29
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Prognostic markers of astrocytoma: how to predict the unpredictable?

, PhD (Junior Research Scientist)
Pages 463-479 | Published online: 29 Nov 2007

Bibliography

  • BELDA-INIESTA C, DE CASTRO CARPENO J, CASADO SAENZ E et al.: Molecular biology of malignant gliomas. Clin. Transl. Oncol. (2006) 8(9):635-641.
  • LOUIS DN OH, WIESTLER OD, CAVENEE WK et al.: The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) (2007) 114(2):97-109.
  • PIETSCH T, WIESTLER OD: Molecular neuropathology of astrocytic brain tumors. J. Neurooncol. (1997) 35(3):211-222.
  • PRADOS MD, LEVIN V: Biology and treatment of malignant glioma. Semin. Oncol. (2000) 27(3 Suppl. 6):1-10.
  • SCHWARTZ SA, WEIL RJ, THOMPSON RC et al.: Proteomic-based prognosis of brain tumor patients using direct-tissue matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. Cancer Res. (2005) 65(17):7674-7681.
  • SHIH HA, BETENSKY RA, DORFMAN MV et al.: Genetic analyses for predictors of radiation response in glioblastoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. (2005) 63(3):704-710.
  • HOUILLIER C, LEJEUNE J, BENOUAICH-AMIEL A et al.: Prognostic impact of molecular markers in a series of 220 primary glioblastomas. Cancer (2006) 106(10):2218-2223.
  • STUPP R, RENI M, GATTA G, MAZZA E, VECHT C: Anaplastic astrocytoma in adults. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. (2007) 63(1):72-80.
  • ULUTIN C, FAYDA M, AKSU G et al.: Primary glioblastoma multiforme in younger patients: a single-institution experience. Tumori (2006) 92(5):407-411.
  • GROVES MD, PUDUVALLI VK, CHANG SM et al.: A North American brain tumor consortium (NABTC 99-04) Phase II trial of temozolomide plus thalidomide for recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. J. Neurooncol. (2007) 81(3):271-277.
  • PICCIRILLI M, BISTAZZONI S, GAGLIARDI FM et al.: Treatment of glioblastoma multiforme in elderly patients. Clinico-therapeutic remarks in 22 patients older than 80 years. Tumori (2006) 92(2):98-103.
  • STARK AM, NABAVI A, MEHDORN HM, BLOMER U: Glioblastoma multiforme – report of 267 cases treated at a single institution. Surg. Neurol. (2005) 63(2):162-169; discussion 169.
  • BUCKNER JC, O'FALLON JR, DINAPOLI RP et al.: Prognosis in patients with anaplastic oligoastrocytoma is associated with histologic grade. J. Neurooncol. (2007) 84(3):279-286.
  • JEREMIC B, MILICIC B, GRUJICIC D et al.: Clinical prognostic factors in patients with malignant glioma treated with combined modality approach. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. (2004) 27(2):195-204.
  • HOBBS SK, SHI G, HOMER R et al.: Magnetic resonance image-guided proteomics of human glioblastoma multiforme. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging (2003) 18(5):530-536.
  • HANEY SM, THOMPSON PM, CLOUGHESY TF et al.: Mapping therapeutic response in a patient with malignant glioma. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. (2001) 25(4):529-536.
  • AGHI M, GAVIANI P, HENSON JW et al.: Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics predict epidermal growth factor receptor amplification status in glioblastoma. Clin. Cancer Res. (2005) 11(24 Part 1):8600-8605.
  • DI COSTANZO A, TROJSI F, GIANNATEMPO GM et al.: Spectroscopic, diffusion and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0 Tesla in the delineation of glioblastomas: preliminary results. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. (2006) 25(3):383-390.
  • HIGANO S, YUN X, KUMABE T et al.: Malignant astrocytic tumors: clinical importance of apparent diffusion coefficient in prediction of grade and prognosis. Radiology (2006) 241(3):839-846.
  • TALOS IF, ZOU KH, KIKINIS R, JOLESZ FA: Volumetric assessment of tumor infiltration of adjacent white matter based on anatomic MRI and diffusion tensor tractography. Acad. Radiol. (2007) 14(4):431-436.
  • ULMER S, BRAGA TA, BARKER FG II et al.: Clinical and radiographic features of peritumoral infarction following resection of glioblastoma. Neurology (2006) 67(9):1668-1670.
  • WEI CW, GUO G, MIKULIS DJ: Tumor effects on cerebral white matter as characterized by diffusion tensor tractography. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. (2007) 34(1):62-68.
  • BOLDORINI R, PAGANI E, CAR PG et al.: Molecular characterisation of JC virus strains detected in human brain tumours. Pathology (2003) 35(3):248-253.
  • FARIA MH, GONCALVES BP, DO PATROCINIO RM, DE MORAES-FILHO MO, RABENHORST SH: Expression of Ki-67, topoisomerase IIalpha and c-MYC in astrocytic tumors: correlation with the histopathological grade and proliferative status. Neuropathology (2006) 26(6):519-527.
  • SHAFFREY ME, FARACE E, SCHIFF D et al.: The Ki-67 labeling index as a prognostic factor in grade II oligoastrocytomas. J. Neurosurg. (2005) 102(6):1033-1039.
  • MACHEN SK, PRAYSON RA: Cyclin D1 and MIB-1 immunohistochemistry in pilocytic astrocytomas: a study of 48 cases. Hum. Pathol. (1998) 29(12):1511-1516.
  • PRAYSON RA, KHAJAVI K, COMAIR YG: Cortical architectural abnormalities and MIB1 immunoreactivity in gangliogliomas: a study of 60 patients with intracranial tumors. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. (1995) 54(4):513-520.
  • JAROS E, PERRY RH, ADAM L et al.: Prognostic implications of p53 protein, epidermal growth factor receptor, and Ki-67 labelling in brain tumours. Br. J. Cancer (1992) 66(2):373-385.
  • UEMATSU M, OHSAWA I, AOKAGE T et al.: Prognostic significance of the immunohistochemical index of survivin in glioma: a comparative study with the MIB-1 index. J. Neurooncol. (2005) 72(3):231-238.
  • BOWERS DC, GARGAN L, KAPUR P et al.: Study of the MIB-1 labeling index as a predictor of tumor progression in pilocytic astrocytomas in children and adolescents. J. Clin. Oncol. (2003) 21(15):2968-2973.
  • ENESTROM S, VAVRUCH L, FRANLUND B, NORDENSKJOLD B: Ki-67 antigen expression as a prognostic factor in primary and recurrent astrocytomas. Neurochirurgie (1998) 44(1):25-30.
  • SHINODA J, SAKAI N, NAKATANI K, FUNAKOSHI T: Prognostic factors in supratentorial WHO grade II astrocytoma in adults. Br. J. Neurosurg. (1998) 12(4):318-324.
  • HAAPASALO JMA, HELEN P, HAAPASALO H, ISOLA J: Ultrarapid Ki-67 immunostaining in frozen section interpretation of gliomas. J. Clin. Pathol. (2005) 58(3):263-268.
  • GUDINAVICIENE I, PRANYS D, JUOZAITYTE E: Impact of morphology and biology on the prognosis of patients with gliomas. Medicina (Kaunas) (2004) 40(2):112-120.
  • GIANNINI C, SCHEITHAUER BW, BURGER PC et al.: Cellular proliferation in pilocytic and diffuse astrocytomas. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. (1999) 58(1):46-53.
  • TORP SH, GRANLI US: Proliferative activity in human glioblastomas assessed by various techniques. Apmis (2001) 109(12):865-869.
  • KANG X, XIAO X, HARATA M et al.: Antiangiogenic activity of BAI1 in vivo: implications for gene therapy of human glioblastomas. Cancer Gene Ther. (2006) 13(4):385-392.
  • GUHA A, MUKHERJEE J: Advances in the biology of astrocytomas. Curr. Opin. Neurol. (2004) 17(6):655-662.
  • GODARD S, GETZ G, DELORENZI M et al.: Classification of human astrocytic gliomas on the basis of gene expression: a correlated group of genes with angiogenic activity emerges as a strong predictor of subtypes. Cancer Res. (2003) 63(20):6613-6625.
  • POPKO B, PEARL DK, WALKER DM et al.: Molecular markers that identify human astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. (2002) 61(4):329-338.
  • BURGER PC: Revising the World Health Organization (WHO) Blue Book – ‘Histological typing of tumours of the central nervous system’. J. Neurooncol. (1995) 24(1):3-7.
  • STOCKHAMMER G, OBWEGESER A, KOSTRON H et al.: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is elevated in brain tumor cysts and correlates with tumor progression. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) (2000) 100(1):101-105.
  • SHIM JW, KOH YC, AHN HK et al.: Expression of bFGF and VEGF in brain astrocytoma. J. Korean Med. Sci. (1996) 11(2):149-157.
  • KAUR B, BRAT DJ, CALKINS CC, VAN MEIR EG: Brain angiogenesis inhibitor 1 is differentially expressed in normal brain and glioblastoma independently of p53 expression. Am. J. Pathol. (2003) 162(1):19-27.
  • ZIEMER LS, KOCH CJ, MAITY A et al.: Hypoxia and VEGF mRNA expression in human tumors. Neoplasia (2001) 3(6):500-508.
  • GIANNOPOULOU E, RAVAZOULA P, KALOFONOS H, MAKATSORIS T, KARDAMAKIS D: Expression of HIF-1alpha and iNOS in astrocytic gliomas: a clinicopathological study. In Vivo (2006) 20(3):421-425.
  • COMPOSTELLA A, TOSONI A, BLATT V, FRANCESCHI E, BRANDES AA: Prognostic factors for anaplastic astrocytomas. J. Neurooncol. (2007) 81(3):295-303.
  • RONG Y DD, VAN MEIR EG, BRAT DJ: “Pseudopalisading” necrosis in glioblastoma: a familiar morphologic feature that links vascular pathology, hypoxia, and angiogenesis. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. (2006) 65(6):529-539.
  • LIU X, CHEN N, WANG X et al.: Apoptosis and proliferation markers in diffusely infiltrating astrocytomas: profiling of 17 molecules. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. (2006) 65(9):905-913.
  • BODEY B, BODEY V, SIEGEL SE et al.: Immunocytochemical detection of members of the caspase cascade of apoptosis in high-grade astrocytomas. In Vivo (2004) 18(5):593-602.
  • KHWAJA FW, REED MS, OLSON JJ et al.: Proteomic identification of biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of astrocytoma patients. J. Proteome Res. (2007) 6(2):559-570.
  • GLASKER S, LONSER RR, OKAMOTO H et al.: Proteomic profiling: a novel method for differential diagnosis? Cancer Biol. Ther. (2007) 6(3):343-345.
  • ROVERSI G, PFUNDT R, MORONI RF et al.: Identification of novel genomic markers related to progression to glioblastoma through genomic profiling of 25 primary glioma cell lines. Oncogene (2006) 25(10):1571-1583.
  • YOON KS LM, KANG SS, KIM JH et al.: p53 mutation and epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression in glioblastoma. J. Korean Med. Sci. (2001) 16(4):481-488.
  • NEWCOMB EW, COHEN H, LEE SR et al.: Survival of patients with glioblastoma multiforme is not influenced by altered expression of p16, p53, EGFR, MDM2 or Bcl-2 genes. Brain Pathol. (1998) 8(4):655-667.
  • FULTS D, BROCKMEYER D, TULLOUS MW, PEDONE CA, CAWTHON RM: p53 mutation and loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 17 and 10 during human astrocytoma progression. Cancer Res. (1992) 52(3):674-679.
  • GHIMENTI C, FIANO V, CHIADO-PIAT L et al.: Deregulation of the p14ARF/Mdm2/p53 pathway and G1/S transition in two glioblastoma sets. J. Neurooncol. (2003) 61(2):95-102.
  • BATCHELOR TT, BETENSKY RA, ESPOSITO JM et al.: Age-dependent prognostic effects of genetic alterations in glioblastoma. Clin. Cancer Res. (2004) 10(1 Part 1):228-233.
  • BEGNAMI MD, RUSHING EJ, EVANGELISTA R, SANTI M, QUEZADO M: Evaluation of RB gene and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors P21 and P27 in pleomorphic xantoastrocytoma. Int. J. Surg. Pathol. (2006) 14(2):113-118.
  • HENSON JW, SCHNITKER BL, CORREA KM et al.: The retinoblastoma gene is involved in malignant progression of astrocytomas. Ann. Neurol. (1994) 36(5):714-721.
  • HULLEMAN E, HELIN K: Molecular mechanisms in gliomagenesis. Adv. Cancer Res. (2005) 94:1-27.
  • PARSA AT, WALDRON JS, PANNER A et al.: Loss of tumor suppressor PTEN function increases B7-H1 expression and immunoresistance in glioma. Nat. Med. (2007) 13(1):84-88.
  • WEBER R, HOISCHEN A, EHRLER M et al.: Frequent loss of chromosome 9, homozygous CDKN2A/p14(ARF)/CDKN2B deletion and low TSC1 mRNA expression in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Oncogene (2007) 26(7):1088-1097.
  • BACKLUND LM NB, GOIKE HM: Short postoperative survival in patients with a dysfunctional Rb1 pathway in combination with no wild-type PTEN. Clin. Cancer Res. (2003) 9(4):4151-4158.
  • SMITH JS, TACHIBANA I, PASSE SM et al.: PTEN mutation, EGFR amplification, and outcome in patients with anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme. J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. (2001) 93:1246-1256.
  • KRAUS JA, GLESMANN N, BECK M et al.: Molecular analysis of the PTEN, TP53 and CDKN2A tumor suppressor genes in long-term survivors of glioblastoma multiforme. J. Neurooncol. (2000) 48(2):89-94.
  • KAJIWARA Y, YAMASAKI F, HAMA S et al.: Expression of survivin in astrocytic tumors: correlation with malignant grade and prognosis. Cancer (2003) 97(4):1077-1083.
  • VAN DEN BOOM J, WOLTER M, BLASCHKE B, KNOBBE CB, REIFENBERGER G: Identification of novel genes associated with astrocytoma progression using suppression subtractive hybridization and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Int. J. Cancer (2006) 119(10):2330-2338.
  • MAHER EA, BRENNAN C, WEN PY et al.: Marked genomic differences characterize primary and secondary glioblastoma subtypes and identify two distinct molecular and clinical secondary glioblastoma entities. Cancer Res. (2006) 66(23):11502-11513.
  • PHILLIPS HS, KHARBANDA S, CHEN R et al.: Molecular subclasses of high-grade glioma predict prognosis, delineate a pattern of disease progression, and resemble stages in neurogenesis. Cancer Cell (2006) 9(3):157-173.
  • KAVSAN V, SHOSTAK K, DMITRENKO V et al.: Characterization of genes with increased expression in human glioblastomas. Tsitol. Genet. (2005) 39(6):37-49.
  • LIANG Y, DIEHN M, WATSON N et al.: Gene expression profiling reveals molecularly and clinically distinct subtypes of glioblastoma multiforme. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2005) 102(16):5814-5819.
  • LIANG Y, BOLLEN AW, ALDAPE KD, GUPTA N: Nuclear FABP7 immunoreactivity is preferentially expressed in infiltrative glioma and is associated with poor prognosis in EGFR-overexpressing glioblastoma. BMC Cancer (2006) 6:97.
  • RICH JN, HANS C, JONES B et al.: Gene expression profiling and genetic markers in glioblastoma survival. Cancer Res. (2005) 65(10):4051-4058.
  • KAVSAN VM, DMITRENKO VV, SHOSTAK KO et al.: Comparison of microarray and sage techniques in gene expression analysis of human glioblastoma. Tsitol. Genet. (2007) 41(1):36-55.
  • LARKIN JE, FRANK BC, GAVRAS H, SULTANA R, QUACKENBUSH J: Independence and reproducibility across microarray platforms. Nat. Methohds (2005) 2(5):337-344.
  • WANG Y, BARBACIORU C, HYLAND F et al.: Large scale real-time PCR validation on gene expression measurements from two commercial long-oligonucleotide microarrays. BMC Genomics (2006) 7:59.
  • PUCHADES M, NILSSON CL, EMMETT MR et al.: Proteomic investigation of glioblastoma cell lines treated with wild-type p53 and cytotoxic chemotherapy demonstrates an association between galectin-1 and p53 expression. J. Proteome Res. (2007) 6(2):869-875.
  • SHIM JH, KIM YS, BAHK YY: Proteome profile changes that are differentially regulated by lipid and protein phosphatase activities of tumor suppressor PTEN in PTEN-expressing U-87 MG human glioblastoma cells. Proteomics (2006) 6(1):81-93.
  • KHWAJA FW, DUKE-COHAN JS, BRAT DJ, VAN MEIR EG: Attractin is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with malignant astrocytoma and mediates glioma cell migration. Clin. Cancer Res. (2006) 12(21):6331-6336.
  • PERDIKI M, KORKOLOPOULOU P, THYMARA I et al.: Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in astrocytomas. Relationship with microvascular parameters, angiogenic factors expression and survival. Mol. Cell. Biochem. (2007) 295(1-2):75-83.
  • EHRMANN J, KOLAR Z, MOKRY J: Nestin as a diagnostic and prognostic marker: immunohistochemical analysis of its expression in different tumours. J. Clin. Pathol. (2005) 58(2):222-223.
  • BALL G, MIAN S, HOLDING F et al.: An integrated approach utilizing artificial neural networks and SELDI mass spectrometry for the classification of human tumours and rapid identification of potential biomarkers. Bioinformatics (2002) 18(3):395-404.
  • KHWAJA FW, NOLEN JD, MENDRINOS SE et al.: Proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid discriminates malignant and nonmalignant disease of the central nervous system and identifies specific protein markers. Proteomics (2006) 6(23):6277-6287.
  • LI J, ZHUANG Z, OKAMOTO H et al.: Proteomic profiling distinguishes astrocytomas and identifies differential tumor markers. Neurology (2006) 66(5):733-736.
  • ODREMAN F, VINDIGNI M, GONZALES ML et al.: Proteomic studies on low- and high-grade human brain astrocytomas. J. Proteome Res. (2005) 4(3):698-708.
  • VOGEL TW, ZHUANG Z, LI J et al.: Proteins and protein pattern differences between glioma cell lines and glioblastoma multiforme. Clin. Cancer Res. (2005) 11(10):3624-3632.
  • FURUTA M, WEIL RJ, VORTMEYER AO et al.: Protein patterns and proteins that identify subtypes of glioblastoma multiforme. Oncogene (2004) 23(40):6806-6814.
  • KENNEDY S: Proteomic profiling from human samples: the body fluid alternative. Toxicol. Lett. (2001) 120(1-3):379-384.
  • MOLLOY MP, DONOHOE S, BRZEZINSKI EE et al.: Large-scale evaluation of quantitative reproducibility and proteome coverage using acid cleavable isotope coded affinity tag mass spectrometry for proteomic profiling. Proteomics (2005) 5(5):1204-1208.
  • ALONSO ME, BELLO MJ, LOMAS J et al.: Absence of mutation of the p73 gene in astrocytic neoplasms. Int. J. Oncol. (2001) 19(3):609-612.
  • JENKINSON MD, SMITH TS, JOYCE K et al.: MRS of oligodendroglial tumors: correlation with histopathology and genetic subtypes. Neurology (2005) 64(12):2085-2089.
  • SCHIEBE M, OHNESEIT P, HOFFMANN W et al.: Loss of heterozygosity at 11p15 and p53 alterations in malignant gliomas. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. (2001) 127(5):325-328.
  • WESTPHAL M, HANSEL M, HAMEL W, KUNZMANN R, HOLZEL F: Karyotype analyses of 20 human glioma cell lines. Acta Neurochir. (Wien.) (1994) 126(1):17-26.
  • WILLERT JR, DANESHVAR L, SHEFFIELD VC, COGEN PH: Deletion of chromosome arm 17p DNA sequences in pediatric high-grade and juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer (1995) 12(3):165-172.
  • HARTMANN C, NUMANN A, MUELLER W et al.: Fine mapping of chromosome 22q tumor suppressor gene candidate regions in astrocytoma. Int. J. Cancer (2004) 108(6):839-844.
  • INO Y, SILVER JS, BLAZEJEWSKI L et al.: Common regions of deletion on chromosome 22q12.3-q13.1 and 22q13.2 in human astrocytomas appear related to malignancy grade. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. (1999) 58(8):881-885.
  • REY JA, BELLO MJ, JIMENEZ-LARA AM et al.: Loss of heterozygosity for distal markers on 22q in human gliomas. Int. J. Cancer (1992) 51(5):703-706.
  • NAKAMURA M, ISHIDA E, SHIMADA K et al.: Frequent LOH on 22q12.3 and TIMP-3 inactivation occur in the progression to secondary glioblastomas. Lab. Invest. (2005) 85(2):165-175.
  • MIYAKAWA A, ICHIMURA K, SCHMIDT EE, VARMEH-ZIAIE S, COLLINS VP: Multiple deleted regions on the long arm of chromosome 6 in astrocytic tumours. Br. J. Cancer (2000) 82(3):543-549.
  • BEATY RM, EDWARDS JB, BOON K et al.: PLXDC1 (TEM7) is identified in a genome-wide expression screen of glioblastoma endothelium. J. Neurooncol. (2007) 81(3):241-248.
  • HEIMBERGER AB, MCGARY EC, SUKI D et al.: Loss of the AP-2alpha transcription factor is associated with the grade of human gliomas. Clin. Cancer Res. (2005) 11(1):267-272.
  • SOMASUNDARAM K, REDDY SP, VINNAKOTA K et al.: Upregulation of ASCL1 and inhibition of notch signaling pathway characterize progressive astrocytoma. Oncogene (2005) 24(47):7073-7083.
  • YU S, PU P, JIANG D et al.: Relationship of bcl-2 gene expression with cell proliferation and apoptosis in human gliomas. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi (2000) 29(1):12-15.
  • NAKABAYASHI H, HARA M, SHIMIZU K: Prognostic significance of CDC25B expression in gliomas. J. Clin. Pathol. (2006) 59(7):725-728.
  • PERRY A, ANDERL K, BORELL TJ et al.: Detection of p16, RB, CDK4, and p53 gene deletion and amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization in 96 gliomas. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. (1999) 112(6):801-809.
  • STREGE RJ, GODT C, STARK AM, HUGO HH, MEHDORN HM: Protein expression of Fas, Fas ligand, Bcl-2 and TGFbeta2 and correlation with survival in initial and recurrent human gliomas. J. Neurooncol. (2004) 67(1-2):29-39.
  • TOHMA Y, GRATAS C, VAN MEIR EG et al.: Necrogenesis and Fas/APO-1 (CD95) expression in primary (de novo) and secondary glioblastomas. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. (1998) 57(3):239-245.
  • BAGCHI A, PAPAZOGLU C, WU Y et al.: CHD5 is a tumor suppressor at human 1p36. Cell (2007) 128(3):459-475.
  • LOPEZ-GINES C, CERDA-NICOLAS M, GIL-BENSO R et al.: Association of chromosome 7, chromosome 10 and EGFR gene amplification in glioblastoma multiforme. Clin. Neuropathol. (2005) 24(5):209-218.
  • ARSLANTAS A, ARTAN S, ONER U et al.: The importance of genomic copy number changes in the prognosis of glioblastoma multiforme. Neurosurg. Rev. (2004) 27(1):58-64.
  • FUJISAWA H, KURRER M, REIS RM et al.: Acquisition of the glioblastoma phenotype during astrocytoma progression is associated with loss of heterozygosity on 10q25-qter. Am. J. Pathol. (1999) 155(2):387-394.
  • MAIER D, COMPARONE D, TAYLOR E et al.: New deletion in low-grade oligodendroglioma at the glioblastoma suppressor locus on chromosome 10q25-26. Oncogene (1997) 15(8):997-1000.
  • KIMMELMAN AC, ROSS DA, LIANG BC: Loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 10p in human gliomas. Genomics (1996) 34(2):250-254.
  • SCHLEGEL J, STUMM G, BRANDLE K et al.: Amplification and differential expression of members of the erbB-gene family in human glioblastoma. J. Neurooncol. (1994) 22(3):201-207.
  • HARADA K, KURISU K, TAHARA H et al.: Telomerase activity in primary and secondary glioblastomas multiforme as a novel molecular tumor marker. J. Neurosurg. (2000) 93(4):618-625.
  • SAMARAS V, PIPERI C, KORKOLOPOULOU P et al.: Application of the ELISPOT method for comparative analysis of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 secretion in peripheral blood of patients with astroglial tumors. Mol. Cell. Biochem. (2007) 304(1-2):343-351.
  • KARGIOTIS O, RAO JS, KYRITSIS AP: Mechanisms of angiogenesis in gliomas. J. Neurooncol. (2006) 78(3):281-293.
  • DESBAILLETS I, DISERENS AC, TRIBOLET N, HAMOU MF, VAN MEIR EG: Upregulation of interleukin 8 by oxygen-deprived cells in glioblastoma suggests a role in leukocyte activation, chemotaxis, and angiogenesis. J. Exp. Med. (1997) 186(8):1201-1212.
  • SCHIEBE M, OHNESEIT P, HOFFMANN W et al.: Analysis of mdm2 and p53 gene alterations in glioblastomas and its correlation with clinical factors. J. Neurooncol. (2000) 49(3):197-203.
  • MA Y, YUAN RQ, FAN S et al.: Identification of genes that modulate sensitivity of U373MG glioblastoma cells to cis-platinum. Anticancer Drugs (2006) 17(7):733-751.
  • LAL B, XIA S, ABOUNADER R, LATERRA J: Targeting the c-Met pathway potentiates glioblastoma responses to gamma-radiation. Clin. Cancer Res. (2005) 11(12):4479-4486.
  • REIS RM, KONU-LEBLEBLICIOGLU D, LOPES JM, KLEIHUES P, OHGAKI H: Genetic profile of gliosarcomas. Am. J. Pathol. (2000) 156(2):425-432.
  • WALKER DG, DUAN W, KAYE AH, LAVIN MF: Homozygous deletions of the MTS1 gene are rare in non-astrocytic brain tumors. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1995) 211(2):404-409.
  • KRAUS JA, WENGHOEFER M, GLESMANN N et al.: TP53 gene mutations, nuclear p53 accumulation, expression of Waf/p21, Bcl-2, and CD95 (APO-1/Fas) proteins are not prognostic factors in de novo glioblastoma multiforme. J. Neurooncol. (2001) 52(3):263-272.
  • WHARTON SB, MCNELIS U, BELL HS, WHITTLE IR: Expression of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and distribution of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in glioblastoma and in a glioma multicellular tumour spheroid model. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. (2000) 26(6):528-535.
  • KATAYAM M, YOSHIDA K, ISHIMORI H et al.: Patched and smoothened mRNA expression in human astrocytic tumors inversely correlates with histological malignancy. J. Neurooncol. (2002) 59(2):107-115.
  • ROBINSON S, COHEN M, PRAYSON R et al.: Constitutive expression of growth-related oncogene and its receptor in oligodendrogliomas. Neurosurgery (2001) 48(4):864-873; discussion 873-864.
  • GUHA A: Platelet-derived growth factor: a general review with emphasis on astrocytomas. Pediatr. Neurosurg. (1991) 17(1):14-20.
  • SANO T, LIN H, CHEN X et al.: Differential expression of MMAC/PTEN in glioblastoma multiforme: relationship to localization and prognosis. Cancer Res. (1999) 59(8):1820-1824.
  • SOMERVILLE RP, SHOSHAN Y, ENG C et al.: Molecular analysis of two putative tumour suppressor genes, PTEN and DMBT, which have been implicated in glioblastoma multiforme disease progression. Oncogene (1998) 17(13):1755-1757.
  • WANG SI, PUC J, LI J et al.: Somatic mutations of PTEN in glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer Res. (1997) 57(19):4183-4186.
  • STONE AR, BOBO W, BRAT DJ et al.: Aberrant methylation and down-regulation of TMS1/ASC in human glioblastoma. Am. J. Pathol. (2004) 165(4):1151-1161.
  • MIZOGUCHI M, BETENSKY RA, BATCHELOR TT et al.: Activation of STAT3, MAPK, and AKT in malignant astrocytic gliomas: correlation with EGFR status, tumor grade, and survival. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. (2006) 65(12):1181-1188.
  • KHALIL AA, JAMES P: Biomarker discovery: a proteomic approach for brain cancer profiling. Cancer Sci. (2007) 98(2):201-213.
  • ASSIMAKOPOULOU M, VARAKIS J: AP-1 and heat shock protein 27 expression in human astrocytomas. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. (2001) 127(12):727-732.
  • GOTTFRIED Y, VOLDAVSKY E, YODKO L et al.: Expression of the pro-apoptotic protein ARTS in astrocytic tumors: correlation with malignancy grade and survival rate. Cancer (2004) 101(11):2614-2621.
  • ARAKI K, NOZAKI K, UEBA T, TATSUKA M, HASHIMOTO N: High expression of Aurora-B/Aurora and Ipll-like midbody-associated protein (AIM-1) in astrocytomas. J. Neurooncol. (2004) 67(1-2):53-64.
  • BATISTATOU A, KYZAS PA, GOUSSIA A et al.: Estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) protein expression correlates with BAG-1 and prognosis in brain glial tumours. J. Neurooncol. (2006) 77(1):17-23.
  • FLANNERY T, MCQUAID S, MCGOOHAN C et al.: Cathepsin S expression: An independent prognostic factor in glioblastoma tumours – a pilot study. Int. J. Cancer (2006) 119(4):854-860.
  • SHONO T, TOFILON PJ, BRUNER JM, OWOLABI O, LANG FF: Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human gliomas: prognostic significance and molecular correlations. Cancer Res. (2001) 61(11):4375-4381.
  • REN Y, MUNYER P, KEPES JJ et al.: Comparison of cyclin A and MIB-1 expression in astrocytic tumors using image-based cell analysis system. Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol. (2001) 9(1):14-18.
  • ALLAN K, JORDAN RC, ANG LC, TAYLOR M, YOUNG B: Overexpression of cyclin A and cyclin B1 proteins in astrocytomas. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. (2000) 124(2):216-220.
  • DIETZMANN K, VON BOSSANYI P: Coexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor protein and c-erbB-2 oncoprotein in human astrocytic tumors. An immunohistochemical study. Zentralbl. Pathol. (1994) 140(4-5):335-341.
  • MURPHY KG, HATTON JD, U HS: Role of glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in the biology of human glioblastoma U-373MG cells. J. Neurosurg. (1998) 89(6):997-1006.
  • SHASHIDHAR S, LORENTE G, NAGAVARAPU U et al.: GPR56 is a GPCR that is overexpressed in gliomas and functions in tumor cell adhesion. Oncogene (2005) 24(10):1673-1682.
  • MAES L, KALALA JP, CORNELISSEN M, DE RIDDER L: Progression of astrocytomas and meningiomas: an evaluation in vitro. Cell Prolif. (2007) 40(1):14-23.
  • BALENCI L, CLARKE ID, DIRKS PB et al.: IQGAP1 protein specifies amplifying cancer cells in glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer Res. (2006) 66(18):9074-9082.
  • RALTE AM, SHARMA MC, KARAK AK, MEHTA VS, SARKAR C: Clinicopathological features, MIB-1 labeling index and apoptotic index in recurrent astrocytic tumors. Pathol. Oncol. Res. (2001) 7(4):267-278.
  • PARK DM, LI J, OKAMOTO H et al.: N-CoR pathway targeting induces glioblastoma derived cancer stem cell differentiation. Cell Cycle (2007) 6(4):467-470.
  • MISHIMA K, KATO Y, KANEKO MK et al.: Increased expression of podoplanin in malignant astrocytic tumors as a novel molecular marker of malignant progression. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) (2006) 111(5):483-488.
  • GOPLEN D, WANG J, ENGER PO et al.: Protein disulfide isomerase expression is related to the invasive properties of malignant glioma. Cancer Res. (2006) 66(20):9895-9902.
  • HILTON DA, PENNEY M, EVANS B, SANDERS H, LOVE S: Evaluation of molecular markers in low-grade diffuse astrocytomas: loss of p16 and retinoblastoma protein expression is associated with short survival. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. (2002) 26(4):472-478.
  • YAN B, CHOUR HH, PEH BK, LIM C, SALTO-TELLEZ M: RhoA protein expression correlates positively with degree of malignancy in astrocytomas. Neurosci. Lett. (2006) 407(2):124-126.
  • FORGET MA, DESROSIERS RR, DEL M et al.: The expression of rho proteins decreases with human brain tumor progression: potential tumor markers. Clin. Exp. Metast. (2002) 19(1):9-15.
  • HAU P, KUNZ-SCHUGHART LA, RUMMELE P et al.: Tenascin-C protein is induced by transforming growth factor-beta1 but does not correlate with time to tumor progression in high-grade gliomas. J. Neurooncol. (2006) 77(1):1-7.
  • KIM CH, BAK KH, KIM YS et al.: Expression of tenascin-C in astrocytic tumors: its relevance to proliferation and angiogenesis. Surg. Neurol. (2000) 54(3):235-240.
  • TANIOKA K, TAKESHIMA H, HIRANO H et al.: Biological role of thymidine phosphorylase in human astrocytic tumors. Oncol. Rep. (2001) 8(3):491-496.
  • NUTT CL, BETENSKY RA, BROWER MA et al.: YKL-40 is a differential diagnostic marker for histologic subtypes of high-grade gliomas. Clin. Cancer Res. (2005) 11(6):2258-2264.
  • PELLOSKI CE, MAHAJAN A, MAOR M et al.: YKL-40 expression is associated with poorer response to radiation and shorter overall survival in glioblastoma. Clin. Cancer Res. (2005) 11(9):3326-3334.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.