References
- Papers of special note have been highlighted as either of interest (•) or of considerable interest (••) to readers.
- Palumbo A, Anderson K. Multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(11):1046–1060.
- Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, Palumbo A, et al. International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(12):e538–48.
- Mateos MV, Ocio EM, Paiva B, et al. Treatment for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma in 2015. Blood Rev 2015;29(6):387–403.
• This manuscript represents a review of the treatment for newly diagnosed myeloma patients showing as the natural course of the disease make necessary the development of new agents.
- Antonia SJ, Larkin J, Ascierto PA. Immuno-oncology combinations: a review of clinical experience and future prospects. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(24):6258–6268.
•• This review illustrates immuno-oncology is an evolving treatment modality that includes immunotherapies designed to harness the patient’s own immune system and it is attractive to evaluate it in multiple myeloma.
- Veillette A, Guo H. CS1, a SLAM family receptor involved in immune regulation, is a therapeutic target in multiple myeloma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2013;88(1):168–177.
- Rossi M, Botta C, Correale P, et al. Immunologic microenvironment and personalized treatment in multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2013;13(Suppl 1):S83–93.
- Feyler S, Selby PJ, Cook G. Regulating the regulators in cancer-immunosuppression in multiple myeloma (MM). Blood Rev. 2013;27(3):155–164.
- Xie Z, Gunaratne J, Cheong LL, et al. Plasma membrane proteomics identifies biomarkers associated with MMSET overexpression in T(4;14) multiple myeloma. Oncotarget. 2013;4(7):1008–1018.
- Guo H, Cruz-Munoz ME, Wu N, et al. Immune cell inhibition by SLAMF7 is mediated by a mechanism requiring src kinases, CD45, and SHIP-1 that is defective in multiple myeloma cells. Mol Cell Biol. 2015;35(1):41–51.
- Hsi ED, Steinle R, Balasa B, et al. CS1, a potential new therapeutic antibody target for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14(9):2775–2784.
- Collins SM, Bakan CE, Swartzel GD, et al. Elotuzumab directly enhances NK cell cytotoxicity against myeloma via CS1 ligation: evidence for augmented NK cell function complementing ADCC. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2013;62(12):1841–1849.
- Balasa B, Yun R, Belmar NA, et al. Elotuzumab enhances natural killer cell activation and myeloma cell killing through interleukin-2 and TNF-alpha pathways. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2015;64(1):61–73.
- van Rhee F, Szmania SM, Dillon M, et al. Combinatorial efficacy of anti-CS1 monoclonal antibody elotuzumab (HuLuc63) and bortezomib against multiple myeloma. Mol Cancer Ther. 2009;8(9):2616–2624.
- Tai YT, Dillon M, Song W, et al. Anti-CS1 humanized monoclonal antibody HuLuc63 inhibits myeloma cell adhesion and induces antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in the bone marrow milieu. Blood. 2008;112(4):1329–1337.
- Zonder JA, Mohrbacher AF, Singhal S, et al. A phase 1, multicenter, open-label, dose escalation study of elotuzumab in patients with advanced multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012;120(3):552–559.
•• This is the first in human trial evaluating elotuzumab in myeloma patients. Elotuzumab was generally well tolerated, justifying further exploration of this agent in combination regimens.
- Jakubowiak AJ, Benson DM, Bensinger W, et al. Phase I trial of anti-CS1 monoclonal antibody elotuzumab in combination with bortezomib in the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(16):1960–1965.
- Lonial S, Vij R, Harousseau JL, et al. Elotuzumab in combination with lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(16):1953–1959.
- Berdeja J, Jagannath S, Zonder J, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of elotuzumab in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with multiple myeloma and various levels of renal function: results of a phase 1b study. Blood. 2014;124(21):2119.
- Richardson PG, Jagannath S, Moreau P, et al. Final results for the 1703 phase 1b/2 study of elotuzumab in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2014;124(21):302.
• This manuscript shows as the combination of elotuzumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone resulted very effective in relapsed/refractory myeloma patients and it is the rationale for the phase 3 trial.
- Mateos MVGM, Oriol A, et al. A phase II single-arm study of elotuzumab in combination with thalidomide and low dose dexamethasone in patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma. Haematologica. 2014;99(Suppl 1):364–365.
- Jakubowiak AOM, Pégourie B, et al. A randomized, open-label, phase 2 study of bortezomib and dexamethasone with or without elotuzumab in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Haematologica. 2015;99(Suppl 1):S103.
- Lonial S, Dimopoulos M, Palumbo A, et al. Elotuzumab therapy for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(7):621–631.
•• This phase 3 randomized trial shows that the addition of elotuzumab to lenalidomide and dexamethasone is able to reduce by 30% the probability of progression and/or death resulting in a new standard of care for relapsed/refractory myeloma patients.
- Usmani SZ, Sexton R, Ailawadhi S, et al. Phase I safety data of lenalidomide, bortezomib, dexamethasone, and elotuzumab as induction therapy for newly diagnosed symptomatic multiple myeloma: SWOG S1211. Blood Cancer J. 2015;5:e334.
- Mateos MV, Hernandez MT, Giraldo P, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(5):438–447.