Determination of GTA and GMA welding arc temperatures

References

• Wang Q L and Li P J: ‘Arc light sensing of droplet transfer and its analysis in pulsed GMAW processes.’ Welding Journal 1997 ( 11 ) 458 –469.
   Google Scholar
• Yoo C D et al : ‘Investigation on arc light intensity in gas metal arc welding. Part 1: Relationship between arc light intensity and arc length.’ Proc Inst Mech Engrs, Part B, Journal of Engineering Manufacture 1997 211 345 –353.
   Google Scholar
• Li P J and Zhang V M: ‘Precision sensing of arc length in GTAW based on arc light spectrum.’ Trans ASME 2001 ( 2 ) 62 –65.
   Google Scholar
• Li P J and Zhang V M: ‘Analysis of an arc light mechanism and its application in sensing GTAW process.’ Welding Journal 2000 ( 9 ) 252 –260.
   Google Scholar
• Haidar J: ‘A theoretical model for gas arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding.’ Journal Appl Physics 1998 ( 7 ) 3518 –3529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gick A E F et al : ‘The use of electrostatic probes to measure the temperature profiles of welding arcs.’ Journal of Physics D: Appl Physics 1073 1941 –1949.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Welding Handbook.’ Publ AWS, Florida, 1991 31–63.
   Google Scholar
• Glickstein S S: ‘Temperature measurements in a free burning arc.’ Welding Journal 1976 ( 8 ) 222 –229.
   Google Scholar
• Lancaster J F: ‘The physics of welding.’ Publ Pergamon Press, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Wegrzyn J: ‘Physics and metallurgy of welding.’ Publ Slask Polytechnic, Gliwice, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Hsu K C et al : ‘Study of the free-burning high-intensity argon arc.’ J Appl Physics 1983 ( 3 ) 1293 –1301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clements R M and Smy P R: ‘Comments on ‘The use of electrostatic probes to measure temperature profiles of welding arcs.’ Journal Physics D: Appl Physics 1974 L133 –L136.
   Google Scholar
• Lowke J J et al : ‘Theory of free-burning arc columns including the influence of the cathode.’ Journal of Physics D: Appl Physics 1992 1600 –1606.
   Google Scholar
• Cram L E et al : ‘Departure from equilibrium in a free-burning arc.’ Journal of Physics D: Appl Physics 1988 ( 21 ) 418
   Google Scholar
• Farmer A J D and Haddad G N: ‘Local thermodynamic equilibrium in free-burning arcs in argon.’ Appl Physics Letters 1984 ( 1 ) 24 –25.
   Google Scholar
• Mieciew W S et al : ‘Determination of the temperature of the welding arc by high-speed photography.’ Avt Svarka 1973 ( 6 ) 23 –26.
   Google Scholar
• Oles A: ‘Experimental methods in the physics of solid body.’ Publ UNT, Warsaw, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Farmer A J D and Haddad G N: ‘Rayleigh scattering measurements in a free-burning arc.’ Journal of Physics D: Appi Physics 1988 425 –421.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy A B and Farmer A J D: ‘Temperature measurement in thermal plasmas by Rayleigh scattering.’ J Appl Phys 1992 ( 25 ) 634 –643.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy A B et al : ‘Laser-scattering measurement of temperature profiles of a free-burning arc.’ Appl Physics Letters 1992 ( 11 ) 1304 –1305.
   Google Scholar
• Etemadi K and Pfender E: ‘Computer controlled plasma emission spectroscopy.’ Review of Scientific Instruments 1982 ( 2 ) 255 –257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer A J D et al : ‘Temperature determination in free-burning arc: III Measurements with molten anodes.’ J of Physics D: Appl Physics 1986 1723 –1730.
   Google Scholar
• Farmer A J D et al : ‘Temperature distribution in free-burning arc: IV results in argon at elevated pressures.’ Journal of Physics D: Appl Physics 1988 432 –436.
   Google Scholar
• Haddad G N and Farmer A J D: ‘Temperature measurements in gas tungsten arcs.’ Welding Journal 1985 ( 12 ) 339 –342.
   Google Scholar
• Ibatulin B L et al : ‘Mean temperature of the arc gas plasma when elect.rode welding.’ Avt Svarka 1975 ( 2 ) 71 –72.
   Google Scholar
• Key J F et al : ‘Process variable influence on arc temperature distribution.’ Welding Journal 1983 ( 7 ) 179 –184.
   Google Scholar
• Kovitya P and Lowke J J: ‘Two dimensional analysis of free-burning arcs in argon.’ Journal of Physics D: Appi Physics 1985 ( 18 ) 53 –70.
   Google Scholar
• Mill G S: ‘Use of emission spectroscopy for welding arc analysis.’ Welding Journal 1977 ( 3 ) 93 –96.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy A B: ‘Modified Flower–Milne method for the spec troscopic measurement of temperature and composition of multi-element thermal plasmas.’ Review of Scientific Instruments 1994 ( 11 ) 3423 –3427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy A B: ‘Demixing due to frictional forces in an electric arc.’ Physical Review Letters 1994 ( 13 ) 1797 –1800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quigley M B C: ‘Physics of the welding arc.’ Welding and Metal Fabrications 1977 ( 12 ) 619 –626.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw C B: ‘Diagnostic studies of the GIAW arc, Part 1 – Observational studies.’ Welding Journal 1975 ( 2 ) 33 –34.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw C B: ‘Diagnostic studies of the GTAW arc. Part 2 – Mathematical model.’ 1976 (3) 81–86.
   Google Scholar
• Vinogradov W A et al : ‘The effect of system parameters on the arc temperature and methods of its measurement’ Svar Proiz 1976 ( 8 ) 13 –15.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Investigations into the welding arc.’ http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sims/welding/research/plasma/optic-temprtslides/.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon G M et al : ‘Effect of current and atmospheres on arc temperatures.’ Welding Journal 1956 ( 2 ) 109 –112.
   Google Scholar
• Corliss C H and Bosman U R: ‘Probable oscillator powers of 70 elements.’ Publ Mitropol'skaj ON, Moscow, 1968 (Translation from English by Dobrzynski).
   Google Scholar
• Ibatulin B L et al : ‘The effect of the active electrode coating on the mean temperature of the arc in carbon dioxide shielding gas.’ Svar Proiz 1970 ( 5 ) 11 –12.
   Google Scholar
• Demtroder U: ‘Laser spectroscopy.’ Publ PUN, Warsaw, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Luksa K and Weglowski M: ‘Investigation into the optical radiation spectrum of the GTA welding arc.’ Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa 2004 ( 2 ).
   Google Scholar
• Weglowski M: ‘The effect of interference and welding parameters in GMA and GTA methods on the intensity of the opt.ical radiation of the welding arc.’ Diploma Thesis, Slask Polytechnic, 2002.
   Google Scholar