Fear of Parasites: Lone Star Ticks Increase Giving-up Densities in White-Tailed Deer

References

• Adler, G. H., Telford, S. R., Wilson, M. L., Spielman, A. 1992. Vegetation structure influences the burden of immature Ixodes dammini on its main host, Peromyscus leucopus. Parasitology 105: 105-110.
   Google Scholar
• Altendorf, K. B., Laundre, J. W., Lopez Gonzalez, C. A., Brown, J. S. 2001. Assessing effects of predation risk on foraging behavior of mule deer. J. Mammal. 82: 430-439.
   Google Scholar
• Altizer, S., Nunn, C. L., Thrall, P. H., Gittleman, J. L., Antonovics, J., Cunningham, A. A., Dobson, A. P., Ezenwa, V., Jones, K. E., Pedersen A. B., Poss, M., Pulliam, J. R. C. 2003. Social organization and parasite risk in mammals: Integrating theory and empirical studies. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 34: 517-547.
   Google Scholar
• Arens, M. Q., Liddell, A. M., Buening, G., Gaudreault-Keener, M., Sumner, J. W., Comer, J. A., Buller, R. S., Storch, G. A. 2003. Detection of Ehrlichia spp. in the blood of wild white-tailed deer in Missouri by PCR assay and serologic analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 1263-1265.
   Google Scholar
• Awerbuch-Friedlander, T., Levins, R., Predescu, M. 2005. The role of seasonality in the dynamics of deer tick populations. Bull. Math. Biol. 67: 467-486.
   Google Scholar
• Bacon, R. M., Gilmore, R. D., Quintana, M., Piesman, J., Johnson, B. J. B. 2003. DNA evidence of Borrelia lonestari in Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) in southeast Missouri. J. Med. Entomol. 40: 590-592.
   Google Scholar
• Barnard, D. R. 1985. Injury thresholds and production loss functions for the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae), on pastured, preweaner beef cattle, Bos taurus. J. Econ. Entomol. 78: 852-855.
   Google Scholar
• Beasom, S. L. 1974. Relationships between predator removal and white-tailed deer net productivity. J. Wildlife Manage. 38: 854-859.
   Google Scholar
• Bolte, J. R., Hair, J. A., Flecther, J. 1970. White-tailed deer mortality following tissue destruction induced by lone star ticks. J. Wildlife Manage. 34: 546-552.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J. S. 1988. Patch use as an indicator of habitat preference, predation risk, and competition. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 22: 37-47.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J. S., Laundre, J. W., Gurung, M. 1999. The ecology of fear: Optimal foraging, game theory, and trophic interactions. J. Mammal. 80: 385-399.
   Google Scholar
• Carrieri, M., Bellini, R., Maccaferri, S., Gallo, L., Maini, S., Celli, G. 2008. Tolerance thresholds for Aedes albipictus and Aedes caspius in Italian urban areas. J. Am. Mosquito Contr. 24: 377-386.
   Google Scholar
• Charnov, E. L. 1976. Optimal foraging, the marginal value theorem. Theor. Popul Biol. 9: 129-136.
   Google Scholar
• Chaves, L. F., Cohen, J. M., Pascual, M., Wilson, M. L. 2008. Social exclusion modifies climate and deforestation impacts on vector-borne disease. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2: e176.
   Google Scholar
• Childs, J. E., Paddock, C. D. 2003. The ascendancy of Amblyomma americanum as a vector of pathogens affecting humans in the United States. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 48: 307-337.
   Google Scholar
• Cote, S. D., Rooney, T. P., Tremblay, J. P., Dussault, C., Waller, D. M. 2004. Ecological impacts of deer overabundance. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 35: 113-147.
   Google Scholar
• Dobson, A. P., Hudson, P. J. 1986. Parasites, disease, and the structure of ecological communities. Trends Ecol. Evol. 1: 11-15.
   Google Scholar
• Elbroch, M. 2003. Mammal tracks and sign: A guide to North American species. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA, 779 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Ervin, R. T., Epplin, F. M., Byford, R. L., Hair, J. A. 1987. Estimation and economic implications of lone star tick (Acari: Ixodidae) infestation on weight gain of cattle, Bos taurus and Bos taurus X Bos indicus. J. Econ. Entomol. 80: 443-445.
   Google Scholar
• Ezenwa, V. O., Godsey, M. S., King, R. J., Guptill, S. C. 2006. Avian diversity and West Nile virus: testing associations between biodiversity and infectious disease risk. Proc. R. Soc. B. 273: 109-117.
   Google Scholar
• Gese, E. M., Grothe, S. 1995. Analysis of coyote predation on deer and elk during winter in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Am. Midl. Nat. 133: 36-43.
   Google Scholar
• Hartemink, N. A., Randolph, S. E., Davis, S. A., Heesterbeek, J. A. P. 2008. The basic reproduction number for complex disease systems. Am. Nat. 171: 743-754.
   Google Scholar
• Koenraadt, C. J. M., Tuiten, W., Sithiprasasna, R., Kijchalao, U., Jones, J. W., Scott, T. W. 2006. Dengue knowledge and practices and their impact on Aedes aegypti populations in Kamphaeng Phet, Thailand. A. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 74: 692-700.
   Google Scholar
• Kollars, T. M., Oliver, J. H., Durden L. A., Kollars, P. G. 2000. Host associations and seasonal activity of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) in Missouri. J. Parasitol. 86: 1156-1159.
   Google Scholar
• Kotler, B. P., Brown, J. S., Hasson, O. 1991. Factors affecting gerbil foraging behavior and rates of owl predation. Ecology 72: 2249-2260.
   Google Scholar
• Kotler, B. P., Brown, J. S., Mitchell, W. A. 1993. Environmental factors affecting patch use in two species of gerbilline rodents. J. Mammal. 74: 614-620.
   Google Scholar
• Kotler, B. P., Gross, J. E., Mitchell, W. A. 1994. Applying patch use to aspects of foraging behavior in Nubian ibex. J. Wildlife Manage. 58: 299-307.
   Google Scholar
• MacArthur, R. H., Pianka, E. R. 1966. On optimal use of a patchy environment. 100: 603-609.
   Google Scholar
• Manelli, A., Kitron, U., Jones, C. J., Slajchert, T. L. 1994. Influence of season and habitat on Ixodes scapularis infestation on white-footed mice in northwestern Illinois. J. Parasitol. 80: 1038-1042.
   Google Scholar
• Mixson, T. R., Campbell, S. R., Gill, J. S., Ginsberg, H. S., Reichard, M. V., Schulze, T. L., Dasch, G. A. 2006. Prevalence of Ehrlichia, Borrelia, and Rickettsial agents in Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from nine states. J. Med. Entomol. 43: 1261-1268.
   Google Scholar
• Mouritsen, K. N., Poulin, R. 2005. Parasites boost biodiversity and change animal community structure by trait-mediated indirect effects. Oikos 108: 344-350.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, T. A., Woolf, A. 1987. Mortality of white-tailed deer fawns in southern Illinois. J. Wildlife Manage. 51: 326-329.
   Google Scholar
• Ostfeld, R. S., Holt, R. D. 2004. Are predators good for your health? Evaluating evidence for top-down regulation of zoonotic disease reservoirs. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2: 13-20.
   Google Scholar
• Ostfeld, R. S., Keesing, F., Eviner, V. T. 2008. Infectious disease ecology: Effects of ecosystems on disease and of disease on ecosystems. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 506 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Paddock, C. D., Yabsley, M. J. 2007. Ecological havoc, the rise of white-tailed deer, and the emergence of Amblyomma americanum-associated zoonoses in the United States. Curr. Top. Microbiol. 315: 289-324.
   Google Scholar
• Pressier, E. L., Bolnick, D. I., Benard, M. F. 2005. Scared to death? The effects of intimidation and consumption in predator-prey interactions. Ecology 86: 501-509.
   Google Scholar
• Raffel, T. R., Martin, L. B., Rohr, J. R. 2008. Parasites as predators: unifying natural enemy ecology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23: 610-618.
   Google Scholar
• Ripple, W. J., Beschta, R. L. 2004. Wolves and the ecology of fear: Can predation risk structure ecosystems. BioScience 54: 755-766.
   Google Scholar
• Rohr, J. R., Swan, A., Raffel, T. R., Hudson, P. J. 2009. Parasites, info-disruption, and the ecology of fear. Oecologia 159: 447-454.
   Google Scholar
• Sargeant, G. A., Johnson, D. H., Berg, W. E. 2003. Sampling designs for carnivore scent station surveys. J. Wildlife Manage. 67: 289-298.
   Google Scholar
• Schauber, E. M., Ostfeld, R. S. 2002. Modeling the effects of reservoir competence decay and demographic turnover in Lyme disease ecology. Ecol. Appl. 12: 1142-1162.
   Google Scholar
• Schulze, T. L., Jordan, R. A., Hung, R. W. 1997. Biases associated with several sampling methods used to estimate abundance of Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 34: 615-623.
   Google Scholar
• Stout, G. G. 1982. Effects of coyote reduction on white-tailed deer productivity on Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Wildlife Soc. B. 10: 329-332.
   Google Scholar
• Stromdahl, E. Y., Williamson, P. C., Kollars, T. M., Evans, S. R., Barry, R. K., Vince, M. A., Dobbs, N. A. 2003. Evidence for Borrelia lonestari DNA in Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) removed from humans. J. Clin. Micro. 41: 5557-5562.
   Google Scholar
• Suzan, G., Marce, E., Giermakowski, J. T., Mills, J. N., Ceballos, G., Ostfeld, R. S., Armien, B., Pascale, J. M., Yates, T. L. 2009. Experimental evidence for reduced rodent diversity causing increased Hantavirus prevalence. PLoS One 4: e5461.
   Google Scholar
• Ware, S., Redfearn, P. L., Pyrah, G. L., Weber, W. R. 1992. Soil pH, topography and forest vegetation in the central Ozarks. Am. Midl. Nat. 128: 40-52.
   Google Scholar
• Werner, E. E., Anholt, B. R. 1996. Predator-induced behavioral indirect effects: Consequences to competitive interactions in Anuran larvae. Ecology 77: 157-169.
   Google Scholar
• Werner, E. E., Peacor, S. D. 2003. A review of trait-mediated indirect interactions in ecological communities. Ecology 84: 1083-1100.
   Google Scholar
• White, G. C., Eberhardt, L. E. 1980. Statistical analysis of deer and elk pellet-group data. J. Wildl. Manage. 44: 121-131.
   Google Scholar
• Woodroffe, R. 2000. Predators and people: using human densities to interpret declines of large carnivores. Anim. Conserv. 3: 165-173.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, J., He, H. S., Shifley, S. R. 2008. Spatial controls of occurrence and spread of wildfires in the Missouri Ozarks highlands. Ecol. Appl. 18: 1212-1225.
   Google Scholar