Genotypic and Phenotypic Divergence of Sockeye Salmon in New Zealand from Their Ancestral British Columbia Populations

References

• Aebersold , P. B. , Winans , G. A. , Teel , D. J. , Milner , G. B. and Utter , F. M. 1987 . Manual for starch gel electrophoresis: complete procedures for detection of genetic variation , NOAA Technical Report NMFS 61
   Google Scholar
• Aro , K. V. 1979 . Transfers of eggs and young of Pacific salmon within British Columbia , Canadian Fisheries and Marine Service Technical Report 861
   Google Scholar
• Ayson , L. F. 1921 . Quinnat and sockeye salmon in New Zealand waters . Pacific Fisherman , 19(4) : 25
   Google Scholar
• Bagenal , T. B. 1969 . The relationship between food supply and fecundity in brown trout Salmo trutta L . Journal of Fish Biology , 1 : 167 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beacham , T. D. and Murray , C. B. 1993 . Fecundity and egg size variation in North American Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) . Journal of Fish Biology , 42 : 485 – 508 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg , R. E. 1979 . External morphology of the pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha introduced into Lake Superior . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 36 : 1283 – 1287 .
   Google Scholar
• Brannon , E. L. 1987 . “ Mechanisms stabilizing salmonid fry emergence timing. ” . In Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) population biology and future management , Vol. 96 , 120 – 124 . Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences . 12–124
   Google Scholar
• Cavalli-Sforza , L. L. and Edwards , A. W. F. 1967 . Phylogenetic analysis: models and estimation procedures . Evolution , 21 : 550 – 570 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig , J. K. 1995 . Genetic divergence in spawning color of sympatric forms of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): investigation of an unknown form , Seattle : University of Washington . Master's thesis
   Google Scholar
• Day , R. W. and Quinn , G. P. 1989 . Comparisons of treatments after an analysis of variance in ecology . Ecological Monographs , 59 : 433 – 463 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evermann , B. W. 1897 . A report upon salmon investigations in the headwaters of the Columbia River, in the state of Idaho, in 1895, together with notes upon the fishes observed in that state in 1894 and 1895 . U.S. Fish Commission Bulletin , 16 : 149 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Fedorenko , A. Y. and Shepherd , B. G. 1986 . Review of salmon transplant procedures and suggested transplant guidelines , Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1479
   Google Scholar
• Foerster , R. E. 1947 . Experiment to develop sea-run from land-locked sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi) . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 7 : 88 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Foerster , R. E. 1968 . The sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka. , Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin 162
   Google Scholar
• Foerster , R. E. and Ricker , W. E. 1937. . A synopsis of the investigations at Cultus Lake, British Columbia, conducted by the Biological Board of Canada into the life history and propagation of sockeye salmon 1924–1937 , Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia
   Google Scholar
• Foote , C. J. , Mayer , I. , Wood , C. C. , Clarke , W. C. and Blackburn , J. 1994 . On the developmental pathway to nonanadromy in sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka. . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 72 : 397 – 405 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foote , C. J. , Wood , C. C. , Clarke , W. C. and Blackburn , J. 1992 . Circannual cycle of seawater adaptability in Oncorhynchus nerka: genetic differences between sympatric sockeye salmon and kokanee . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 49 : 99 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foote , C. J. , Wood , C. C. and Withler , R. E. 1989 . Biochemical genetic comparison of sockeye salmon and kokanee, the anadromous and nonanadromous forms of Oncorhynchus nerka. . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 46 : 149 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauldie , R. W. , Graynoth , E. J. and IllingwortH , J. 1980 . The relationship of the iron content of some fish otoliths to temperature . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology , 66A : 19 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Gharrett , A. J. and Thomason , M. A. 1987 . Genetic changes in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) following their introduction into the Great Lakes . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 44 : 787 – 792 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodlad , J. C. , Gjernes , T. W. and Brannon , E. L. 1974 . Factors affecting sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) growth in four lakes of the Fraser River system . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 31 : 871 – 892 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graynoth , E. 1984 . “ Effects of hydroelectric development on the fisheries of the Waitaki River, New Zealand. ” . In Regulated rivers , Edited by: Lillehammer , A. and Saltveit , S. J. 427 – 436 . Oslo, Norway : Universitetsforlaget As .
   Google Scholar
• Graynoth , E. 1987 . Growth of landlocked sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 21 : 15 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graynoth , E. 1995 . Spawning migrations and reproduction of landlocked sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Waitaki catchment, New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 29 : 257 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graynoth , E. , Bennett , L. C. and Pollard , J. C. 1986 . Diet of landlocked sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and trout in the Waitaki lakes, New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 20 : 537 – 549 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graynoth , E. and Hawke , L. J. Hatchery rearing of sockeye salmon in New Zealand. Proceedings of the salmon farming conference . pp. 36 – 46 . Wellington : New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries . Fisheries Research Division, Occasional Publication 47
   Google Scholar
• Harache , Y. 1992 . Pacific salmon in Atlantic waters . ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) Marine Science Symposia , 194 : 31 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Hardy , C. 1983 . Origin of NZ's sockeye salmon . Freshwater Catch , 18 : 11 – 13 . (New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Wellington.)
   Google Scholar
• Hendry , A. P. and Quinn , T. P. 1997 . Variation in adult life history and morphology among Lake Washington sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations, in relation to habitat features and ancestral affinities . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 54 : 75 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendry , A. P. , Quinn , T. P. and Utter , F. M. 1996 . Genetic evidence for the persistence and divergence of native and introduced populations of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) within Lake Washington, Washington . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 53 : 823 – 832 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huitema , B. E. 1980 . The analysis of covariance and its alternatives. Wiley, New York
   Google Scholar
• Ihssen , P. E. , Evans , D. O. , Christie , W. J. , Reckahn , J. A. and DesJardine , R. L. 1981 . Life history, morphology, and electrophoretic characteristics of five allopatric stocks of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in the Great Lakes region . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 38 : 1790 – 1807 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson , B. and Jonsson , N. 1993 . Partial migration: niche shift versus sexual maturation in fishes . Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries , 3 : 348 – 365 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson , N. , Jonsson , B. and Fleming , I. A. 1996 . Does early growth cause a phenotypically plastic response in egg production of Atlantic salmon? . Functional Ecology , 10 : 89 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaeriyama , M. , Urawa , S. and Suzuki , T. 1992 . Anadromous sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) derived from nonanadromous kokanees: life history in Lake Toro . Scientific Reports of the Hokkaido Salmon Hatchery , 46 : 157 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelso , J. and James , G. 1992 . Lake Ruataniwha sockeye salmon—whence do they come? . Freshwater Catch , 49 : 12 – 13 . (New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Wellington.)
   Google Scholar
• Killick , S. R. 1955 . The chronological order of Fraser River sockeye salmon during migration, spawning and death , International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission Bulletin 7
   Google Scholar
• Kim , J. , Rohlf , F. J. and Sokal , R. R. 1993 . The accuracy of phylogenetic estimation using the neighbor-joining method . Evolution , 47 : 471 – 486 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinnison , M. , Unwin , M. , Boustead , N. and Quinn , T. 1998 . Population-specific variation in body dimensions of adult chinook salmon from New Zealand and their source population, 90 years after introduction . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 55 : 554 – 563 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger , C. C. and May , B. 1987a . Stock identification of naturalized brown trout in Lake Superior tributaries: differentiation based on allozyme data . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 116 : 785 – 794 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger , C. C. and May , B. 1987b . Genetic comparison of naturalised rainbow trout populations among Lake Superior tributaries: differentiation based on allozyme data . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 116 : 795 – 806 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwain , W. 1987 . “ Biology of pink salmon in the North American Great Lakes. ” . In Common strategies of anadromous and catadromous fishes , Edited by: Dadswell , M. J. 57 – 65 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society Symposium 1 .
   Google Scholar
• Linley , T. J. 1993 . Patterns of life history variation among sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Fraser River, British Columbia Doctoral dissertation. University of Washington, Seattle
   Google Scholar
• MacCrimmon , H. R. 1971 . World distribution of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 28 : 663 – 704 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCrimmon , H. R. and Campbell , J. S. 1969 . World distribution of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 26 : 1699 – 1725 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCrimmon , H. R. and Marshall , T. L. 1968 . World distribution of brown trout, Salmo trutta. . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 25 : 2527 – 2548 .
   Google Scholar
• McDowall , R. M. 1988 . Diadromy in fishes , Portland, Oregon : Timber Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nei , M. 1978 . Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals . Genetics , 89 : 585 – 590 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , J. S. 1968 . Distribution and nomenclature of North American kokanee, Oncorhynchus nerka. . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 25 : 409 – 414 .
   Google Scholar
• Northcote , T. G. 1992 . Migration and residency in stream salmonids—some ecological considerations and evolutionary consequences . Nordic Journal of Freshwater Research , 67 : 5 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Quinn , T. P. and Bloomberg , S. 1992 . Fecundity of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Waitaki and Rakaia rivers . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 26 : 429 – 434 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn , T. P. 1996 . Origin and genetic structure of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) transplanted from California to New Zealand: allozyme and mtDNA evidence . Fishery Bulletin , 94 : 506 – 521 . six coauthors
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn , T. P. and Unwin , M. J. 1993 . Life history patterns of New Zealand chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 50 : 1414 – 1421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reist , J. D. 1986 . An empirical evaluation of coefficients used in residual and allometric adjustment of size covariation . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 64 : 1363 – 1368 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricker , W. E. 1938 . “Residual” and kokanee salmon in Cultus Lake . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 4 : 192 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Ricker , W. E. 1940 . On the origin of kokanee, a fresh-water type of sockeye salmon . Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada , 34 : 121 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Ricker , W. E. 1959 . Additional observations concerning residual sockeye and kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 16 : 897 – 902 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roos , J. F. 1991 . Restoring Fraser River salmon , Vancouver, British Columbia : Pacific Salmon Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Rounsefell , G. A. 1958 . Anadromy in North American Salmonidae . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fishery Bulletin , 58 : 171 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• Rutherford , D. T. , Wood , C. C. and Candy , J. R. 1988 . Stock assessments and biological investigations of kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Cowichan Lake, British Columbia 1985–1987 , Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1995
   Google Scholar
• Saitou , N. and Nei , M. 1987 . The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees . Molecular Biology and Evolution , 4 : 406 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz , L. P. and Students , And . 1935 . The breeding activities of the little redfish, a landlocked form of the sockeye salmon (Oncorhychus nerka) . Journal of the Pan-Pacific Research Institute , 10 : 67 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , D. 1984 . Origin of the New Zealand sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum) . Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 14 : 245 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaklee , J. B. , Allendorf , F. W. , Morizot , D. C. and Whitt , G. S. 1990 . Gene nomenclature for protein-coding loci in fish . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 119 : 2 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokell , G. 1962 . Pacific salmon in New Zealand . Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand Zoology , 2(21) : 181 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Swofford , D. L. and Selander , R. B. 1981 . BIOSYS 1: a FORTRAN program for the comprehensive analysis of electrophoretic data in population genetics and systematics . Journal of Heredity , 72 : 281 – 283 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sword , C. B. 1902 . “ Officers' reports. 1. Granite Creek Hatchery, Shuswap Lake, B. C. ” . In British Columbia Department of Marine and Fisheries, 34th annual report (1901) 239 – 240 . Vancouver
   Google Scholar
• Sword , C. B. 1903 . “ Officers' reports. 15. Granite Creek Hatchery, Shuswap Lake, B. C. ” . In British Columbia Department of Marine and Fisheries, 35th annual report (1902) 258 – 259 . Vancouver
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , E. B. and Foote , C. J. 1991 . Critical swimming velocities of juvenile sockeye salmon and kokanee, the anadromous and non-anadromous forms of Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum) . Journal of Fish Biology , 38 : 407 – 419 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , E. B. , Foote , C. J. and Wood , C. C. 1996 . Molecular genetic evidence for parallel life history evolution within a Pacific salmon (sockeye salmon and kokanee, Oncorhynchus nerka) . Evolution , 50 : 401 – 416 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson , G. M. 1922 . The naturalisation of animals and plants in New Zealand , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
   Google Scholar
• Thorpe , J. E. , Miles , M. S. and Keay , D. S. 1984 . Developmental rate, fecundity and egg size in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L . Aquaculture , 43 : 289 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernon , E. H. 1957 . Morphometric comparison of three races of kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) within a large British Columbia lake . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 14 : 573 – 598 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , I. V. 1989 . Studies of the lacustrine biology of the sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Shuswap system , International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission Bulletin 24. coauthors
   Google Scholar
• Withler , F. C. 1982 . Transplanting Pacific salmon , Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1079
   Google Scholar
• Wood , C. C. 1995 . “ Life history variation and population structure in sockeye salmon. ” . In Evolution and the aquatic ecosystem: defining unique units in population conservation , Symposium 17 Edited by: Nielsen , J. L. 195 – 216 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
   Google Scholar
• Wood , C. C. and Foote , C. J. 1990 . Genetic differences in the early development and growth of sympatric sockeye salmon and kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka), and their hybrids . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 47 : 2250 – 2260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , C. C. and Foote , C. J. 1996 . Evidence for sympatric divergence in anadromous and nonanadromous morphs of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) . Evolution , 50 : 1265 – 1279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , C. C. , Riddell , B. E. , Rutherford , D. T. and Withler , R. E. 1994 . Biochemical genetic survey of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Canada . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 51(Supplement 1) : 114 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar