SCALING FROM INDIVIDUALS TO FOOD WEBS: THE ROLE OF SIZE-DEPENDENT RESPONSES OF PREY TO PREDATION RISK

References

• Schmitz, O.J., Booth, G. 1997. Modeling food web complexity: the consequences of individual-based, spatially explicit behavioral ecology on trophic interactions. Evol. Ecol. 11: 379-398.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitz, O.J., Suttle, K.B. 2001. Effects of top predator species on direct and indirect interactions in a food web. Ecology 82: 2072-2081.
   Google Scholar
• Abrams, P.A. 1992. Predators that benefit prey and prey that harm predators: unusual effects of interacting foraging adaptations. Am. Nat. 140: 573-600.
   Google Scholar
• Bolker, B., Holyoak, M., Krivan, V., Rowe, L., Schmitz, O.J. 2003. Connecting theoretical and empirical studies of trait-mediated interactions. Ecology 84 (5): 1101-1114.
   Google Scholar
• Booth, G. 1997. Gecko: a continuous 2-D world for ecological modeling. Artificial Life 3: 147- 163.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, S.R., Kitchell, J.F., Hodgson, J.R. 1985. Cascading trophic interactions and lake productivity. Bioscience 35: 634-639.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, C.W., Mangel, M. 2000. Dynamic state variable models in ecology: methods and applications. Oxford University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• de Roos, A.M. 1997. A gentle introduction to physiologically structured population models. In: Tuljapurkar, S., Caswell, H., eds. Structured-population models in marine, terrestrial, and freshwater systems. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 119-204.
   Google Scholar
• Hairston, N.G.J., Hairston, N.G.S. 1993. Cause-effect relationships in energy-flow, trophic structure, and interspecific interactions. Am. Nat. 142: 379-411.
   Google Scholar
• Hosmer, D.W., Lemeshow, S. 1999. Applied survival analysis: regression modeling of time to event data. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Kalbfleisch, J.D., Prentice, R.L. 1980. The statistical analysis of failure time data. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Lima, S.L. 1998. Stress and decision making under the risk of predation: recent developments from behavioral, reproductive, and ecological perspectives. Adv. Stud. Behav. 27: 215-290.
   Google Scholar
• Lima, S.L. 2002. Putting predators back into behavioral predator-prey interactions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17: 70-75.
   Google Scholar
• Peacor, S.D., Werner, E.E. 2001. The contribution of trait-mediated indirect effects to the net effects of a predator. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 3904-3908.
   Google Scholar
• Peckarsky, B.L., Cooper, S.D., McIntosh, A.R. 1997. Extrapolating from individual behavior to populations and communities in streams. J.N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 16: 375-390.
   Google Scholar
• Railsback, S.F. 2001. Concepts from complex adaptive systems as a framework for individual-based modelling. Ecol. Model. 139: 47-62.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenzweig, M.L. 1973. Exploitation in 3 trophic levels. Am. Nat. 107: 275-294.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenzweig, M.L. 1991. Habitat selection and population interactions: the search for mechanism. Am. Nat. 137: S5-S28.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenzweig, M.L., Abramsky, Z. 1997. Two gerbils of the Negev: a long-term investigation of optimal habitat selection and its consequences. Evol. Ecol. 11: 733-756.
   Google Scholar
• Rowe, L., Ludwig, D. 1991. Size and timing of metamorphosis in complex life cycles: time constraints and variation. Ecology 72: 413-427.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitz, O.J. 1998. Direct and indirect effects of predation and predation risk in old-field interaction webs. Am. Nat. 151: 327-342.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitz, O.J. 2000. Combining field experiments and individual-based modeling to identify the dynamically relevant organizational scale in a field system. Oikos 89: 471-484.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitz, O.J. 2001. From interesting details to dynamical relevance: toward more effective use of empirical insights in theory construction. Oikos 94: 39-50.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitz, O.J. 2003. Top predator control of plant biodiversity and productivity in an old-field ecosystem. Ecol. Lett. 6: 156-163.
   Google Scholar
• Abrams, P.A. 1995. Implications of dynamically variable traits for identifying, classifying, and measuring direct and indirect effects in ecological communities. Am. Nat. 146: 112-134.
   Google Scholar
• Abrams, P.A., Rowe, L. 1996. The effects of predation on the age and size of maturity of prey. Evolution 50: 1052-1061.
   Google Scholar
• Agrawal, A. A. 2001. Phenotypic plasticity in the interactions and evolution of species. Science 294: 321-326.
   Google Scholar
• Beckerman, A.P. 2002. The distribution of Melanoplus femurrubrum: Fear and freezing in Connecticut. Oikos 99: 131-140.
   Google Scholar
• Beckerman, A.P., Uriarte, M., Schmitz, O.J. 1997. Experimental evidence for a behavior-mediated trophic cascade in a terrestrial food chain. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 10735-10738.
   Google Scholar
• Belovsky, G.E. 1986. Generalist herbivore foraging and its role in competitive interactions. Am. Zool. 26: 51-69.
   Google Scholar
• Belovsky, G.E., Slade, J.B. 1995. Dynamics of 2 Montana grasshopper populations: relationships among weather, food abundance and intraspecific competition. Oecologia 101: 383-396.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, D.Y., Wei, L.J. 1989. The robust inference for the Cox proportional hazards model. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 84: 1074-1079.
   Google Scholar
• Ludwig, D., Rowe, L. 1990. Life-history strategies for energy gain and predator avoidance under time constraints. Am. Nat. 135: 686-707.
   Google Scholar
• Menge, B.A., Sutherland, J.P. 1987. Community regulation: variation in disturbance, competition, and predation in relation to environmental-stress and recruitment. Am. Nat. 130: 730-757.
   Google Scholar
• Oedekoven, M.A., Joern, A. 2000. Plant quality and spider predation affects grasshoppers (Acrididae): Food-quality-dependent compensatory mortality. Ecology 81: 66-77.
   Google Scholar
• Oksanen, L.S., Fretwell, D., Arruda, D., Neimela, P. 1981. Exploitation ecosystems in gradients of primary productivity. Am. Nat. 118: 240-261.
   Google Scholar
• Ovadia, O., Schmitz, O.J. 2002. Linking individuals with ecosystems: experimentally identifying the relevant organizational scale for predicting trophic abundances. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 12927-12931.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitz, O.J., Sokol-Hessner, L. 2002. Linearity in the aggregate effects of multiple predators in a food web. Ecol. Lett. 5: 168-172.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitz, O.J., Beckerman, A.P., Obrien, K.M. 1997. Behaviorally mediated trophic cascades: effects of predation risk on food web interactions. Ecology 78: 1388-1399.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitz, O.J., Hamback, P.A., Beckerman, A.P. 2000. Trophic cascades in terrestrial systems: a review of the effects of carnivore removals on plants. Am. Nat. 155: 141-153.
   Google Scholar
• Sih, A., Enlund, G., Wooster, D. 1998. Emergent impacts of multiple predators on prey. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13: 350-355.
   Google Scholar
• Werner, E.E., Anholt, B.R. 1996. Predator-induced behavioral indirect effects: consequences to competitive interactions in anuran larvae. Ecology 77: 157-169.
   Google Scholar
• Werner, E.E., Peacor, S.D. 2003. A review of trait-mediated indirect interactions in ecological communities. Ecology 84: 1083-1100.
   Google Scholar