Progress in molecular diagnostics of gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Bibliography

• GOLDEN T, STOUT AP: Smooth muscle tumours of the gastrointestinal tract and retroperitoneal tissues. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. (1941) 73:784-790.
   Google Scholar
• MIETTINEN M, MONIHAN JM, SARLOMO-RIKALA M et al.: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors/smooth muscle tumors (GISTs) primary in the omentum and mesentery: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 26 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. (1999) 23(9):1109-1118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REITH JD, GOLDBLUM JR, LYLES RH, WEISS SW: Extragastrointestinal (soft tissue) stromal tumors: an analysis of 48 cases with emphasis on histologic predictors of outcome. Mod. Pathol. (2000) 13(5):577-585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAKURAI S, HISHIMA T, TAKAZAWA Y et al.: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors and KIT-positive mesenchymal cells in the omentum. Pathol. Int. (2001) 51(7):524-531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLARY BM, DEMATTEO RP, LEWIS JJ, LEUNG D, BRENNAN MF: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leiomyosarcoma of the abdomen and retroperitoneum: a clinical comparison. Ann. Surg. Oncol. (2001) 8(4):290-299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ORTIZ-HIDALGO C, DE LEON BOJORGE B, ALBORES-SAAVEDRA J: Stromal tumor of the gallbladder with phenotype of interstitial cells of Cajal: a previously unrecognized neoplasm. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. (2000) 24(10):1420-1423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MENDOZA-MARIN M, HOANG MP, ALBORES-SAAVEDRA J: Malignant stromal tumor of the gallbladder with interstitial cells of Cajal phenotype. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. (2002) 126(4):481-483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NETO MR, MACHUCA TN, PINHO RV, YUASA LD, BLEGGI-TORRES LF: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: report of two unusual cases. Virchows Arch. (2004) 444(6):594-596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAUM O, KLECKA J, FERDA J et al.: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the pancreas: case report with documentation of KIT gene mutation. Virchows Arch. (2005) 446(4):470-472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LASOTA J, CARLSON JA, MIETTINEN M: Spindle cell tumor of urinary bladder serosa with phenotypic and genotypic features of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. (2000) 124(6):894-897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAN DER AA F, SCIOT R, BLYWEERT W et al.: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the prostate. Urology (2005) 65(2):388.
   Google Scholar
• LEE CH, LIN YH, LIN HY, LEE CM, CHU JS: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the prostate: a case report and literature review. Hum. Pathol. (2006) 37(10):1361-1365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CEBALLOS KM, FRANCIS JA, MAZURKA JL: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor presenting as a recurrent vaginal mass. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. (2004) 128(12):1442-1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SARLOMO-RIKALA M, KOVATICH AJ, BARUSEVICIUS A, MIETTINEN M: CD117: a sensitive marker for gastrointestinal stromal tumors that is more specific than CD34. Mod. Pathol. (1998) 11(8):728-734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HIROTA S, ISOZAKI K, MORIYAMA Y et al.: Gain-of-function mutations of c-kit in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science (1998) 279(5350):577-580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEINRICH MC, CORLESS CL, DUENSING A et al.: PDGFRA activating mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science (2003) 299(5607):708-710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HIROTA S, OHASHI A, NISHIDA T et al.: Gain-of-function mutations of platelet-derived growth factor receptor α gene in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Gastroenterology (2003) 125(3):660-667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEINRICH MC, GRIFFITH DJ, DRUKER BJ et al.: Inhibition of c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase activity by STI 571, a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Blood (2000) 96(3):925-932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TUVESON DA, WILLIS NA, JACKS T et al.: STI571 inactivation of the gastrointestinal stromal tumor c-KIT oncoprotein: biological and clinical implications. Oncogene (2001) 20(36):5054-5058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VANDENBARK GR, DECASTRO CM, TAYLOR H, DEW-KNIGHT S, KAUFMAN RE: Cloning and structural analysis of the human c-kit gene. Oncogene (1992) 7(7):1259-1266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GIEBEL LB, STRUNK KM, HOLMES SA, SPRITZ RA: Organization and nucleotide sequence of the human KIT (mast/stem cell growth factor receptor) proto-oncogene. Oncogene (1992) 7(11):2207-2217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAWAGISHI J, KUMABE T, YOSHIMOTO T, YAMAMOTO T: Structure, organization, and transcription units of the human α-platelet-derived growth factor receptor gene, PDGFRA. Genomics (1995) 30(2):224-232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BESMER P, MURPHY JE, GEORGE PC et al.: A new acute transforming feline retrovirus and relationship of its oncogene v-kit with the protein kinase gene family. Nature (1986) 320(6061):415-421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WILLIAMS DE, EISENMAN J, BAIRD A et al.: Identification of a ligand for the c-kit proto-oncogene. Cell (1990) 63(1):167-174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZSEBO KM, WILLIAMS DA, GEISSLER EN et al.: Stem cell factor is encoded at the Sl locus of the mouse and is the ligand for the c-kit tyrosine kinase receptor. Cell (1990) 63(1):213-224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROBERTSON SC, TYNAN J, DONOGHUE DJ: RTK mutations and human syndromes: when good receptors turn bad. Trends Genet. (2000) 16(8):265-271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MECHTERSHEIMER G, EGERER G, HENSEL M et al.: Gastrointestinal stromal tumours and their response to treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib. Virchows Arch. (2004) 444(2):108-118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUIZINGA JD, THUNEBERG L, KLUPPEL M et al.: W/kit gene required for interstitial cells of Cajal and for intestinal pacemaker activity. Nature (1995) 373(6512):347-349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RUBIN BP, SINGER S, TSAO C et al.: KIT activation is a ubiquitous feature of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Res. (2001) 61(22):8118-8121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CORLESS CL, MCGREEVEY L, TOWN A et al.: KIT gene deletions at the intron 10-exon 11 boundary in GI stromal tumors. J. Mol. Diagn. (2004) 6(4):366-370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUENSING A, MEDEIROS F, MCCONARTY B et al.: Mechanisms of oncogenic KIT signal transduction in primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Oncogene (2004) 23(22):3999-4006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VANDERWINDEN JM, WANG D, PATERNOTTE N et al.: Differences in signaling pathways and expression level of the phosphoinositide phosphatase SHIP1 between two oncogenic mutants of the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT. Cell Signal. (2006) 18(5):661-669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CORLESS CL, MCGREEVEY L, HALEY A, TOWN A, HEINRICH MC: KIT mutations are common in incidental gastrointestinal stromal tumors one centimeter or less in size. Am. J. Pathol. (2002) 160(5):1567-1572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEBIEC-RYCHTER M, SCIOT R, LE CESNE A et al.: KIT mutations and dose selection for imatinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Eur. J. Cancer (2006) 42(8):1093-1103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRICE VE, ZIELENSKA M, CHILTON-MACNEILL S, SMITH CR, PAPPO AS: Clinical and molecular characteristics of pediatric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Pediatr. Blood Cancer (2005) 45(1):20-24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRAKASH S, SARRAN L, SOCCI N et al.: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors in children and young adults: a clinicopathologic, molecular, and genomic study of 15 cases and review of the literature. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. (2005) 27(4):179-187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANTONESCU CR, SOMMER G, SARRAN L et al.: Association of KIT exon 9 mutations with nongastric primary site and aggressive behavior: KIT mutation analysis and clinical correlates of 120 gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. (2003) 9(9):3329-3337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LASOTA J, WOZNIAK A, SARLOMO-RIKALA M et al.: Mutations in exons 9 and 13 of KIT gene are rare events in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. A study of 200 cases. Am. J. Pathol. (2000) 157(4):1091-1095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LASOTA J, KOPCZYNSKI J, SARLOMO-RIKALA M et al.: KIT 1530ins6 mutation defines a subset of predominantly malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors of intestinal origin. Hum. Pathol. (2003) 34(12):1306-1312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LASOTA J, DANSONKA-MIESZKOWSKA A, SOBIN LH, MIETTINEN M: A great majority of GISTs with PDGFRA mutations represent gastric tumors of low or no malignant potential. Lab. Invest. (2004) 84(7):874-883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WARDELMANN E, HRYCHYK A, MERKELBACH-BRUSE S et al.: Association of platelet-derived growth factor receptor α mutations with gastric primary site and epithelioid or mixed cell morphology in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J. Mol. Diagn. (2004) 6(3):197-204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAKURAI S, HASEGAWA T, SAKUMA Y et al.: Myxoid epithelioid gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) with mast cell infiltrations: a subtype of GIST with mutations of platelet-derived growth factor receptor α gene. Hum. Pathol. (2004) 35(10):1223-1230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAULS K, MERKELBACH-BRUSE S, THAL D, BUTTNER R, WARDELMANN E: PDGFRα- and c-kit-mutated gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are characterized by distinctive histological and immunohistochemical features. Histopathology (2005) 46(2):166-175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAUM O, GROSSMANN P, VANECEK T et al.: Diagnostic morphological features of PDGFRA-mutated gastrointestinal stromal tumors: molecular genetic and histologic analysis of 60 cases of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Ann. Diagn. Pathol. (2007) 11(1):27-33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARNEY JA, SHEPS SG, GO VL, GORDON H: The triad of gastric leiomyosarcoma, functioning extra-adrenal paraganglioma and pulmonary chondroma. N. Engl. J. Med. (1977) 296(26):1517-1518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HORENSTEIN MG, HITCHCOCK TA, TUCKER JA: Dual CD117 expression in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and paraganglioma of Carney triad: a case report. Int. J. Surg. Pathol. (2005) 13(1):87-92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIMENT J, TAMBORINI E, CASALI P et al.: Carney triad: case report and molecular analysis of gastric tumor. Hum. Pathol. (2005) 36(1):112-116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AMIEUX PS: Getting the GIST of the Carney triad: growth factors, rare tumors, and cellular respiration. Pediatr. Dev. Pathol. (2004) 7(4):306-308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARNEY JA, STRATAKIS CA: Familial paraganglioma and gastric stromal sarcoma: a new syndrome distinct from the Carney triad. Am. J. Med. Genet. (2002) 108(2):132-139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YANTISS RK, ROSENBERG AE, SARRAN L, BESMER P, ANTONESCU CR: Multiple gastrointestinal stromal tumors in type I neurofibromatosis: a pathologic and molecular study. Mod. Pathol. (2005) 18(4):475-484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAKAZAWA Y, SAKURAI S, SAKUMA Y et al.: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of neurofibromatosis type I (von Recklinghausen's disease). Am. J. Surg. Pathol. (2005) 29(6):755-763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAERTENS O, PRENEN H, DEBIEC-RYCHTER M et al.: Molecular pathogenesis of multiple gastrointestinal stromal tumors in NF1 patients. Hum. Mol. Genet. (2006) 15(6):1015-1023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NISHIDA T, HIROTA S, TANIGUCHI M et al.: Familial gastrointestinal stromal tumours with germline mutation of the KIT gene. Nat. Genet. (1998) 19(4):323-324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'BRIEN P, KAPUSTA L, DARDICK I, AXLER J, GNIDEC A: Multiple familial gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumors and small intestinal neuronal dysplasia. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. (1999) 23(2):198-204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HIROTA S, OKAZAKI T, KITAMURA Y et al.: Cause of familial and multiple gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumors with hyperplasia of interstitial cells of Cajal is germline mutation of the c-kit gene. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. (2000) 24(2):326-327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAEYAMA H, HIDAKA E, OTA H et al.: Familial gastrointestinal stromal tumor with hyperpigmentation: association with a germline mutation of the c-kit gene. Gastroenterology (2001) 120(1):210-215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEGHINI A, TIBILETTI MG, ROVERSI G et al.: Germline mutation in the juxtamembrane domain of the kit gene in a family with gastrointestinal stromal tumors and urticaria pigmentosa. Cancer (2001) 92(3):657-662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LI FP, FLETCHER JA, HEINRICH MC et al.: Familial gastrointestinal stromal tumor syndrome: phenotypic and molecular features in a kindred. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(12):2735-2743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARBALLO M, ROIG I, AGUILAR F et al.: Novel c-KIT germline mutation in a family with gastrointestinal stromal tumors and cutaneous hyperpigmentation. Am. J. Med. Genet. A. (2005) 132(4):361-364.
   Google Scholar
• KIM HJ, LIM SJ, PARK K et al.: Multiple gastrointestinal stromal tumors with a germline c-kit mutation. Pathol. Int. (2005) 55(10):655-659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TARN C, MERKEL E, CANUTESCU AA et al.: Analysis of KIT mutations in sporadic and familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors: therapeutic implications through protein modeling. Clin. Cancer Res. (2005) 11(10):3668-3677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARTMANN K, WARDELMANN E, MA Y et al.: Novel germline mutation of KIT associated with familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors and mastocytosis. Gastroenterology (2005) 129(3):1042-1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISOZAKI K, TERRIS B, BELGHITI J et al.: Germline-activating mutation in the kinase domain of KIT gene in familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Am. J. Pathol. (2000) 157(5):1581-1585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HIROTA S, NISHIDA T, ISOZAKI K et al.: Familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors associated with dysphagia and novel type germline mutation of KIT gene. Gastroenterology (2002) 122(5):1493-1499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'RIAIN C, CORLESS CL, HEINRICH MC et al.: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: insights from a new familial GIST kindred with unusual genetic and pathologic features. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. (2005) 29(12):1680-1683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHOMPRET A, KANNENGIESSER C, BARROIS M et al.: PDGFRA germline mutation in a family with multiple cases of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Gastroenterology (2004) 126(1):318-321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FLETCHER CD, BERMAN JJ, CORLESS C et al.: Diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a consensus approach. Hum. Pathol. (2002) 33(5):459-465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MIETTINEN M, SOBIN LH, LASOTA J: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 1765 cases with long-term follow-up. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. (2005) 29(1):52-68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MIETTINEN M, MAKHLOUF H, SOBIN LH, LASOTA J: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the jejunum and ileum: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 906 cases before imatinib with long-term follow-up. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. (2006) 30(4):477-489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ERNST SI, HUBBS AE, PRZYGODZKI RM et al.: KIT mutation portends poor prognosis in gastrointestinal stromal/smooth muscle tumors. Lab. Invest. (1998) 78(12):1633-1636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOSKALUK CA, TIAN Q, MARSHALL CR et al.: Mutations of c-kit JM domain are found in a minority of human gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Oncogene (1999) 18(10):1897-1902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LASOTA J, JASINSKI M, SARLOMO-RIKALA M, MIETTINEN M: Mutations in exon 11 of c-Kit occur preferentially in malignant versus benign gastrointestinal stromal tumors and do not occur in leiomyomas or leiomyosarcomas. Am. J. Pathol. (1999) 154(1):53-60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TANIGUCHI M, NISHIDA T, HIROTA S et al.: Effect of c-kit mutation on prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Res. (1999) 59(17):4297-4300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LASOTA J, DANSONKA-MIESZKOWSKA A, STACHURA T et al.: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors with internal tandem duplications in 3′ end of KIT juxtamembrane domain occur predominantly in stomach and generally seem to have a favorable course. Mod. Pathol. (2003) 16(12):1257-1264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SINGER S, RUBIN BP, LUX ML et al.: Prognostic value of KIT mutation type, mitotic activity, and histologic subtype in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J. Clin. Oncol. (2002) 20(18):3898-3905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WARDELMANN E, LOSEN I, HANS V et al.: Deletion of Trp-557 and Lys-558 in the juxtamembrane domain of the c-kit protooncogene is associated with metastatic behavior of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Int. J. Cancer (2003) 106(6):887-895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARTIN J, POVEDA A, LLOMBART-BOSCH A et al.: Deletions affecting codons 557-558 of the c-KIT gene indicate a poor prognosis in patients with completely resected gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a study by the Spanish group for sarcoma research (GEIS). J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(25):6190-6198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUX ML, RUBIN BP, BIASE TL et al.: KIT extracellular and kinase domain mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Am. J. Pathol. (2000) 156(3):791-795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CORLESS CL, SCHROEDER A, GRIFFITH D et al.: PDGFRA mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: frequency, spectrum and in vitro sensitivity to imatinib. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(23):5357-5364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MEDEIROS F, CORLESS CL, DUENSING A et al.: KIT-negative gastrointestinal stromal tumors: proof of concept and therapeutic implications. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. (2004) 28(7):889-894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LASOTA J, STACHURA J, MIETTINEN M: GISTs with PDGFRA exon 14 mutations represent subset of clinically favorable gastric tumors with epithelioid morphology. Lab. Invest. (2006) 86(1):94-100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BERGMANN F, GUNAWAN B, HERMANNS B et al.: Cytogenetic and morphologic characteristics of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Recurrent rearrangement of chromosome 1 and losses of chromosomes 14 and 22 as common anomalies. Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Pathol. (1998) 82:275-278.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DEBIEC-RYCHTER M, LASOTA J, SARLOMO-RIKALA M, KORDEK R, MIETTINEN M: Chromosomal aberrations in malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors: correlation with c-KIT gene mutation. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. (2001) 128(1):24-30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FUKASAWA T, CHONG JM, SAKURAI S et al.: Allelic loss of 14q and 22q, NF2 mutation, and genetic instability occur independently of c-kit mutation in gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Jpn J. Cancer Res. (2000) 91(12):1241-1249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HEINRICH MC, RUBIN BP, LONGLEY BJ, FLETCHER JA: Biology and genetic aspects of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: KIT activation and cytogenetic alterations. Hum. Pathol. (2002) 33(5):484-495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIM NG, KIM JJ, AHN JY et al.: Putative chromosomal deletions on 9P, 9Q and 22Q occur preferentially in malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Int. J. Cancer (2000) 85(5):633-638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'LEARY T, ERNST S, PRZYGODZKI R, EMORY T, SOBIN L: Loss of heterozygosity at 1p36 predicts poor prognosis in gastrointestinal stromal/smooth muscle tumors. Lab. Invest. (1999) 79(12):1461-1467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EL-RIFAI W, SARLOMO-RIKALA M, ANDERSSON LC, KNUUTILA S, MIETTINEN M: DNA sequence copy number changes in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: tumor progression and prognostic significance. Cancer Res. (2000) 60(14):3899-3903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BREINER JA, MEIS-KINDBLOM J, KINDBLOM LG et al.: Loss of 14q and 22q in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (pacemaker cell tumors). Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. (2000) 120(2):111-116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHNEIDER-STOCK R, BOLTZE C, LASOTA J et al.: High prognostic value of p16INK4 alterations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J. Clin. Oncol. (2003) 21(9):1688-1697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHNEIDER-STOCK R, BOLTZE C, LASOTA J et al.: Loss of p16 protein defines high-risk patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a tissue microarray study. Clin. Cancer Res. (2005) 11(2 Part 1):638-645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RICCI R, ARENA V, CASTRI F et al.: Role of p16/INK4a in gastrointestinal stromal tumor progression. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. (2004) 122(1):35-43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TORNILLO L, DUCHINI G, CARAFA V et al.: Patterns of gene amplification in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Lab. Invest. (2005) 85(7):921-931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HALLER F, GUNAWAN B, VON HEYDEBRECK A et al.: Prognostic role of E2F1 and members of the CDKN2A network in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. (2005) 11(18):6589-6597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAKAMURA N, YAMAMOTO H, YAO T et al.: Prognostic significance of expressions of cell-cycle regulatory proteins in gastrointestinal stromal tumor and the relevance of the risk grade. Hum. Pathol. (2005) 36(7):828-837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEINRICH MC, CORLESS CL, DEMETRI GD et al.: Kinase mutations and imatinib response in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. J. Clin. Oncol. (2003) 21(23):4342-4349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHEN H, ISOZAKI K, KINOSHITA K et al.: Imatinib inhibits various types of activating mutant kit found in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Int. J. Cancer (2003) 105(1):130-135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FROST MJ, FERRAO PT, HUGHES TP, ASHMAN LK: Juxtamembrane mutant V560GKit is more sensitive to Imatinib (STI571) compared with wild-type c-kit whereas the kinase domain mutant D816VKit is resistant. Mol. Cancer Ther. (2002) 1(12):1115-1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEBIEC-RYCHTER M, DUMEZ H, JUDSON I et al.: Use of c-KIT/PDGFRA mutational analysis to predict the clinical response to imatinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours entered on Phase I and II studies of the EORTC soft tissue and bone sarcoma group. Eur. J. Cancer (2004) 40(5):689-695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEE JL, KIM JY, RYU MH et al.: Response to imatinib in KIT- and PDGFRA-wild type gastrointestinal stromal associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. Dig. Dis. Sci. (2006) 51(6):1043-1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CORLESS CL, FLETCHER JA, HEINRICH MC: Biology of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J. Clin. Oncol. (2004) 22(18):3813-3825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAMBORINI E, BONADIMAN L, GRECO A et al.: A new mutation in the KIT ATP pocket causes acquired resistance to imatinib in a gastrointestinal stromal tumor patient. Gastroenterology (2004) 127(1):294-299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHEN LL, TRENT JC, WU EF et al.: A missense mutation in KIT kinase domain 1 correlates with imatinib resistance in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Res. (2004) 64(17):5913-5919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEBIEC-RYCHTER M, COOLS J, DUMEZ H et al.: Mechanisms of resistance to imatinib mesylate in gastrointestinal stromal tumors and activity of the PKC412 inhibitor against imatinib-resistant mutants. Gastroenterology (2005) 128(2):270-279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANTONESCU CR, BESMER P, GUO T et al.: Acquired resistance to imatinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumor occurs through secondary gene mutation. Clin. Cancer Res. (2005) 11(11):4182-4190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WAKAI T, KANDA T, HIROTA S et al.: Late resistance to imatinib therapy in a metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumour is associated with a second KIT mutation. Br. J. Cancer (2004) 90(11):2059-2061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WARDELMANN E, THOMAS N, MERKELBACH-BRUSE S et al.: Acquired resistance to imatinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumours caused by multiple KIT mutations. Lancet Oncol. (2005) 6(4):249-251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WARDELMANN E, MERKELBACH-BRUSE S, PAULS K et al.: Polyclonal evolution of multiple secondary KIT mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors under treatment with imatinib mesylate. Clin. Cancer Res. (2006) 12(6):1743-1749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEINRICH MC, CORLESS CL, BLANKE CD et al.: Molecular correlates of imatinib resistance in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J. Clin. Oncol. (2006) 24(29):4764-4774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAMBORINI E, PRICL S, NEGRI T et al.: Functional analyses and molecular modeling of two c-Kit mutations responsible for imatinib secondary resistance in GIST patients. Oncogene (2006) 25(45):6140-6146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEMETRI GD, VAN OOSTEROM AT, GARRETT CR et al.: Efficacy and safety of sunitinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour after failure of imatinib: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (2006) 368(9544):1329-1338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOENSUU H: Second line therapies for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Curr. Opin. Oncol. (2007) 19(4):353-358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEISBERG E, WRIGHT RD, JIANG J et al.: Effects of PKC412, nilotinib, and imatinib against GIST-associated PDGFRA mutants with differential imatinib sensitivity. Gastroenterology (2006) 131(6):1734-1742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROBERTS KG, ODELL AF, BYRNES EM et al.: Resistance to c-KIT kinase inhibitors conferred by V654A mutation. Mol. Cancer Ther. (2007) 6(3):1159-1166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHITTENHELM MM, SHIRAGA S, SCHROEDER A et al.: Dasatinib (BMS-354825), a dual SRC/ABL kinase inhibitor, inhibits the kinase activity of wild-type, juxtamembrane, and activation loop mutant KIT isoforms associated with human malignancies. Cancer Res. (2006) 66(1):473-481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHAH NP, LEE FY, LUO R et al.: Dasatinib (BMS-354825) inhibits KITD816V, an imatinib-resistant activating mutation that triggers neoplastic growth in most patients with systemic mastocytosis. Blood (2006) 108(1):286-291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAUER S, YU LK, DEMETRI GD, FLETCHER JA: Heat shock protein 90 inhibition in imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Cancer Res. (2006) 66(18):9153-9161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAUER S, DUENSING A, DEMETRI GD, FLETCHER JA: KIT oncogenic signaling mechanisms in imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor: PI3-kinase/AKT is a crucial survival pathway. Oncogene (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar