79
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Parathyroid gland regulation: contribution of the in vivo and in vitro models

, , &
Pages 265-275 | Published online: 13 Feb 2010

Bibliography

  • Introduction and definition of CKD-MBD and the development of the guideline statements. Kidney Int Suppl 2009;76(113):S3-8
  • Block GA, Klassen PS, Lazarus JM, Mineral metabolism, mortality, and morbidity in maintenance hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15(8):2208-18
  • Moe S, Drueke T, Cunningham J, Definition, evaluation, and classification of renal osteodystrophy: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 2006;69(11):1945-53
  • Fadem SZ, Moe SM. Management of chronic kidney disease mineral-bone disorder. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2007;14(1):44-53
  • Komaba H, Tanaka M, Fukagawa M. Treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Intern Med 2008;47(11):989-94
  • Moe SM, Drueke T, Lameire N, Eknoyan G. Chronic kidney disease-mineral-bone disorder: a new paradigm. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2007;14(1):3-12
  • Ogata H, Koiwa F, Kinugasa E, Akizawa T. CKD-MBD: impact on management of kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 2007;11(4):261-8
  • Potts JT, Gardella TJ. Progress, paradox, and potential: parathyroid hormone research over five decades. Ann NY Acad Sci 2007;1117:196-208
  • Zanchetta JR, Bogado CE, Ferretti JL, Effects of teriparatide [recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34)] on cortical bone in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2003;18(3):539-43
  • Jüppner H, Kronenberg HM. Parathyroid Hormone. In: Favus MJ, editor, Primer on Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism. 5th edition. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research; Washington; 2003. p. 117-24
  • Silver J, Kilav R, Naveh-Many T. Mechanisms of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2002;283(3):F367-76
  • Slatopolsky E, Finch J, Denda M, Phosphorus restriction prevents parathyroid gland growth. High phosphorus directly stimulates PTH secretion in vitro. J Clin Invest 1996;97(11):2534-40
  • Ben-Dov IZ, Galitzer H, Lavi-Moshayoff V, The parathyroid is a target organ for FGF23 in rats. J Clin Invest 2007;117(12):4003-8
  • Brown EM, Gamba G, Riccardi D, Cloning and characterization of an extracellular Ca(2+)-sensing receptor from bovine parathyroid. Nature 1993;366(6455):575-80
  • Silver J, Levi R. Regulation of PTH synthesis and secretion relevant to the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 2005(95):S8-12
  • Slatopolsky E. The role of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D metabolism in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998;13(Suppl 3):3-8
  • Naveh-Many T, Bell O, Silver J, Kilav R. Cis and trans acting factors in the regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) mRNA stability by calcium and phosphate. FEBS Lett 2002;529(1):60-4
  • Nechama M, Uchida T, Yosef-Levi IM, The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 determines parathyroid hormone mRNA levels and stability in rat models of secondary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Invest 2009;119(10):3102-14
  • Dusso AS, Brown AJ, Slatopolsky E. Vitamin D. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005;289(1):F8-28
  • Pike JW. Vitamin D: Receptors and the mechanism of action of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3. In: Dakshinamurti K, editor, Vitamin receptors: vitamins as ligands in cell communication. Cambridge University Press; New York; 1994. p. 59-77
  • Goodman WG. The flavors of vitamin D: tasting the molecular mechanisms. Kidney Int 2004;66(3):1286-7
  • Naveh-Many T, Silver J. Regulation of parathyroid hormone gene expression and secretion by vitamin D. In: Holick MF, editor, Vitamin D: physiology, molecular biology and clinical applications. Humana Press, Inc.; Totowa; 1998. p. 217-37
  • Gutierrez O, Isakova T, Rhee E, Fibroblast growth factor-23 mitigates hyperphosphatemia but accentuates calcitriol deficiency in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16(7):2205-15
  • Lopez-Hilker S, Dusso AS, Rapp NS, Phosphorus restriction reverses hyperparathyroidism in uremia independent of changes in calcium and calcitriol. Am J Physiol 1990;259(3 Pt 2):F432-7
  • Almaden Y, Hernandez A, Torregrosa V, High phosphate level directly stimulates parathyroid hormone secretion and synthesis by human parathyroid tissue in vitro. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998;9(10):1845-52
  • Naveh-Many T, Rahamimov R, Livni N, Silver J. Parathyroid cell proliferation in normal and chronic renal failure rats. The effects of calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D. J Clin Invest 1995;96(4):1786-93
  • Szabo A, Merke J, Beier E, 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 inhibits parathyroid cell proliferation in experimental uremia. Kidney Int 1989;35(4):1049-56
  • Carrillo-Lopez N, Alvarez-Hernandez D, Gonzalez-Suarez I, Simultaneous changes in the calcium-sensing receptor and the vitamin D receptor under the influence of calcium and calcitriol. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23(11):3479-84
  • Brown AJ, Zhong M, Finch J, Rat calcium-sensing receptor is regulated by vitamin D but not by calcium. Am J Physiol 1996;270(3 Pt 2):F454-60
  • Rogers KV, Dunn CK, Conklin RL, Calcium receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the parathyroid glands and kidney of vitamin D-deficient rats are not regulated by plasma calcium or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Endocrinology 1995;136(2):499-504
  • Abukawa H, Mano H, Arakawa T, Tissue specific expression and differential regulation by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) gene in rat kidney, intestine, and calvaria. Cytotechnology 2001;35(1):81-6
  • Garfia B, Canadillas S, Canalejo A, Regulation of parathyroid vitamin D receptor expression by extracellular calcium. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13(12):2945-52
  • Brown AJ, Ritter CS, Finch JL, Slatopolsky EA. Decreased calcium-sensing receptor expression in hyperplastic parathyroid glands of uremic rats: role of dietary phosphate. Kidney Int 1999;55(4):1284-92
  • Caride AJ, Chini EN, Homma S, mRNAs coding for the calcium-sensing receptor along the rat nephron: effect of a low-phosphate diet. Kidney Blood Press Res 1998;21(5):305-9
  • Hernandez A, Torres A, Concepcion MT, Salido E. Parathyroid gland calcium receptor gene expression is not regulated by increased dietary phosphorus in normal and renal failure rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996;11(Suppl 3):11-4
  • Denda M, Finch J, Brown AJ, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 22-oxacalcitriol prevent the decrease in vitamin D receptor content in the parathyroid glands of uremic rats. Kidney Int 1996;50(1):34-9
  • Wiese RJ, Uhland-Smith A, Ross TK, Up-regulation of the vitamin D receptor in response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 results from ligand-induced stabilization. J Biol Chem 1992;267(28):20082-6
  • Maiti A, Beckman MJ. Extracellular calcium is a direct effecter of VDR levels in proximal tubule epithelial cells that counter-balances effects of PTH on renal vitamin D metabolism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007;103(3-5):504-8
  • Russell J, Bar A, Sherwood LM, Hurwitz S. Interaction between calcium and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the regulation of preproparathyroid hormone and vitamin D receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in avian parathyroids. Endocrinology 1993;132(6):2639-44
  • Maiti A, Hait NC, Beckman MJ. Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor activation induces vitamin D receptor levels in proximal kidney HK-2G cells by a mechanism that requires phosphorylation of p38alpha MAPK. J Biol Chem 2008;283(1):175-83
  • Autosomal dominant hypophosphataemic rickets is associated with mutations in FGF23. Nat Genet 2000;26(3):345-8
  • Shimada T, Kakitani M, Yamazaki Y, Targeted ablation of Fgf23 demonstrates an essential physiological role of FGF23 in phosphate and vitamin D metabolism. J Clin Invest 2004;113(4):561-8
  • Carrillo-Lopez N, Roman-Garcia P, Rodriguez-Rebollar A, Indirect regulation of PTH by estrogens may require FGF23. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20(9):2009-17
  • Wetmore JB, Quarles LD. Calcimimetics or vitamin D analogs for suppressing parathyroid hormone in end-stage renal disease: time for a paradigm shift? Nature clinical practice 2009;5(1):24-33
  • Rodriguez M, Nemeth E, Martin D. The calcium-sensing receptor: a key factor in the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005;288(2):F253-64
  • Nagano N. Pharmacological and clinical properties of calcimimetics: calcium receptor activators that afford an innovative approach to controlling hyperparathyroidism. Pharmacol Ther 2006;109(3):339-65
  • Levi R, Ben-Dov IZ, Lavi-Moshayoff V, Increased parathyroid hormone gene expression in secondary hyperparathyroidism of experimental uremia is reversed by calcimimetics: correlation with posttranslational modification of the trans acting factor AUF1. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17(1):107-12
  • Rodriguez ME, Almaden Y, Canadillas S, The calcimimetic R-568 increases vitamin D receptor expression in rat parathyroid glands. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007;292(5):F1390-5
  • Díaz-Corte C, Fernández-Martín JL, Barreto S, Effect of aluminium load on parathyroid hormone synthesis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001;16(4):742-5
  • Gonzalez-Suarez I, Alvarez-Hernandez D, Carrillo-Lopez N, Aluminum posttranscriptional regulation of parathyroid hormone synthesis: a role for the calcium-sensing receptor. Kidney Int 2005;68(6):2484-96
  • Mayer GP, Hurst JG. Sigmoidal relationship between parathyroid hormone secretion rate and plasma calcium concentration in calves. Endocrinology 1978;102(4):1036-42
  • Felsenfeld AJ, Llach F. Parathyroid gland function in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1993;43(4):771-89
  • Fukuda N, Tanaka H, Tominaga Y, Decreased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor density is associated with a more severe form of parathyroid hyperplasia in chronic uremic patients. J Clin Invest 1993;92(3):1436-43
  • Korkor AB. Reduced binding of [3H]1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the parathyroid glands of patients with renal failure. N Engl J Med 1987;316(25):1573-7
  • Gogusev J, Duchambon P, Hory B, Depressed expression of calcium receptor in parathyroid gland tissue of patients with hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 1997;51(1):328-36
  • Yano S, Sugimoto T, Tsukamoto T, Association of decreased calcium-sensing receptor expression with proliferation of parathyroid cells in secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 2000;58(5):1980-6
  • Valle C, Rodriguez M, Santamaria R, Cinacalcet Reduces the Set Point of the PTH-Calcium Curve. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008:2430-36
  • Malberti F, Corradi B, Cosci P, Different effects of calcitriol and parathyroidectomy on the PTH-calcium curve in dialysis patients with severe hyperparathyroidism. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996;11(1):81-7
  • Slatopolsky E, Bricker NS. The role of phosphorus restriction in the prevention of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal disease. Kidney Int 1973;4(2):141-5
  • Reiss E, Canterbury JM, Bercovitz MA, Kaplan EL. The role of phosphate in the secretion of parathyroid hormone in man. J Clin Invest 1970;49(11):2146-49
  • Afonso S, Santamaria I, Guinsburg ME, Chromosomal aberrations, the consequence of refractory hyperparathyroidism: its relationship with biochemical parameters. Kidney Int Suppl 2003(85):S32-8
  • Santamaria I, Alvarez-Hernandez D, Jofre R, Progression of secondary hyperparathyroidism involves deregulation of genes related to DNA and RNA stability. Kidney Int 2005;67(6):2267-79
  • Santamaria I, Alvarez-Hernandez D, Cannata-Andia JB. Genetics and molecular disorders in severe secondary hyperparathyroidism: lessons from rna and microarray studies. J Nephrol 2005;18(4):469-73
  • Arnold A, Brown MF, Urena P, Monoclonality of parathyroid tumors in chronic renal failure and in primary parathyroid hyperplasia. J Clin Invest 1995;95(5):2047-53
  • Chudek J, Ritz E, Kovacs G. Genetic abnormalities in parathyroid nodules of uremic patients. Clin Cancer Res 1998;4(1):211-4
  • Ormrod D, Miller T. Experimental uremia. Description of a model producing varying degrees of stable uremia. Nephron 1980;26(5):249-54
  • Merke J, Hugel U, Zlotkowski A, Diminished parathyroid 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors in experimental uremia. Kidney Int 1987;32(3):350-3
  • Lopez I, Aguilera-Tejero E, Mendoza FJ, Calcimimetic R-568 decreases extraosseous calcifications in uremic rats treated with calcitriol. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17(3):795-804
  • Virgos MJ, Menendez-Rodriguez P, Serrano M, Insuficiencia renal crónica e hiperparatiroidismo secundario en ratas: Valoración bioquímica e histología. Rev Esp Fisiol 1993;49(4):241-47
  • Tamagaki K, Yuan Q, Ohkawa H, Severe hyperparathyroidism with bone abnormalities and metastatic calcification in rats with adenine-induced uraemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21(3):651-9
  • Kilav R, Silver J, Naveh-Many T. Parathyroid hormone gene expression in hypophosphatemic rats. J Clin Invest 1995;96(1):327-33
  • Estepa JC, Aguilera-Tejero E, Lopez I, Effect of phosphate on parathyroid hormone secretion in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 1999;14(11):1848-54
  • Roman-Garcia P, Carrillo-Lopez N, Fernandez-Martin JL, High phosphorus diet induces vascular calcification, a related decrease in bone mass and changes in the aortic gene expression. Bone 2009. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Moallem E, Kilav R, Silver J, Naveh-Many T. RNA-Protein binding and post-transcriptional regulation of parathyroid hormone gene expression by calcium and phosphate. J Biol Chem 1998;273(9):5253-9
  • Ritter CS, Finch JL, Slatopolsky EA, Brown AJ. Parathyroid hyperplasia in uremic rats precedes down-regulation of the calcium receptor. Kidney Int 2001;60(5):1737-44
  • Silver J, Naveh-Many T, Mayer H, Regulation by vitamin D metabolites of parathyroid hormone gene transcription in vivo in the rat. J Clin Invest 1986;78(5):1296-301
  • Naveh-Many T, Marx R, Keshet E, Regulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor gene expression by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the parathyroid in vivo. J Clin Invest 1990;86(6):1968-75
  • Taniguchi M, Tokumoto M, Matsuo D, Parathyroid growth and regression in experimental uremia. Kidney Int 2006;69(3):464-70
  • Shiizaki K, Hatamura I, Negi S, Highly concentrated calcitriol and its analogues induce apoptosis of parathyroid cells and regression of the hyperplastic gland--study in rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23(5):1529-36
  • Colloton M, Shatzen E, Miller G, Cinacalcet HCl attenuates parathyroid hyperplasia in a rat model of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 2005;67(2):467-76
  • Cardus A, Panizo S, Parisi E, Differential effects of vitamin D analogs on vascular calcification. J Bone Miner Res 2007;22(6):860-6
  • Moe SM, Chen NX, Seifert MF, A rat model of chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder. Kidney Int 2009;75(2):176-84
  • Moe SM, Seifert MF, Chen NX, R-568 reduces ectopic calcification in a rat model of chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24(8):2371-7
  • Lopez I, Mendoza FJ, Aguilera-Tejero E, The effect of calcitriol, paricalcitol, and a calcimimetic on extraosseous calcifications in uremic rats. Kidney Int 2008;73(3):300-7
  • Lopez I, Mendoza FJ, Guerrero F, The calcimimetic AMG 641 accelerates regression of extraosseous calcifications in uremic rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009;296(6):F1376-85
  • Price PA, Roublick AM, Williamson MK. Artery calcification in uremic rats is increased by a low protein diet and prevented by treatment with ibandronate. Kidney Int 2006;70(9):1577-83
  • Ho C, Conner DA, Pollak MR, A mouse model of human familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism. Nat Genet 1995;11(4):389-94
  • Kantham L, Quinn SJ, Egbuna OI, The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) defends against hypercalcemia independently of its regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion. Am J Physiol 2009;297(4):E915-23
  • Li YC, Amling M, Pirro AE, Normalization of mineral ion homeostasis by dietary means prevents hyperparathyroidism, rickets, and osteomalacia, but not alopecia in vitamin D receptor-ablated mice. Endocrinology 1998;139(10):4391-6
  • Song Y, Kato S, Fleet JC. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) knockout mice reveal VDR-independent regulation of intestinal calcium absorption and ECaC2 and calbindin D9k mRNA. J Nutr 2003;133(2):374-80
  • Van Cromphaut SJ, Dewerchin M, Hoenderop JG, Duodenal calcium absorption in vitamin D receptor-knockout mice: functional and molecular aspects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98(23):13324-9
  • Meir T, Levi R, Lieben L, Deletion of the vitamin D receptor specifically in the parathyroid demonstrates a limited role for the receptor in parathyroid physiology. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009;297(5):F1192-8
  • Mithal A, Kifor O, Kifor I, The reduced responsiveness of cultured bovine parathyroid cells to extracellular Ca2+ is associated with marked reduction in the expression of extracellular Ca(2+)-sensing receptor messenger ribonucleic acid and protein. Endocrinology 1995;136(7):3087-92
  • Brown AJ, Zhong M, Ritter C, Loss of calcium responsiveness in cultured bovine parathyroid cells is associated with decreased calcium receptor expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;212(3):861-7
  • Ishimi Y, Russell J, Sherwood LM. Regulation by calcium and 1,25-(OH)2D3 of cell proliferation and function of bovine parathyroid cells in culture. J Bone Miner Res 1990;5(7):755-60
  • Roussanne MC, Gogusev J, Hory B, Persistence of Ca2+-sensing receptor expression in functionally active, long-term human parathyroid cell cultures. J Bone Miner Res 1998;13(3):354-62
  • Roussanne MC, Lieberherr M, Souberbielle JC, Human parathyroid cell proliferation in response to calcium, NPS R-467, calcitriol and phosphate. Eur J Clin Invest 2001;31(7):610-6
  • Krajisnik T, Bjorklund P, Marsell R, Fibroblast growth factor-23 regulates parathyroid hormone and 1alpha-hydroxylase expression in cultured bovine parathyroid cells. J Endocrinol 2007;195(1):125-31
  • Ritter CS, Slatopolsky E, Santoro S, Brown AJ. Parathyroid cells cultured in collagen matrix retain calcium responsiveness: importance of three-dimensional tissue architecture. J Bone Miner Res 2004;19(3):491-8
  • Kanai G, Kakuta T, Sawada K, Suppression of parathyroid hormone production in vitro and in vivo by RNA interference. Kidney Int 2009;75(5):490-8
  • Arcidiacono MV, Cozzolino M, Spiegel N, Activator protein 2alpha mediates parathyroid TGF-alpha self-induction in secondary hyperparathyroidism. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;19(10):1919-28
  • Arcidiacono MV, Sato T, Alvarez-Hernandez D, EGFR activation increases parathyroid hyperplasia and calcitriol resistance in kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;19(2):310-20
  • Galitzer H, Lavi-Moshayoff V, Nechama M, The calcium-sensing receptor regulates parathyroid hormone gene expression in transfected HEK293 cells. BMC Biol 2009;7:17
  • Almaden Y, Canalejo A, Ballesteros E, Regulation of arachidonic acid production by intracellular calcium in parathyroid cells: effect of extracellular phosphate. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13(3):693-8
  • Alvarez-Hernandez D, Naves M, Santamaria I, Response of parathyroid glands to calcitriol in culture: Is this response mediated by the genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor? Kidney Int Suppl 2003(85):S19-22
  • Almaden Y, Canalejo A, Hernandez A, Direct effect of phosphorus on PTH secretion from whole rat parathyroid glands in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 1996;11(7):970-6
  • Nielsen PK, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Olgaard K. A direct effect in vitro of phosphate on PTH release from bovine parathyroid tissue slices but not from dispersed parathyroid cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996;11(9):1762-8
  • Almaden Y, Felsenfeld AJ, Rodriguez M, Proliferation in hyperplastic human and normal rat parathyroid glands: role of phosphate, calcitriol, and gender. Kidney Int 2003;64(6):2311-7
  • Cohen MS, Dilley WG, Wells SA, Long-term functionality of cryopreserved parathyroid autografts: a 13-year prospective analysis. Surgery 2005;138(6):1033-40
  • Norton JA, Brennan MF, Wells SAJ. Surgical Management of Hyperparathyroidism. In: Bilezikian JP, editor, The parathyroids. Raven Press, Ltd; New York; 1994. p. 531-51
  • Neyer U, Hoerandner H, Haid A, Total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation in renal hyperparathyroidism: low recurrence after intra-operative tissue selection. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002;17(4):625-9
  • de Francisco AL, Fresnedo GF, Rodrigo E, Parathyroidectomy in dialysis patients. Kidney Int Suppl 2002(80):161-6
  • Alvarez-Hernandez D, Gonzalez-Suarez I, Carrillo-Lopez N, Viability and functionality of fresh and cryopreserved human hyperplastic parathyroid tissue tested in vitro. Am J Nephrol 2008;28:76-82
  • Alvarez-Hernandez D, Gonzalez-Suarez I, Naves M, Long-term response of cultured rat parathyroid glands to calcium and calcitriol: the effect of cryopreservation. J Nephrol 2005;18(2):141-7

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.