Response of a Brook Trout Population and Instream Habitat to a Catastrophic Flood and Debris Flow

References

• Detenbeck , N. E. , DeVore , P. W. , Niemi , G. J. and Lima , A. 1992 . Recovery of temperate-stream fish communities from disturbance: a review of case studies and synthesis of theory . Environmental Management , 16 : 33 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolloff , C. A. , Flebbe , P. A. and Owen , M. D. 1994 . Fish habitat and fish populations in a southern Appalachian watershed before and after Hurricane Hugo . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 123 : 668 – 678 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolloff , C. A. , Hankin , D. G. and Reeves , G. H. 1993 . Basinwide estimation of habitat and fish populations in streams , U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report SE-83
   Google Scholar
• Donald , D. B. and Alger , D. J. 1989 . Evaluation of exploitation as a means of improving growth in a stunted population of brook trout . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 9 : 177 – 183 .
   Google Scholar
• Eaton , L. S. 1999 . Debris-flows and landscape evolution in the upper Rapidan Basin, Blue Ridge Mountains, central Virginia Doctoral dissertation. University of Virginia, Charlottesville
   Google Scholar
• Elwood , J. W. and Waters , T. F. 1969 . Effects of floods on food consumption and production rates of a stream brook trout population . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 98 : 253 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fausch , K. D. and Northcote , T. G. 1992 . Large woody debris and salmonid habitat in a small coastal British Columbia stream . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 49 : 682 – 693 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flebbe , P. A. and Dolloff , C. A. 1995 . Trout use of woody debris and habitat in Appalachian wilderness streams of North Carolina . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 15 : 579 – 590 .
   Google Scholar
• Gecy , J. L. and Wilson , M. V. 1990 . Initial establishment of riparian vegetation after disturbance by debris-flows in Oregon . American Midland Naturalist , 123 : 282 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hack , J. T. and Goodlet , J. C. 1960 . Geomorphology and forest ecology of a mountain region in the central Appalachians , U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 347
   Google Scholar
• Harmon , M. E. , Franklin , J. F. , Swanson , F. J. , Sollins , P. , Gregory , S. V. , Lattin , J. D. , Anderson , N. H. , Cline , S. P. , Aumen , N. G. , Sedell , J. R. , Lienkaemper , G. W. , Cromack , K. Jr. and Cummins , K. W. 1986 . Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems . Advances in Ecological Research , 15 : 133 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herger , L. G. , Hubert , W. A. and Young , M. K. 1996 . Comparison of habitat composition and cutthroat trout abundance at two flows in small mountain streams . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 16 : 294 – 301 .
   Google Scholar
• Hilderbrand , R. H. , Lemly , A. D. and Dolloff , C. A. 1999 . Habitat sequencing and the importance of discharge in inferences . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 19 : 198 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Hornbeck , J. W. and Kochenderfer , J. N. 2000 . “ Linkages between forests and streams: a perspective in time ” . In Riparian management in forests of the continental eastern United States Edited by: Verry , E. S. , Hornbeck , J. W. and Dolloff , C. A. 89 – 98 . Washington D. C. : Lewis Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Hunt , R. L. 1974 . Annual production by brook trout in Lawrence Creek during eleven successive years , Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Technical Bulletin 82 Madison
   Google Scholar
• Hutchings , J. A. 1996 . Adaptive phenotypic plasticity in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, life histories . Ecoscience , 3 : 25 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins , R. E. and Burkhead , N. M. 1994 . Freshwater fishes of Virginia Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
   Google Scholar
• Karish , J. , Blount , T. and Krumenaker , B. 1997 . Resource assessment of the June 27 and 28, 1995 floods and debris-flows in Shenandoah National Park , National Park Service, Natural Resources Report NPS/SHEN/NRR-97/001 Virginia : Luray .
   Google Scholar
• Kondolf , G. M. 2000 . Assessing salmonid spawning gravel quality . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 129 : 262 – 281 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak , T. J. 1992 . Modular microcomputer software to estimate fish population parameters, production rates and associated variance . Ecology of Freshwater Fish , 1 : 73 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Lamberti , G. A. , Gregory , S. V. , Ashkenas , L. R. , Wildman , R. C. and Moore , K. M. S. 1991 . Stream ecosystem recovery following a catastrophic debris-flow . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 48 : 196 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennon , R. E. 1961 . The trout fishery in Shenadoah National Park , U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Special Scientific Report Fisheries 395
   Google Scholar
• Letcher , B. H. and Terrick , T. D. 1998 . Maturation of male age-0 Atlantic salmon following a massive, localized flood . Journal of Fish Biology , 53 : 1243 – 1252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchand , F. and Boisclair , D. 1998 . Influence of fish density on the energy allocation pattern of juvenile brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 55 : 796 – 805 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marschall , E. A. and Crowder , L. B. 1996 . Assessing population responses to multiple anthropogenic effects: a case study with brook trout . Ecological Applications , 6 : 152 – 167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman , K. R. 1996 . Response of brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis) and blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus) to acidic episodes in three headwater streams within the Shenandoah National Park, Virginia Master's thesis. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
   Google Scholar
• Poompuang , S. , Hallerman , E. M. and Dolloff , C. A. 1997 . Genetic characterization of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, in Shenandoah National Park area of Virginia, USA Blacksburg, Virginia : Final report to U.S. Forest Service, Southern Research Station .
   Google Scholar
• Propst , D. L. and Stefferud , J. A. 1997 . Population dynamics of Gila trout in the Gila River drainage of the southwestern United States . Journal of Fish Biology , 51 : 1137 – 1154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves , G. H. , Benda , L. E. , Burnett , K. M. , Bisson , P. A. and Sedell , J. R. 1995 . “ A disturbance-based ecosystem approach to maintaining and restoring freshwater habitats of evolutionarily significant units of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest ” . In Evolution and the aquatic ecosystem: defining unique units in population conservation , Symposium 17 Edited by: Nielsen , J. L. 334 – 349 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
   Google Scholar
• Reice , S. R. , Wissmar , R. C. and Naiman , R. J. 1990 . Disturbance regimes, resilience, and recovery of animal communities and habitats in lotic ecosystems . Environmental Management , 14 : 647 – 659 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roghair , C. N. 2000 . Recovery from and effects of a catastrophic flood and debris-flow on the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) population and instream habitat of the Staunton River, Shenandoah National Park, Virginia Master's thesis. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg
   Google Scholar
• SAS Institute . 1996 . The SAS system for Windows, version 6.12 Cary, North Carolina : SAS Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Sousa , W. P. 1984 . The role of disturbance in stream natural communities . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 15 : 353 – 391 .
   Google Scholar
• Swanson , F. J. , Johnson , S. L. , Gregory , S. V. and Acker , S. A. 1998 . Flood disturbance in a forested mountain landscape . BioScience , 48 : 681 – 689 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , F. J. 1987 . “ Mass failures and other processes of sediment production in Pacific Northwest landscapes ” . In Streamside management: forestry and fishery interactions , University of Washington, Institute of Forest Resources Contribution 57 Edited by: Salo , E. O. and Cundy , T. W. 9 – 38 . six coauthors Seattle
   Google Scholar
• Thorpe , J. E. 1994 . Salmonid flexibility: response to environmental extremes . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 123 : 606 – 612 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar