Novel therapeutic strategies for the management of ventricular arrhythmias associated with the Brugada syndrome

Bibliography

• Nademanee K, Veerakul G, Nimmannit S, et al. Arrhythmogenic marker for the sudden unexplained death syndrome in Thai men. Circulation 1997;96:2595-600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugada P, Brugada R, Antzelevitch C, et al. The Brugada syndrome. In: Gussak I, Antzelevitch C, editors. Cardiac repolarization bridging basic and clinical sciences. Humana Press; Totowa, NJ: 2003. p. 427-46
   Google Scholar
• Eckardt L, Kirchhof P, Johna R, et al. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome associated with Brugada syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2001;24:1423-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordachar P, Reuter S, Garrigue S, et al. Incidence, clinical implications and prognosis of atrial arrhythmias in Brugada syndrome. Eur Heart J 2004;25:879-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilde AA, Antzelevitch C, Borggrefe M, et al. Proposed diagnostic criteria for the Brugada syndrome. Eur Heart J 2002;23:1648-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilde AA, Antzelevitch C, Borggrefe M, et al. Proposed diagnostic criteria for the Brugada syndrome: consensus report. Circulation 2002;106:2514-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Borggrefe M, et al. Brugada syndrome: report of the second consensus conference: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the European Heart Rhythm Association. Circulation 2005;111:659-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priori SG, Wilde AA, Horie M, et al. Executive summary: HRS/EHRA/APHRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes. Heart Rhythm 2013;15:1389-406
   Google Scholar
• Brugada R, Brugada J, Antzelevitch C, et al. Sodium channel blockers identify risk for sudden death in patients with ST-segment elevation and right bundle branch block but structurally normal hearts. Circulation 2000;101:510-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu W, Antzelevitch C, Suyama K, et al. Effect of sodium channel blockers on ST segment, QRS duration, and corrected QT interval in patients with Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2000;11:1320-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priori SG, Napolitano C, Gasparini M, et al. Clinical and genetic heterogeneity of right bundle branch block and ST-segment elevation syndrome: A prospective evaluation of 52 families. Circulation 2000;102:2509-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong K, Brugada J, Oliva A, et al. Value of electrocardiographic parameters and ajmaline test in the diagnosis of Brugada syndrome caused by SCN5A mutations. Circulation 2004;110:3023-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meregalli PG, Ruijter JM, Hofman N, et al. Diagnostic value of flecainide testing in unmasking SCN5A-related Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2006;17:857-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavrielatos G, Letsas KP, Pappas LK, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of sodium channel blocking test in the diagnosis of Brugada syndrome. Int J Cardiol 2010;141:e31-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugada P, Brugada J, Brugada R. Arrhythmia induction by antiarrhythmic drugs. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000;23:291-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazaki T, Mitamura H, Miyoshi S, et al. Autonomic and antiarrhythmic drug modulation of ST segment elevation in patients with Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:1061-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antzelevitch C, Brugada R. Fever and the Brugada syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2002;25:1537-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng J, Cui YK, Yuan FH, et al. [Fever and Brugada syndrome: report of 21 cases]. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao 2005;25:432-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Junttila MJ, Gonzalez M, Lizotte E, et al. Induced Brugada-type electrocardiogram, a sign for imminent malignant arrhythmias. Circulation 2008;117:1890-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler A, Topaz G, Heller K, et al. Fever-induced Brugada pattern: how common is it and what does it mean? Heart Rhythm 2013;10:1375-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiale PA, Garro HA, Fernandez PA, Elizari MV. High-degree right bundle branch block obscuring the diagnosis of Brugada electrocardiographic pattern. Heart Rhythm 2012;9:974-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aizawa Y, Takatsuki S, Kimura T, et al. Ventricular fibrillation associated with complete right bundle branch block. Heart Rhythm 2013;10:1028-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayes de Luna A, Brugada J, Baranchuk A, et al. Current electrocardiographic criteria for diagnosis of Brugada pattern: a consensus report. J Electrocardiol 2012;45:433-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chevallier S, Forclaz A, Tenkorang J, et al. New electrocardiographic criteria for discriminating between brugada types 2 and 3 patterns and incomplete right bundle branch block. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:2290-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Heidbuchel H, et al. Recommendations for interpretation of 12-lead electrocardiogram in the athlete. Eur Heart J 2010;31:243-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalla H, Yan GX, Marinchak R. Ventricular fibrillation in a patient with prominent J (Osborn) waves and ST segment elevation in the inferior electrocardiographic leads: a Brugada syndrome variant? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2000;11:95-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horigome H, Shigeta O, Kuga K, et al. Ventricular fibrillation during anesthesia in association with J waves in the left precordial leads in a child with coarctation of the aorta. J Electrocardiol 2003;36:339-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potet F, Mabo P, Le Coq G, et al. Novel brugada SCN5A mutation leading to ST segment elevation in the inferior or the right precordial leads. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003;14:200-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letsas KP, Sacher F, Probst V, et al. Prevalence of early repolarization pattern in inferolateral leads in patients with Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm 2008;5:1685-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawata H, Morita H, Yamada Y, et al. Prognostic significance of early repolarization in inferolateral leads in Brugada patients with documented ventricular fibrillation: a novel risk factor for Brugada syndrome with ventricular fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2013;10:1161-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takagi M, Aonuma K, Sekiguchi Y, et al. The prognostic value of early repolarization (J wave) and ST-segment morphology after J wave in Brugada syndrome: Multicenter study in Japan. Heart Rhythm 2013;10:533-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antzelevitch C, Yan GX. J wave syndromes. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:549-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Probst V, Veltmann C, Eckardt L, et al. Long-term prognosis of aatients diagnosed with Brugada syndrome: results from the FINGER Brugada Syndrome Registry. Circulation 2010;121:635-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priori SG, Gasparini M, Napolitano C, et al. Risk stratification in Brugada syndrome: results of the PRELUDE (PRogrammed ELectrical stimUlation preDictive valuE) registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:37-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delise P, Allocca G, Marras E, et al. Risk stratification in individuals with the Brugada type 1 ECG pattern without previous cardiac arrest: usefulness of a combined clinical and electrophysiologic approach. Eur Heart J 2011;32:169-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda T, Sakurada H, Sakabe K, et al. Assessment of noninvasive markers in identifying patients at risk in the Brugada syndrome: insight into risk stratification. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1628-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshioka K, Amino M, Zareba W, et al. Identification of high-risk brugada syndrome patients by combined analysis of late potential and T-wave amplitude variability on ambulatory electrocardiograms. Circ J 2013;77:610-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nademanee K, Veerakul G, Chandanamattha P, et al. Prevention of ventricular fibrillation episodes in Brugada syndrome by catheter ablation over the anterior right ventricular outflow tract epicardium. Circulation 2011;123:1270-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aizawa Y, Chinushi M, Tagawa M, et al. A post-QRS potential in Brugada syndrome: its relation to electrocardiographic pattern and possible genesis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1720-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furushima H, Chinushi M, Okamura K, et al. Comparison of conduction delay in the right ventricular outflow tract between Brugada syndrome and right ventricular cardiomyopathy: investigation of signal average ECG in the precordial leads. Europace 2007;9:951-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagase S, Kusano KF, Morita H, et al. Epicardial electrogram of the right ventricular outflow tract in patients with the Brugada syndrome: using the epicardial lead. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:1992-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Z, Patel C, Li W, et al. Role of signal-averaged electrocardiograms in arrhythmic risk stratification of patients with Brugada syndrome: a prospective study. Heart Rhythm 2009;6:1156-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morita H, Kusano KF, Miura D, et al. Fragmented QRS as a marker of conduction abnormality and a predictor of prognosis of Brugada syndrome. Circulation 2008;118:1697-704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollin A, Sacher F, Gourraud JB, et al. Prevalence, characteristics, and prognosis role of type 1 ST elevation in the peripheral ECG leads in patients with Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm 2013;10:1012-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junttila MJ, Brugada P, Hong K, et al. Differences in 12-lead electrocardiogram between symptomatic and asymptomatic Brugada syndrome patients. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008;19:380-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohkubo K, Watanabe I, Okumura Y, et al. Prolonged QRS duration in lead V2 and risk of life-threatening ventricular Arrhythmia in patients with Brugada syndrome. Int Heart J 2011;52:98-102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokioka K, Kusano KF, Morita H, et al. Electrocardiographic parameters and fatal Arrhythmic events in patients with Brugada syndrome: combination of depolarization and repolarization abnormalities. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:2131-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkozy A, Chierchia GB, Paparella G, et al. Inferior and lateral electrocardiographic repolarization abnormalities in Brugada syndrome. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2009;2:154-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Q, Kirsch GE, Zhang D, et al. Genetic basis and molecular mechanisms for idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Nature 1998;392:293-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antzelevitch C. J wave syndromes: molecular and cellular mechanisms. J Electrocardiol 2013;46:510-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antzelevitch C. Genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the J wave syndromes. Circ J 2012;76:1054-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapplinger JD, Tester DJ, Alders M, et al. An international compendium of mutations in the SCN5A encoded cardiac sodium channel in patients referred for Brugada syndrome genetic testing. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:33-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu D, Barajas-Martinez H, Pfeiffer R, et al. Mutations in SCN10A are responsible for a large fraction of cases of Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64:66-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss R, Barmada MM, Nguyen T, et al. Clinical and molecular heterogeneity in the Brugada syndrome: a novel gene locus on chromosome 3. Circulation 2002;105:707-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• London B, Michalec M, Mehdi H, et al. Mutation in glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 like gene (GPD1-L) decreases cardiac Na+ current and causes inherited arrhythmias. Circulation 2007;116:2260-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdivia CR, Ueda K, Ackerman MJ, Makielski JC. GPD1L links redox state to cardiac excitability by PKC-dependent phosphorylation of the sodium channel SCN5A. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009;297:H1446-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe H, Koopmann TT, Le Scouarnec S, et al. Sodium channel β1 subunit mutations associated with Brugada syndrome and cardiac conduction disease in humans. J Clin Invest 2008;118:2260-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu D, Barajas-Martinez H, Medeiros-Domingo A, et al. A novel rare variant in SCN1Bb linked to Brugada syndrome and SIDS by combined modulation of Na(v)1.5 and K(v)4.3 channel currents. Heart Rhythm 2012;9:760-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riuro H, Beltran-Alvarez P, Tarradas A, et al. A missense mutation in the sodium channel ß2 subunit reveals SCN2B as a new candidate gene for Brugada syndrome. Hum Mutat 2013;34:961-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezzina CR, Barc J, Mizusawa Y, et al. Common variants at SCN5A-SCN10A and HEY2 are associated with Brugada syndrome, a rare disease with high risk of sudden cardiac death. Nat Genet 2013;45:1044-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Boogaard M, Wong LY, Tessadori F, et al. Genetic variation in T-box binding element functionally affects SCN5A/SCN10A enhancer. J Clin Invest 2012;122:2519-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Boogaard M, Smemo S, Burnicka-Turek O, et al. A common genetic variant within SCN10A modulates cardiac SCN5A expression. J Clin Invest 2014;124:1844-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verkerk AO, Remme CA, Schumacher CA, et al. Functional Nav1.8 channels in intracardiac neurons: the link between SCN10A and cardiac electrophysiology. Circ Res 2012;111:333-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang T, Atack TC, Stroud DM, et al. Blocking Scn10a channels in heart reduces late sodium current and is antiarrhythmic. Circ Res 2012;111:322-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie MD, Denny JC, Zuvich RL, et al. Genome- and phenome-wide analyses of cardiac conduction identifies markers of arrhythmia risk. Circulation 2013;127:1377-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeff JM, Ritchie MD, Denny JC, et al. Generalization of variants identified by genome-wide association studies for electrocardiographic traits in African Americans. Ann Hum Genet 2013;77:321-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers JC, Zhao J, Terracciano CM, et al. Genetic variation in SCN10A influences cardiac conduction. Nat Genet 2010;42:149-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu D, Barajas-Martinez H, Kahlig K, et al. Genetic variants in SCN10A associated with Brugada sydrome, right bundle branch block and atrioventricular block. Heart Rhythm 2012;9:S395
   Google Scholar
• Sotoodehnia N, Isaacs A, de Bakker PI, et al. Common variants in 22 loci are associated with QRS duration and cardiac ventricular conduction. Nat Genet 2010;42:1068-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boukens BJ, Sylva M, de Gier-de VC, et al. Reduced sodium channel function unmasks residual embryonic slow conduction in the adult right ventricular outflow tract. Circ Res 2013;113:137-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman ME, Liu Y, Zhu WZ, et al. Myocardial deletion of transcription factor CHF1/Hey2 results in altered myocyte action potential and mild conduction system expansion but does not alter conduction system function or promote spontaneous arrhythmias. FASEB J 2014;28:3007-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerrone M, Lin X, Zhang M, et al. Missense mutations in plakophilin-2 cause sodium current deficit and associate with a Brugada syndrome phenotype. Circulation 2013;129:1092-103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa T, Sato A, Marcou CA, et al. A novel disease gene for Brugada syndrome: sarcolemmal membrane-associated protein gene mutations impair intracellular trafficking of hNav1.5. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2012;5:1098-107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burashnikov E, Pfeiffer R, Barajas-Martinez H, et al. Mutations in the cardiac L-type calcium channel associated J wave sydnrome and sudden cardiac death. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:1872-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordeiro JM, Marieb M, Pfeiffer R, et al. Accelerated inactivation of the L-type calcium due to a mutation in CACNB2b due to a mutation in CACNB2b underlies Brugada syndrome. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009;46:695-703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornet V, Bichet D, Sandoz G, et al. Multiple determinants in voltage-dependent P/Q calcium channels control their retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. Eur J Neurosci 2002;16:883-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catterall WA, Perez-Reyes E, Snutch TP, Striessnig J. International Union of Pharmacology. XLVIII. Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of voltage-gated calcium channels. Pharmacol Rev 2005;57:411-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antzelevitch C, Pollevick GD, Cordeiro JM, et al. Loss-of-function mutations in the cardiac calcium channel underline a new clinical entity characterized by ST segment elevation, short QT intervals, and sudden cardiac death. Circ Res 2006;99:1279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurnett CA, De WM, Campbell KP. Dual function of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel alpha 2 delta subunit in current stimulation and subunit interaction. Neuron 1996;16:431-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delpón E, Cordeiro JM, Núñez L, et al. Functional effects of KCNE3 mutation and its role in the development of Brugada syndrome. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2008;1:209-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giudicessi JR, Ye D, Tester DJ, et al. Transient outward current (Ito) gain-of-function mutations in the KCND3-encoded Kv4.3 potassium channel and Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm 2011;8:1024-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barajas-Martinez H, Hu D, Ferrer T, et al. Molecular genetic and functional association of Bugada and early repolarization syndromes with S422L missense mutation in KCNJ8. Heart Rhythm 2012;9:548-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delaney JT, Muhammad R, Blair MA, et al. A KCNJ8 mutation associated with early repolarization and atrial fibrillation. Europace 2012;14:1428-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medeiros-Domingo A, Tan BH, Crotti L, et al. Gain-of-function mutation S422L in the KCNJ8-encoded cardiac K(ATP) channel Kir6.1 as a pathogenic substrate for J-wave syndromes. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:1466-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu D, Barajas-Martinez H, Terzic A, et al. ABCC9 is a novel Brugada and early repolarization syndrome susceptibility gene. Int J Cardiol 2014;171:431-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Scouarnec S, Karakachoff M, Gourraud JB, et al. Testing the burden of rare variation in arrhythmia-susceptibility genes provides new insights into molecular diagnosis for Brugada syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2015. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behr ER, Savio-Galimberti E, Barc J, et al. Role of common and rare variants in SCN10A: results from the Brugada syndrome QRS locus gene discovery collaborative study. Cardiovasc Res 2015. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilde AA, Postema PG, Di Diego JM, et al. The pathophysiological mechanism underlying Brugada syndrome: depolarization versus repolarization. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010;49:543-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morita H, Zipes DP, Wu J. Brugada syndrome: insights of ST elevation, arrhythmogenicity, and risk stratification from experimental observations. Heart Rhythm 2009;6:S34-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antzelevitch C. Brugada syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2006;29:1130-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szel T, Antzelevitch C. Abnormal repolarization as the basis for late potentials and fractionated electrograms recorded from epicardium in experimental models of brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:2037-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antzelevitch C, Sicouri S, Litovsky SH, et al. Heterogeneity within the ventricular wall. Electrophysiology and pharmacology of epicardial, endocardial, and M cells. Circ Res 1991;69:1427-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan SC, Antzelevitch C. Sodium channel block produces opposite electrophysiological effects in canine ventricular epicardium and endocardium. Circ Res 1991;69:277-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan SC, Antzelevitch C. Flecainide-induced arrhythmia in canine ventricular epicardium. Phase 2 reentry? Circulation 1993;87:562-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Brugada J, et al. Brugada syndrome: a decade of progress. Circ Res 2002;91:1114-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antzelevitch C. The Brugada syndrome: ionic basis and arrhythmia mechanisms. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001;12:268-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan GX, Antzelevitch C. Cellular basis for the electrocardiographic J wave. Circulation 1996;93:372-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gussak I, Antzelevitch C, Bjerregaard P, et al. The Brugada syndrome: clinical, electrophysiologic and genetic aspects. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:5-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukas A, Antzelevitch C. Phase 2 reentry as a mechanism of initiation of circus movement reentry in canine epicardium exposed to simulated ischemia. Cardiovasc Res 1996;32:593-603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan GX, Antzelevitch C. Cellular basis for the Brugada syndrome and other mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis associated with ST segment elevation. Circulation 1999;100:1660-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish JM, Antzelevitch C. Role of sodium and calcium channel block in unmasking the Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm 2004;1:210-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurita T, Shimizu W, Inagaki M, et al. The electrophysiologic mechanism of ST-segment elevation in Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:330-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugada J, Brugada R, Brugada P. Pharmacological and device approach to therapy of inherited cardiac diseases associated with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death. J Electrocardiol 2000;33(Suppl):41-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugada P, Brugada R, Brugada J, Geelen P. Use of the prophylactic implantable cardioverter defibrillator for patients with normal hearts. Am J Cardiol 1999;83:98D-100D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizusawa Y, Wilde AA. Brugada syndrome. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2012;5:606-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takagi M, Sekiguchi Y, Yokoyama Y, et al. Long-term prognosis in patients with Brugada syndrome based on Class II indication for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in the HRS/EHRA/APHRS Expert Consensus Statement: Multicenter study in Japan. Heart Rhythm 2014;11:1716-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugada P, Bartholomay E, Mont L, et al. Treatment of Brugada syndrome with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. In: Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Brugada J, Brugada R, editors. The Brugada Syndrome: from bench to bedside. Blackwell Futura; Oxford: 2004. p. 194-201
   Google Scholar
• Sarkozy A, Boussy T, Kourgiannides G, et al. Long-term follow-up of primary prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in Brugada syndrome. Eur Heart J 2007;28:334-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosso R, Glick A, Glikson M, et al. Outcome after implantation of cardioverter defribrillator in patients with Brugada syndrome: a multicenter Israeli study (ISRABRU). Isr Med Assoc J 2008;10:435-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacher F, Probst V, Maury P, et al. Outcome after implantation of cardioverter-defibrillator in patients with Brugada syndrome: a multicenter study - part 2. Circulation 2013;128:1739-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacher F, Probst V, Iesaka Y, et al. Outcome after implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator in patients with Brugada syndrome: a multicenter study. Circulation 2006;114:2317-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Maria E, Bonetti L, Patrizi G, et al. Implantation of a completely subcutaneous ICD system: case report of a patient with Brugada syndrome and state of the art. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2012;34:105-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griksaitis MJ, Rosengarten JA, Gnanapragasam JP, et al. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in paediatric practice: a single-centre UK experience with focus on subcutaneous defibrillation. Europace 2013;15:523-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowley CP, Lobodzinski SS, Gold MR. The subcutaneous defibrillator. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 2012;14:550-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bardy GH, Smith WM, Hood MA, et al. An entirely subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. N Engl J Med 2010;363:36-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Den Berg MP, Wilde AA, Viersma TJW, et al. Possible bradycardic mode of death and successful pacemaker treatment in a large family with features of long QT syndrome type 3 and Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001;12:630-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertomeu-Gonzalez V, Ruiz-Granell R, Garcia-Civera R, et al. Syncopal monomorphic ventricular tachycardia with pleomorphism, sensitive to antitachycardia pacing in a patient with Brugada syndrome. Europace 2006;8:1048-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee KL, Lau C, Tse H, et al. Prevention of ventricular fibrillation by pacing in a man with Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2000;11:935-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayerza MR, de Zutter M, Goethals M, et al. Heart transplantation as last resort against Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2002;13:943-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haissaguerre M, Extramiana F, Hocini M, et al. Mapping and ablation of ventricular fibrillation associated with long-QT and Brugada syndromes. Circulation 2003;108:925-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa E, Takagi M, Tatsumi H, Yoshiyama M. Successful radiofrequency catheter ablation for electrical storm of ventricular fibrillation in a patient with Brugada syndrome. Circ J 2008;72:1025-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah AJ, Hocini M, Lamaison D, et al. Regional substrate ablation abolishes Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2011;22:1290-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunsaneewitayakul B, Yao Y, Thamaree S, Zhang S. Endocardial mapping and catheter ablation for ventricular fibrillation prevention in Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2012;23(Suppl 1):S10-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortez-Dias N, Placido R, Marta L, et al. Epicardial ablation for prevention of ventricular fibrillation in a patient with Brugada syndrome. Rev Port Cardiol 2014;33:305-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patocskai B, Szel T, Yoon N, Antzelevitch C. Cellular mechanisms underlying the fractionated and late potentials on epicardial electrograms and the ameliorative effect of epicardial radiofrequency ablation in an experimental model of Brugada syndrome [abstract 006]. In: Program and abstracts of the 24th Annual Upstate New York Cardiac Electrophysiology Society Meeting; 3 November 2014; Buffalo, NY; 2014
   Google Scholar
• Brugada J, Brugada R, Brugada P. Right bundle-branch block and ST-segment elevation in leads V1 through V3. A marker for sudden death in patients without demonstrable structural heart disease. Circulation 1998;97:457-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinushi M, Aizawa Y, Ogawa Y, et al. Discrepant drug action of disopyramide on ECG abnormalities and induction of ventricular arrhythmias in a patient with Brugada syndrome. J Electrocardiol 1997;30:133-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Brugada J, et al. Clinical approaches to tachyarrhythmias. The Brugada syndrome. Futura Publishing Co., Inc; Armonk, NY: 1999
   Google Scholar
• Minoura Y, Di Diego JM, Barajas-Martinez H, et al. Ionic and cellular mechanisms underlying the development of acquired Brugada syndrome in patients treated with antidepressants. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2012;23:423-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minoura Y, Panama BK, Nesterenko VV, et al. Effect of Wenxin Keli and quinidine to suppress arrhythmogenesis in an experimental model of Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm 2013;10:1054-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurabi Z, Koncz I, Patocskai B, et al. Cellular mechanism underlying hypothermia-induced VT/VF in the setting of early repolarization and the protective effect of quinidine, cilostazol and milrinone. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014;7:134-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alings M, Dekker L, Sadee A, Wilde A. Quinidine induced electrocardiographic normalization in two patients with Brugada syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2001;24:1420-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belhassen B, Viskin S, Antzelevitch C. The Brugada syndrome: is an implantable cardioverter defibrillator the only therapeutic option? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2002;25:1634-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belhassen B, Viskin S. Pharmacologic approach to therapy of Brugada syndrome: quinidine as an alternative to ICD therapy? In: Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Brugada J, Brugada R, editors. The Brugada syndrome: from bench to bedside. Blackwell Futura; Oxford: 2004. p. 202-11
   Google Scholar
• Viskin S, Wilde AA, Tan HL, et al. Empiric quinidine therapy for asymptomatic Brugada syndrome: time for a prospective registry. Heart Rhythm 2009;6:401-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belhassen B, Glick A, Viskin S. Excellent long-term reproducibility of the electrophysiologic efficacy of quinidine in patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and Brugada syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2009;32:294-301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquez MF, Bonny A, Hernandez-Castillo E, et al. Long-term efficacy of low doses of quinidine on malignant arrhythmias in Brugada syndrome with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: a case series and literature review. Heart Rhythm 2013;9:1995-2000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrino PL, Di BM, Brunetti ND. Quinidine for the management of electrical storm in an old patient with Brugada syndrome and syncope. Acta Cardiol 2013;68:201-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Probst V, Evain S, Gournay V, et al. Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia due to Brugada syndrome successfully treated by hydroquinidine therapy in a 3-year-old child. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2006;17:97-100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweizer PA, Becker R, Katus HA, Thomas D. Successful acute and long-term management of electrical storm in Brugada syndrome using orciprenaline and quinine/quinidine. Clin Res Cardiol 2010;99:467-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasegawa K, Ashihara T, Kimura H, et al. Long-term pharmacological therapy of Brugada syndrome: is J-wave attenuation a marker of drug efficacy? Intern Med 2014;53:1523-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquez MF, Rivera J, Hermosillo AG, et al. Arrhythmic storm responsive to quinidine in a patient with Brugada syndrome and vasovagal syncope. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005;28:870-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viskin S, Antzelevitch C, Marquez MF, Belhassen B. Quinidine: a valuable medication joins the list of ‘endangered species’. Europace 2007;12:1105-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohgo T, Okamura H, Noda T, et al. Acute and chronic management in patients with Brugada syndrome associated with electrical storm of ventricular fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2007;4:695-700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belhassen B, Viskin S, Fish R, et al. Effects of electrophysiologic-guided therapy with Class IA antiarrhythmic drugs on the long-term outcome of patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation with or without the Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1999;10:1301-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida JS, Denjoy I, Clerc J, et al. Hydroquinidine therapy in Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:1853-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mok NS, Chan NY, Chi-Suen CA. Successful use of quinidine in treatment of electrical storm in Brugada syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2004;27:821-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viskin S. Empiric Quinidine for Asymptomatic Brugada Syndrome. International Registry of Asymptomatic Brugada Syndrome. 2008. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00789165?term_brugada&rank_2
   Google Scholar
• Sanofi. Hydroquinidine Versus Placebo in Patients With Brugada Syndrome (Quidam). 2009. Trial Terminated Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT00927732
   Google Scholar
• Fish JM, Extramiana F, Antzelevitch C. Tedisamil abolishes the arrhythmogenic substrate responsible for VT/VF in an experimental model of the Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm 2004. 1(1S):S158
   Google Scholar
• Antzelevitch C, Shimizu W, Yan GX, et al. The M cell: its contribution to the ECG and to normal and abnormal electrical function of the heart. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1999;10:1124-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antzelevitch C, Shimizu W. Cellular mechanisms underlying the long QT syndrome. Curr Opin Cardiol 2002;17:43-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belardinelli L, Antzelevitch C, Vos MA. Assessing predictors of drug-induced torsade de pointes. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2003;24:619-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish JM, Extramiana F, Antzelevitch C. AVE0118, an Ito and IKur blocker, suppresses VT/VF in an experimental model of the Brugada syndrome. Circulation 2004. 110(17):III-193
   Google Scholar
• Tsuchiya T, Ashikaga K, Honda T, Arita M. Prevention of ventricular fibrillation by cilostazol, an oral phosphodiesterase inhibitor, in a patient with Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2002;13:698-701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyriazis K, Bahlmann E, van der SH, Kuck KH. Electrical storm in Brugada syndrome successfully treated with orciprenaline; effect of low-dose quinidine on the electrocardiogram. Europace 2009;11:665-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maury P, Couderc P, Delay M, et al. Electrical storm in Brugada syndrome successfully treated using isoprenaline. Europace 2004;6:130-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maury P, Hocini M, Haissaguerre M. Electrical storms in Brugada syndrome: review of pharmacologic and ablative therapeutic options. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J 2005;5:25-34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jongman JK, Jepkes-Bruin N, Ramdat Misier AR, et al. Electrical storms in Brugada syndrome successfully treated with isoproterenol infusion and quinidine orally. Neth Heart J 2007;15:151-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe A, Fukushima KK, Morita H, et al. Low-dose isoproterenol for repetitive ventricular arrhythmia in patients with Brugada syndrome. Eur Heart J 2006;27:1579-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furniss G. Isoprenaline and quinidine to calm Brugada VF storm. BMJ Case Rep 2012;doi:10.1136/bcr.04.2011.4156
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shimizu W, Matsuo K, Takagi M, et al. Body surface distribution and response to drugs of ST segment elevation in Brugada syndrome: clinical implication of eighty-seven-lead body surface potential mapping and its application to twelve-lead electrocardiograms. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2000;11:396-404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki H, Torigoe K, Numata O, Yazaki S. Infant case with a malignant form of Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2000;11:1277-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka H, Kinoshita O, Uchikawa S, et al. Successful prevention of recurrent ventricular fibrillation by intravenous isoproterenol in a patient with Brugada syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2001;24:1293-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu W, Kamakura S. Catecholamines in children with congenital long QT syndrome and Brugada syndrome. J Electrocardiol 2001;34(Suppl):173-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharif-Kazemi MB, Emkanjoo Z, Tavoosi A, et al. Electrical storm in Brugada syndrome during pregnancy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2011;34:e18-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roten L, Derval N, Sacher F, et al. Heterogeneous response of J wave syndromes to beta-adrenergic stimulation. Heart Rhythm 2012;9:1970-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneko Y, Horie M, Niwano S, et al. Electrical storm in patients with Brugada syndrome is associated with early repolarization. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014;7:1122-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agac MT, Erkan H, Korkmaz L. Conversion of Brugada type I to type III and successful control of recurrent ventricular arrhythmia with cilostazol. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2014;107(8-9):476-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanlop N, Chattipakorn S, Chattipakorn N. Effects of cilostazol in the heart. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2011;12:88-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai Y, Muqier Murakami H, et al. Cilostazol protects the heart against ischaemia reperfusion injury in a rabbit model of myocardial infarction: focus on adenosine, nitric oxide and mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2011;38:658-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinohara T, Ebata Y, Ayabe R, et al. Combination therapy of cilostazol and bepridil suppresses recurrent ventricular fibrillation related to J-wave syndromes. Heart Rhythm 2014;11:1441-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abud A, Bagattin D, Goyeneche R, Becker C. Failure of cilostazol in the prevention of ventricular fibrillation in a patient with Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2006;17:210-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szel T, Koncz I, Antzelevitch C. Cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of milrinone and cilostazol to supress arrhythmogenesis associated with Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm 2013;10:1720-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugao M, Fujiki A, Nishida K, et al. Repolarization dynamics in patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation: pharmacological therapy with bepridil and disopyramide. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2005;45:545-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami M, Nakamura K, Kusano KF, et al. Efficacy of low-dose bepridil for prevention of ventricular fibrillation in patients with Brugada syndrome with and without SCN5A mutation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010;56:389-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aizawa Y, Yamakawa H, Takatsuki S, et al. Efficacy and safety of bepridil for prevention of ICD shocks in patients with Brugada syndrome and idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 2013;168:5083-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang L, Zheng MQ, Morishima M, et al. Bepridil up-regulates cardiac Na+ channels as a long-term effect by blunting proteasome signals through inhibition of calmodulin activity. Br J Pharmacol 2009;157:404-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamura A, Ogura T, Uemura H, et al. Effects of antiarrhythmic drugs on the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel current. J Pharmacol Sci 2009;110:150-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burashnikov A, Petroski A, Hu D, et al. Atrial-selective inhibition of sodium channel current by Wenxin Keli is effective in suppressing atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2012;9:125-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Wang X, Gu Y, et al. Wenxin Keli attenuates ischemia-induced ventricular arrhythmias in rats: involvement of Ltype calcium and transient outward potassium currents. Mol Med Rep 2013;7:519-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish JM, Welchons DR, Kim YS, et al. Dimethyl lithospermate B, an extract of danshen, suppresses arrhythmogenesis associated with the Brugada syndrome. Circulation 2006;113:1393-400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordeiro JM, Nesterenko VV, Sicouri S, et al. Identification and characterization of a transient outward K+ current in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013;60:36-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matana A, Goldner V, Stanic K, et al. Unmasking effect of propafenone on the concealed form of the Brugada phenomenon. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000;23:416-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurabi Z, Koncz I, Patocskai B, et al. Cellular mechanism underlying hypothermia-induced ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation in the setting of early repolarization and the protective effect of quinidine, cilostazol, and milrinone. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014;7:134-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar