Imaging in the diagnosis and prognosis of traumatic brain injury

Bibliography

• Menon DK, Schwab K, Wright DW, Position statement: definition of traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010;91:1637-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 1974;304:81-4
   Google Scholar
• Faul M, Xu L, Wald MM, Coronado VG. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations and deaths 2002 – 2006. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; Atlanta (GA): 2010
   Google Scholar
• De Silva MJ, Roberts I, Perel P, Patient outcome after traumatic brain injury in high-, middle- and low-income countries: analysis of data on 8927 patients in 46 countries. Int J Epidemiol 2009;38:452-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornhill S. Disability in young people and adults one year after head injury: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2000;320:1631-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jacobi F, Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2011;21:779-18
   Google Scholar
• Turazzi S, Brico A, Pasut ML, Changes produced by CT scanning in the outlook of severe head injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1987;85:87-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbe BJ, Lyons RA, Lecky FE, Comparison of mortality following hospitalisation for isolated head injury in England and Wales, and Victoria, Australia. PLoS ONE 2011;6:e20545
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abraham T, Feng J. Evolution of brain imaging instrumentation. Semin Nucl Med 2011;41:202-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter JV, Wilde EA, Tong K, Emerging imaging tools for use with traumatic brain injury research. J Neurotrauma 2011;18:1-18
   Google Scholar
• Seelig JM, Becker DP, Miller JD, Traumatic acute subdural hematoma: major mortality reduction in comatose patients treated within four hours. NEJM 1981;304:1511-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Head injury. Triage, assessment, investigation and early management of head injury in infants, children and adults. 2007
   Google Scholar
• Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vandemheen K, The canadian CT head rule for patients with minor head injury. Lancet 2001;357:1391-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiell IG, Clement CM, Rowe BH, Comparison of the canadian CT head rule and the new orleans criteria in patients with minor head injury. JAMA 2005;294:1511-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullock MR, Chesnut R, Ghajar J, Surgical management of acute epidural hematomas. Neurosurgery 2006;58:S2-7-S2-15
   Google Scholar
• Bullock MR, Chesnut R, Ghajar J, Surgical management of acute subdural hematomas. Neurosurgery 2006;58:S2-16-24
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman R, Bilaniuk L. Computed tomographic staging of traumatic epidural bleeding. Radiology 1982;144:809-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Nakshabandi NA. The swirl sign. Radiology 2001;218:433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullock MR, Chesnut R, Ghajar J, Surgical management of traumatic parenchymal lesions. Neurosurgery 2006;58:S25-46; discussion Si-iv
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoshyomn S. Diagnosis and management of pediatric closed head injury. Semin Pediatr Surg 2004;13:80-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamaki T, Hirakawa K, Ueguchi T, Chronological evaluation of acute traumatic intracerebral haematoma. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1990;103:112-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alahmadi H, Vachhrajani S, Cusimano MD. The natural history of brain contusion: an analysis of radiological and clinical progression. J Neurosurg 2010;112:1139-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray GD, Teasdale GM, Braakman R, The European brain injury consortium survey of head injuries. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1999;141:223-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Servadei F, Murray GD, Teasdale G, Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: demographic and clinical study of 750 patients from the european brain injury consortium survey of head injuries. Neurosurgery 2002;50:261-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strich SJ. Diffuse degeneration of the cerebral white matter in severe dementia following head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1956;19:163-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentry LA, Godersky JC, Thompson B. MR imaging of head trauma: review of the distribution and radiopathologic features of traumatic lesions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1988;150:664-72
   Google Scholar
• Meythaler J, Peduzzi J, Eleftheriou E, Current concepts: diffuse axonal injury - associated traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:1461-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrimpton PC, Hillier MC, Lewis MA, National survey of doses from CT in the UK: 2003. Br J Radiol 2006;79:968-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Computed tomography–an increasing source of radiation exposure. NEJM 2007;357:2277-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mnyusiwalla A, Aviv RI, Symons SP. Radiation dose from multidetector row CT imaging for acute stroke. Neuroradiology 2009;51:635-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuppermann N, Holmes JF, Dayan PS, Identification of children at very low risk of clinically-important brain injuries after head trauma: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2009;374:1160-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall LF, Marshall SB, Klauber MR, The diagnosis of head injury requires a classification based on computed axial tomography. J Neurotrauma 1992;9(Suppl 1):S287-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steyerberg EW, Mushkudiani N, Perel P, Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: development and international validation of prognostic scores based on admission characteristics. Plos Med 2008;5:1251-61
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maas AIR, Hukkelhoven CWPM, Marshall LF, Prediction of outcome in traumatic brain injury with computed tomographic characteristics: a comparison between the computed tomographic classification and combinations of computed tomographic predictors. Neurosurgery 2005;57:1173-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panczykowski DM, Puccio AM, Scruggs BJ, Prospective independent validation of IMPACT modeling as a prognostic tool in severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2012;29:47-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuh EL, Cooper SR, Ferguson AR, Quantitative CT improves outcome prediction in acute traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2012;29:735-46. Epub 2011 Dec 8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parizel PM, Ozsarlak O, Van Goethem JW, Imaging findings in diffuse axonal injury after closed head trauma. Eur Radiol 1998;8:960-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashikaga R, Araki Y, Ishida O. MRI of head injury using FLAIR. Neuroradiology 1997;19:239-42
   Google Scholar
• Marquez de la Plata C, Ardelean A, Koovakkattu D, Magnetic resonance imaging of diffuse axonal injury: quantitative assessment of white matter lesion volume. J Neurotrauma 2007;24:591-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee H, Wintermark M, Gean AD, Focal lesions in acute mild traumatic brain injury and neurocognitive outcome: CT versus 3T MRI. J Neurotrauma 2008;25:1049-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong KA, Ashwal S, Holshouser BA, Hemorrhagic shearing lesions in children and adolescents with posttraumatic diffuse axonal injury: improved detection and initial results. Radiology 2003;227:332-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sehgal V, Delproposto Z, Haacke EM, Clinical applications of neuroimaging with susceptibility-weighted imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2005;22:439-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchamp MH, Ditchfield M, Babl FE, Detecting traumatic brain lesions in children: CT versus MRI versus susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI). J Neurotrauma 2011;28:915-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer PW, Grant PE, Gonzalez RG. Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging of the brain. Radiology 2000;217:331-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latchaw RE, Yonas H, Hunter GJ, Guidelines and recommendations for perfusion imaging in cerebral ischemia: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals by the writing group on perfusion imaging, from the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology of the American Heart Association. Stroke 2003;34:1084-104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arfanakis K, Haughton VM, Carew JD, Diffusion tensor MR imaging in diffuse axonal injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23:794-802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcombe VFJ, Williams GB, Nortje J, Analysis of acute traumatic axonal injury using diffusion tensor imaging. Br J Neurosurg 2007;21:340-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcombe V, Chatfield D, Outtrim J, Mapping traumatic axonal injury using diffusion tensor imaging: correlations with functional outcome. PLoS ONE 2011;6:e19214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidaros A, Engberg AW, Sidaros K, Diffusion tensor imaging during recovery from severe traumatic brain injury and relation to clinical outcome: a longitudinal study. Brain 2008;131:559-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilde EA, Chu Z, Bigler ED, Diffusion tensor imaging in the corpus callosum in children after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2006;23:1412-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmond CH, Menon DK, Chatfield DA, Diffusion tensor imaging in chronic head injury survivors: correlations with learning and memory indices. Neuroimage 2006;29:117-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J, Rasmussen I-A, Lagopoulos J, Diffuse axonal injury in severe traumatic brain injury visualized using high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging. J Neurotrauma 2007;24:753-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chastain CA, Oyoyo UE, Zipperman M, Predicting outcomes of traumatic brain injury by imaging modality and injury distribution. J Neurotrauma 2009;26:1183-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colbert CA, Holshouser BA, Aaen GS, Value of cerebral microhemorrhages detected with susceptibility-weighted MR imaging for prediction of long-term outcome in children with nonaccidental trauma. Radiology 2010;256:899-905
   Google Scholar
• Scheid R, Preul C, Gruber O, Diffuse axonal injury associated with chronic traumatic brain injury: evidence from T2*-weighted gradient-echo imaging at 3 T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003;24:1049-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss N, Galanaud D, Carpentier A, Clinical review: prognostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in acute brain injury and coma. Crit Care 2007;11:230
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takaoka M, Tabuse H, Kumura E, Semiquantitative analysis of corpus callosum injury using magnetic resonance imaging indicates clinical severity in patients with diffuse axonal injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;73:289-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou DJ, Tong KA, Ashwal S, Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging improves outcome prediction in adult traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2007;24:1558-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tollard E, Galanaud D, Perlbarg V, Experience of diffusion tensor imaging and 1H spectroscopy for outcome prediction in severe traumatic brain injury: preliminary results. Crit Care Med 2009;37:1448-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcombe VFJ, Outtrim JG, Chatfield DA, Parcellating the neuroanatomical basis of impaired decision-making in traumatic brain injury. Brain 2011;134:759-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinnunen KM, Greenwood R, Powell JH, White matter damage and cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury. Brain 2011;134:449-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartings JA, Bullock MR, Okonkwo DO, Spreading depolarisations and outcome after traumatic brain injury: a prospective observational study. Lancet Neurol 2011;10:1058-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi DW, Maulucci-Gedde M, Kriegstein AR. Glutamate neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture. J Neurosci 1987;7:357-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamoun R, Suki D, Gopinath SP, Role of extracellular glutamate measured by cerebral microdialysis in severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2010;113:564-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh IN, Sullivan PG, Deng Y, Time course of post-traumatic mitochondrial oxidative damage and dysfunction in a mouse model of focal traumatic brain injury: implications for neuroprotective therapy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2006;26:1407-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verweij BH, Muizelaar JP, Vinas FC, Impaired cerebral mitochondrial function after traumatic brain injury in humans. J Neurosurg 2000;93:815-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeffner EG, Case I, Jain R, Cerebral perfusion CT: technique and clinical applications. Radiology 2004;231:632-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wintermark M, Chiolero R, Van Melle G, Cerebral vascular autoregulation assessed by perfusion-CT in severe head trauma patients. J Neuroradiol 2006;33:27-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soustiel JF, Mahamid E, Goldsher D, Perfusion-CT for early assessment of traumatic cerebral contusions. Neuroradiology 2008;50:189-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metting Z, Rodiger LA, Stewart RE, Perfusion computed tomography in the acute phase of mild head injury: regional dysfunction and prognostic value. Ann Neurol 2009;66:809-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Y, McArthur DL, Alger JR, Early nonischemic oxidative metabolic dysfunction leads to chronic brain atrophy in traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010;30:883-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coles JP, Fryer TD, Coleman MR, Hyperventilation following head injury: effect on ischemic burden and cerebral oxidative metabolism. Crit Care Med 2007;35:568-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coles JP, Fryer TD, Smielewski P, Incidence and mechanisms of cerebral ischemia in early clinical head injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004;24:202-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coles JP, Cunningham AS, Salvador R, Early metabolic characteristics of lesion and nonlesion tissue after head injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009;29:965-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vespa P, Bergsneider M, Hattori N, Metabolic crisis without brain ischemia is common after traumatic brain injury: a combined microdialysis and positron emission tomography study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005;25:763-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron JC, Frackowiak RS, Herholz K, Use of PET methods for measurement of cerebral energy metabolism and hemodynamics in cerebrovascular disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1989;9:723-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coles JP. Imaging of cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Curr Opin Anesthesiol 2006;19:473-80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abate MG, Trivedi M, Fryer TD, Early derangements in oxygen and glucose metabolism following head injury: the ischemic penumbra and pathophysiological heterogeneity. Neurocrit Care 2008;9:319-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon DK, Coles JP, Gupta AK, Diffusion limited oxygen delivery following head injury*. Crit Care Med 2004;32:1384-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nortje J, Coles JP, Timofeev I, Effect of hyperoxia on regional oxygenation and metabolism after severe traumatic brain injury: preliminary findings. Crit Care Med 2008;36:273-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto K, Inoue O, Suzuki K, Synthesis and evaluation of 11C-PK11195 for in vivo study of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors using position emission tomography. Ann Nucl Med 1989;3:63-71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramlackhansingh AF, Brooks DJ, Greenwood RJ, Inflammation after trauma: microglial activation and traumatic brain injury. Ann Neurol 2011;70:374-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkersma H, Boellaard R, Yaqub M, Widespread and prolonged increase in (R)-(11)C-PK11195 binding after traumatic brain injury. J Nucl Med 2011;52:1235-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron J-C. Stroke research in the modern era: images versus dogmas. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005;20:154-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandera E, Botteri M, Minelli C, Cerebral blood flow threshold of ischemic penumbra and infarct core in acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review. Stroke 2006;37:1334-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lull N, Noe E, Lull JJ, Voxel-based statistical analysis of thalamic glucose metabolism in traumatic brain injury: relationship with consciousness and cognition. Brain Inj 2010;24:1098-107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Panach J, Lull N, Lull JJ, A voxel-based analysis of FDG-PET in traumatic brain injury: regional metabolism and relationship between the thalamus and cortical areas. J Neurotrauma 2011;28:1707-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawai N, Maeda Y, Kudomi N, Focal neuronal damage in patients with neuropsychological impairment after diffuse traumatic brain injury: evaluation using 11C-flumazenil positron emission tomography with statistical image analysis. J Neurotrauma 2010;27:2131-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proctor WG, Yu FC. The dependence of nuclear magnetic resonance frequency upon chemical compound. Phys Rev 1950;77:717
   Google Scholar
• Maudsley AA, Domenig C, Govind V, Mapping of brain metabolite distributions by volumetric proton MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). Magn Reson Med 2009;61:548-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timofeev I, Carpenter KLH, Nortje J, Cerebral extracellular chemistry and outcome following traumatic brain injury: a microdialysis study of 223 patients. Brain 2011;134:484-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belli A, Sen J, Petzold A, Metabolic failure precedes intracranial pressure rises in traumatic brain injury: a microdialysis study. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2008;150:461-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babikian T, Deboard Marion S, Copeland S, Metabolic levels in the corpus callosum and their structural and behavioral correlates after moderate to severe pediatric TBI. J Neurotrauma 2010;27:473-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marino S, Zei E, Battaglini M, Acute metabolic brain changes following traumatic brain injury and their relevance to clinical severity and outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007;78:501-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macmillan CSA, Wild JM, Wardlaw JM, Traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage: in vivo occult pathology demonstrated by magnetic resonance spectroscopy may not be “ischaemic”. A primary study and review of the literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2002;144:853-62. discussion 862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpentier A, Galanaud D, Puybasset L, Early morphologic and spectroscopic magnetic resonance in severe traumatic brain injuries can detect “invisible brain stem damage” and predict “vegetative states”. J Neurotrauma 2006;23:674-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffett JR, Ross B, Arun P, N-Acetylaspartate in the CNS: from neurodiagnostics to neurobiology. Prog Neurobiol 2007;81:89-131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garnett MR. Evidence for cellular damage in normal-appearing white matter correlates with injury severity in patients following traumatic brain injury: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Brain 2000;123:1403-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holshouser BA, Tong KA, Ashwal S, Prospective longitudinal proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in adult traumatic brain injury. J Magn Reson Imaging 2006;24:33-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vagnozzi R, Signoretti S, Cristofori L, Assessment of metabolic brain damage and recovery following mild traumatic brain injury: a multicentre, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic study in concussed patients. Brain 2010;133:3232-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belli A, Sen J, Petzold A, Extracellular N-acetylaspartate depletion in traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2006;96:861-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzeo AT, Beat A, Singh A, The role of mitochondrial transition pore, and its modulation, in traumatic brain injury and delayed neurodegeneration after TBI. Exp Neurol 2009;218:363-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govind V, Gold S, Kaliannan K, Whole-brain proton MR spectroscopic imaging of mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury and correlation with neuropsychological deficits. J Neurotrauma 2010;27:483-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cady EB, Dawson MJ, Hope PL, Non-invasive investigation of cerebral metabolism in newborn infants by phosphorous nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Lancet 1983;8333:1059-62
   Google Scholar
• de Vries LS, Groenendaal F. Patterns of neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury. Neuroradiology 2010;52:555-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garnett MR, Corkill RG, Blamire AM, Altered cellular metabolism following traumatic brain injury: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. J Neurotrauma 2001;18:231-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomaiuolo F, Carlesimo GA, Di Paola M, Gross morphology and morphometric sequelae in the hippocampus, fornix, and corpus callosum of patients with severe non-missile traumatic brain injury without macroscopically detectable lesions: a T1 weighted MRI study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1314-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmond CH, Chatfield DA, Menon DK, Cognitive sequelae of head injury: involvement of basal forebrain and associated structures. Brain 2005;128:189-200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner MA, Marquez de la Plata C, Spence J, Assessing spatial relationships between axonal integrity, regional brain volumes, and neuropsychological outcomes after traumatic axonal injury. J Neurotrauma 2010;27:2121-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakashima T, Nakayama N, Miwa K, Focal brain glucose hypometabolism in patients with neuropsychologic deficits after diffuse axonal injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007;28:236-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama N, Okumura A, Shinoda J, Relationship between regional cerebral metabolism and consciousness disturbance in traumatic diffuse brain injury without large focal lesions: an FDG-PET study with statistical parametric mapping analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006;77:856-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peskind ER, Petrie EC, Cross DJ, Cerebrocerebellar hypometabolism associated with repetitive blast exposure mild traumatic brain injury in 12 Iraq war veterans with persistent post-concussive symptoms. Neuroimage 2011;54(Suppl 1):S76-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samson Y, Hantraye P, Baron JC, Kinetics and displacement of [11C] RO 15-1788, a benzodiazepine antagonist, studied in human brain in vivo by positron tomography. Eur J Pharmacol 1985;110:247-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadoux-Hudson TAD, Wade D, Taylor DJ, Persistent metabolic sequelae of severe head injury in humans in vivo. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1990;104:1-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newsome MR, Scheibel RS, Steinberg JL, Working memory brain activation following severe traumatic brain injury. Cortex 2007;43:95-111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruishi M, Miyatani M, Nakao T, Compensatory cortical activation during performance of an attention task by patients with diffuse axonal injury: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007;78:168-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soeda A, Nakashima T, Okumura A, Cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study using the stroop task. Neuroradiology 2005;47:501-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister TW, Sparling MB, Flashman LA, Differential working memory load effects after mild traumatic brain injury. Neuroimage 2001;14:1004-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcombe VFJ, Williams GB, Scoffings D, Aetiological differences in neuroanatomy of the vegetative state: insights from diffusion tensor imaging and functional implications. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010;81:552-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laureys S, Celesia GG, Cohadon F, Unresponsive wakefulness syndrome: a new name for the vegetative state or apallic syndrome. BMC Med 2010;8:68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laureys S, Schiff ND. Coma and consciousness: paradigms (re)framed by neuroimaging. Neuroimage 2012;61:478-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar