue levels in rhinocerebral aspergillosis in a successfully treated young woman. Intern. J. Antimicrob. Agents (2006) 28(3):262-265.
  • JOHNSON LB, KAUFFMAN CA: Voriconazole: a new triazole antifungal agent. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2003) 36:630-637.
  • VERWEIJ PE, BRINKMAN K, KREMER HP, KULLBERG BJ, MEIS JF: Aspergillus meningitis: diagnosis by non-culture based microbiological methods and management. J. Clin. Micro. (1999) 37:1186-1189.
  • SCHWARTZ S, THIEL E: CNS-aspergillosis: are there new treatment options? Mycoses (2003) 46(Suppl. 2):8-14.
  • SCHWARTZ S, MILATOVIC D, THIEL E: Successful treatment of cerebral aspergillosis with a novel triazole (voriconazole) in a patient with acute leukemia. Br. J. Haematol. (1997) 97:663-665.
  • AL-ABDELY HM, NAJVAR L, BOCANEGRA R et al.: SCH 56592, amphotericin B, or itraconazole therapy of experimental murine cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to Ramichloridium obovoideum. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2000) 44(5):1159-1162.
  • IMAI JK, SINGH G, CLEMONS KV, STEVENS DA: Efficacy of posaconazole in a murine model of central nervous system aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2004) 48(10):4063-4066.
  • BARCHIESI F, SCHIMIZZI AM, CASELLI F et al.: Activity of the new antifungal triazole, posaconazole, against Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2001) 48:769-773.
  • GRAYBILL JR, NAJVAR LK, JOHNSON E, BOCANEGRA R, LOEBENBERG D: Posaconazole therapy of disseminated phaeohyphomycosis in a murine model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2004) 48(6):2288-2291.
  • BAYER AS, YOSHIKAWA TT, GALPIN JE, GUZE LB: Unusual syndromes of coccidioidomycosis: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations; a report of 10 cases and review of the English literature. Medicine (Baltimore) (1976) 55(2):131-152.
  • GROLL AH, GULLICK BM, PETRAITIENE R et al.: Compartmental pharmacokinetics of the antifungal echinocandin caspofungin (MK-0991) in rabbits. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2001) 45(2):596-600.
  • GROLL AH, MICKIENE D, PETRAITIENE R et al.: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of Anidulafungin (LY303366): reappraisal of its efficacy in neutropenic animal models of opportunistic mycoses using optimal plasma sampling. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2001) 45(10):2845-2855.
  • GROLL AH, MICKIENE D, PETRAITIS V et al.: Compartmental pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the antifungal echinocandin lipopeptide Micafungin (FK463) in rabbits. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2001) 45(12):3322-3327.
  • IMAI J, SINGH G, FERNANDEZ B, CLEMONS KV, STEVENS DA: Efficacy of abelcet and caspofungin, alone or in combination, against CNS aspergillosis in a murine model. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2005) 56:166-171.
  • IBRAHIM AS, BOWMAN JC, AVANESSIAN V et al.: Caspofungin inhibits Rhizopus oryzae 1,3 b-D-glucan synthase, lowers burden in brain measured by quantitative PCR, and improves survival at a low but not a high dose during murine disseminated zygomycosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2005) 49(2):721-727.
  • HOSSAIN MA, REYES GH, LONG LA, MUKHERJEE PK, GHANNOUM MA: Efficacy of caspofungin combined with amphotericin B against azole-resistant Candida albicans. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2003) 51:1427-1429.
  • SINGH G, IMAI J, CLEMONS KV, STEVENS DA: Efficacy of caspofungin against central nervous system Aspergillus fumigatus infection in mice determined by TaqMan PCR and CFU methods. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2005) 49(4):1369-1376.
  • LUQUE JC, CLEMONS KV, STEVENS DA: Efficacy of micafungin alone or in combination against systemic murine aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2003) 47(4):1452-1455.
  • HOPE WW, M.D et al.: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of micafunign in experimental hematogenous Candida meningoencephalitis. 46th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. Washington DC, USA (2006):398.
  • MAERTENS J, RAAD I, PETRIKKOS G et al.: Efficacy and safety of caspofungin for treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients refractory to or intolerant of conventional antifungal therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2004) 39:1563-1571.
  • KARTSONIS NA, SAAH AJ, JOY LIPKA C, TAYLOR AF, SABLE CA: Salvage therapy with caspofungin for invasive aspergillosis: results from the caspofungin compassionate use study. J. Infect. (2005) 50:196-205.
  • NATARAJAN G, LULIC-BOTICA M, RONGKAVILIT C, PAPPAS A, BEDARD M: Experience with caspofungin in the treatment of persistent fungemia in neonates. J. Perinatol. (2005) 25(12):770-777.
  • ODIO CM, ARAYA R, PINTO LE et al.: Caspofungin therapy of neonates with invasive candidiasis. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. (2004) 23(12):1093-1097.
  • PATTERSON TF, KIRKPATRICK WR, WHITE M et al.: Invasive aspergillosis. Disease spectrum, treatment practices, and outcomes. I3 Aspergillus Study Group. Medicine (Baltimore) (2000) 79(4):250-260.
  • CHAPMAN SW, BRADSHER RW, CAMPBELL GD, PAPPAS PG, KAUFFMAN CA: Practice guidelines for the management of patients with blastomycosis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2000) 30(4):679-683.
  • WHEAT J, SAROSI G, MCKINSEY D et al.: Practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2000) 30(4):688-695.
  • BLACK KE, BADEN LR: Fungal infections of the CNS-treatment strategies for the immnocompromised host. CNS Drugs (2007) 21:293-318.
  • WANG EJ, LEW K, CASCIANO CN, CLEMENT RP, JOHNSON WW: Interaction of common azole antifungals with P glycoprotein. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2002) 46(1):160-165.
  • WISHART DS, DRUGBANK EA: A comprehensive resource for in silico drug discovery and exploration. Nucleic Acids Res. (2006) 34(Database issue):D668-D672.
  • WALSH TJ, FOULDS G, PIZZO PA: Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of fluconazole in rabbits. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1989) 33(4):467-469.
  • HAJDU R, THOMPSON R, SUNDELOF JG et al.: Preliminary animal pharmacokinetics of the parenteral antifungal agent MK-0991. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1997) 41:2339-2344.
  • CHIN T, FONG IW, VANDENBROUCKE A: Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in a patient with AIDS and Cryptococcal meningitis. Pharmacotherapy (1990) 10(4):305-307.
  • UTZ CJ, SHADOMY S: Antifungal activity of 5-fluorocytosine as measured by disk diffusion susceptibility testing. J. Infect. Dis. (1977) 135(6):970-974.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.