Habitat Use by Fishes and Pacific Giant Salamanders in Small Western Oregon and Washington Streams

References

• Bilby , R. E. and Ward , J. W. 1991 . Characteristics and function of large woody debris in streams draining old-growth, clear-cut, and second-growth forests in southwestern Washington . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 48 : 2499 – 2508 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisson , P. A. , Nielsen , J. L. , Palmason , R. A. and Grove , L. E. 1982 . “ A system of naming habitat types in small streams, with examples of habitat utilization by salmonids during low stream flows ” . In Acquisition and utilization of aquatic habitat inventory information Edited by: Armantrout , N. B. 62 – 73 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society Western Division .
   Google Scholar
• Bisson , P. A. , Bilby , R. E. , Bryant , M. D. , Dolloff , C. A. , Grette , G. B. , House , R. A. , Murphy , M. L. , Koski , K. V. and Sedell , J. R. 1987 . “ Large woody debris in forested streams in the Pacific Northwest: past, present, future ” . In Streamside management: forestry and fisheries interactions Edited by: Salo , E. O. and Cundy , T. D. 143 – 190 . Seattle : University of Washington, College of Forest Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Bisson , P. A. , Quinn , T. P. , Reeves , G. H. and Gregory , S. V. 1992 . “ Best management practices, cumulative effects, and long-term trends in fish abundance in Pacific Northwest river systems ” . In Watershed management Edited by: Naiman , R. J. 189 – 232 . New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Bisson , P. A. , Sullivan , K. and Nielsen , J. L. 1988 . Channel hydraulics, habitat use, and body form of juvenile coho salmon, steelhead, and cutthroat trout in streams . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 117 : 262 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond , C. E. 1963 . Distribution and ecology of freshwater sculpins, genus Cottus, in Oregon Doctoral dissertation. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
   Google Scholar
• Bustard , D. R. and Narver , D. W. 1975a . Aspects of the winter ecology of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 32 : 667 – 680 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bustard , D. R. and Narver , D. W. 1975b . Preferences of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) relative to simulated alteration of winter habitat . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 32 : 681 – 687 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , R. F. and Neuner , J. H. 1985 . “ Seasonal and diurnal shifts in habitat utilized by resident rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) observed in western Washington Cascade mountain streams ” . In Symposium on small hydropower and fisheries Edited by: Olson , F. W. , White , R. G. and Hamre , R. H. 39 – 48 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society, Western Division and Bioengineering Section .
   Google Scholar
• Carle , F. L. and Strub , M. R. 1978 . A new method for estimating population size from removal data . Biometrics , 34 : 621 – 630 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cederholm , C. J. , Bilby , R. E. , Bisson , P. A. , Bumstead , T. W. , Fransen , B. R. , Scarlett , W. J. and Ward , J. W. 1997 . Response of juvenile coho salmon and steelhead to placement of large woody debris in a coastal Washington stream . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 17 : 947 – 963 .
   Google Scholar
• Cederholm , C. J. and Scarlett , W. J. 1991 . “ The beaded channel: a low-cost technique for enhancing winter habitat of coho salmon ” . In Fisheries bioengineering symposium , Symposium 10 Edited by: Colt , J. and White , R. J. 104 – 108 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
   Google Scholar
• Chapman , D. W. 1966 . Food and space as regulators of salmonid populations in streams . American Naturalist , 100 : 345 – 357 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , G. K. 1998 . The relationship between stream habitat complexity and anadromous salmonid diversity and habitat selection Doctoral dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis
   Google Scholar
• Contor , C. R. and Griffith , J. S. 1995 . Nocturnal emergence of juvenile rainbow trout from winter concealment relative to light intensity . Hydrobiologia , 299 : 179 – 183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corkran , C. C. and Thoms , C. 1996 . Amphibians of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia: a field-identification guide, , 1st edition Edmonton, Alberta : Lone Pine Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Corn , S. P. and Bury , R. B. 1989 . Logging in western Oregon: response of headwater habitats and stream amphibians . Forest Ecology and Management , 29 : 39 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunjak , R. A. 1996 . Winter habitat of selected stream fishes and potential impacts from land-use activity . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 53 : 267 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly , C. , Neilson , R. P. and Phillips , D. L. 1994 . A statistical-topographic model for mapping climatological precipitation over mountainous terrain . Journal of Applied Meteorology , 33 : 140 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Dunham , J. B. and Vinyard , G. L. 1997 . Incorporating stream-level variability into analyses of site-level fish habitat relationships: some cautionary examples . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 126 : 323 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fausch , K. D. and Bramblett , R. G. 1991 . Disturbance and fish communities in intermittent tributaries of a western Great Plains river , Copeia 1991:659–674
   Google Scholar
• Finger , T. R. 1982 . Interactive segregation among three species of sculpins (Cottus) , Copeia 3:680–694
   Google Scholar
• Glova , G. J. 1986 . Interaction for food and space between experimental populations of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and coastal cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) in a laboratory stream . Hydrobiologia , 132 : 155 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman , O. T. and Karr , J. R. 1978 . Habitat structure and stream fish communities . Ecology , 59 : 507 – 515 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant , J. W. A. , Englert , J. and Bietz , B. F. 1986 . Application of a method for assessing the impact of watershed practices: effects of logging on salmonid standing crops . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 6 : 24 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Hartman , G. F. 1965 . The role of behavior in the ecology and interaction of underyearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 22 : 1035 – 1081 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins , C. P. , Murphy , M. L. , Anderson , N. H. and Wilzbach , M. A. 1983 . Density of fish and salamanders in relation to riparian canopy and physical habitat in streams of the northwestern United States . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 40 : 1173 – 1185 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heifetz , J. , Murphy , M. L. and Koski , K. V. 1986 . Effects of logging on winter habitat of juvenile salmonids in Alaskan streams . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 6 : 52 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Hicks , B. J. , Hall , J. D. , Bisson , P. A. and Sedell , J. R. 1991 . “ Responses of salmonids to habitat changes ” . In Influence of forest and rangeland management of salmonid fishes and their habitats , American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19 Edited by: Meehan , W. R. 438 – 518 . Bethesda, Maryland
   Google Scholar
• House , R. 1996 . An evaluation of stream restoration structures in a coastal Oregon stream 1981–1993 . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 16 : 272 – 281 .
   Google Scholar
• House , R. , Crispin , V. and Monthey , R. 1989 . Evaluation of stream rehabilitation projects—Salem District (1981–1988) , U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State Office, Technical Note T/N OR-6 Portland
   Google Scholar
• House , R. A. and Boehne , P. L. 1985 . Evaluation of instream enhancement structures for salmonid spawning and rearing in a coastal Oregon stream . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 5 : 283 – 295 .
   Google Scholar
• Jearld , A. 1983 . “ Age determination ” . In Fisheries techniques Edited by: Nielson , L. A. and Johnson , D. L. 301 – 324 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
   Google Scholar
• Kelsey , K. 1995 . Response of headwater stream amphibians to forest practices in western Washington Doctoral dissertation. University of Washington, Seattle
   Google Scholar
• Lisle , T. E. 1987 . Using “residual depths” to monitor pool depths independently of discharge , U.S. Forest Service Research Note PSW-394
   Google Scholar
• Lonzarich , D. G. 1994 . Stream fish communities in Washington: patterns and processes Doctoral dissertation. University of Washington, Seattle
   Google Scholar
• Magurran , A. E. 1988 . Ecological diversity and its measurement Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McPhail , J. D. and Lindsey , C. C. 1986 . “ Zoogeography of the freshwater fishes of Cascadia (the Columbia system and rivers north to the Stikine) ” . In The zoogeography of North American freshwater fishes Edited by: Hocutt , C. H. and Wiley , E. O. 615 – 637 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Meehan , W. R. , ed. 1991 . Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats , American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 19 Bethesda, Maryland
   Google Scholar
• Meffe , G. K. 1984 . Effects of abiotic disturbance on coexistence of predator–prey fish species . Ecology , 65 : 1525 – 1534 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minns , C. K. , Kelso , J. R. M. and Randall , R. G. 1996 . Detecting the response of fish to habitat alterations in freshwater ecosystems . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 53 : 403 – 414 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery , D. R. and Buffington , J. M. 1997 . Channel-reach morphology in mountain drainage basins . Geological Society of America Bulletin , 109 : 1097 – 1105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , K. M. S. and Gregory , S. V. 1988 . Response of young-of-the-year cutthroat trout to manipulation of habitat structure in a small stream . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 117 : 162 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyle , P. B. 1994 . “ Biodiversity, biomonitoring, and the structure of stream fish communities ” . In Biological monitoring of aquatic systems Edited by: Loeb , S. L. and Spacie , A. 171 – 186 . Boca Raton, Florida : Lewis Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , M. L. 1995 . Forestry impacts on freshwater habitat of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska: requirements for protection and restoration , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Coastal Ocean Office, NOAA Coastal Program Decision Analysis Series 7 Maryland : Silver Spring .
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , M. L. and Hall , J. D. 1981 . Varied effects of clear-cut logging on predators and their habitat in small streams of the Cascade Mountains, Oregon . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 38 : 137 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , M. L. , Hawkins , C. P. and Anderson , N. H. 1981 . Effects of canopy modification and accumulated sediment on stream communities . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 110 : 469 – 478 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , M. L. , Heifetz , J. , Johnson , S. W. , Koski , K. V. and Thedinga , J. F. 1986 . Effects of clear-cut logging with and without buffer strips on juvenile salmonids in Alaskan streams . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 43 : 1521 – 1533 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , M. L. , Thedinga , J. F. , Koski , K. V. and Grette , G. B. A stream ecosystem in an old-growth forest in southeast Alaska . Fish and wildlife relationships in old-growth forests: proceedings of a symposium . Edited by: Meehan , W. R. , Merrell , T. R. and Hanley , T. A. pp. 89 – 98 . Juneau, Alaska : American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists . Part 5: seasonal changes in habitat utilization by juvenile salmonids
   Google Scholar
• Nickelson , T. E. , Rodgers , J. D. , Johnson , S. L. and Solazzi , M. F. 1992a . Seasonal changes in habitat use by juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Oregon coastal streams . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 49 : 783 – 789 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickelson , T. E. , Solazzi , M. F. , Johnson , S. L. and Rodgers , J. D. 1992b . Effectiveness of selected stream improvement techniques to create suitable summer and winter rearing habitat for juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Oregon coastal streams . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 49 : 790 – 794 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasch , R. W. and Lyford , J. H. Jr. 1972 . The food habits of two species of sculpins, Cottus asper and Cottus rhotheus, in British Columbia , Copeia 954:25–28
   Google Scholar
• Quinn , T. P. and Peterson , N. P. 1996 . The influence of habitat complexity and fish size on overwinter survival and growth of individually marked juvenile coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Big Beef Creek, Washington . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 53 : 1555 – 1564 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralph , S. C. , Poole , G. C. , Conquest , L. L. and Naiman , R. J. 1994 . Stream channel morphology and woody debris in logged and unlogged basins in western Washington . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 51 : 37 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves , G. H. , Everest , F. H. and Sedell , J. R. 1993 . Diversity of juvenile anadromous salmonid assemblages in coastal Oregon basins with different levels of timber harvest . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 122 : 309 – 317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robison , E. G. and Beschta , R. L. 1990 . Coarse woody debris and channel morphology interactions for undisturbed streams in southeast Alaska, USA . Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , 15 : 149 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roni , P. 2000 . Responses of fishes and salamanders to instream restoration efforts in western Oregon and Washington streams Doctoral dissertation. University of Washington, Seattle
   Google Scholar
• Roni , P. and Fayram , A. 2000 . Estimating winter salmonid abundance in small western Washington streams: a comparison of three techniques . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 20 : 682 – 691 .
   Google Scholar
• Roni , P. and Quinn , T. P. 2001a . Density and size of juvenile salmonids in response to placement of large woody debris in western Oregon and Washington streams . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 58 : 282 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roni , P. and Quinn , T. P. 2001b . Effects of wood placement on movements of trout and juvenile coho salmon in natural and artificial stream channels . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 130 : 675 – 685 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld , J. , Porter , M. and Parkinson , E. 2000 . Habitat factors affecting the abundance and distribution of juvenile cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 57 : 766 – 774 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld , J. S. and Hudson , J. J. 1997 . Primary production, bacterial production, and invertebrate biomass in pools and riffles in southern Ontario streams . Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie , 139 : 301 – 316 .
   Google Scholar
• Sabo , J. L. and Pauley , G. B. 1997 . Competition between stream-dwelling cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): effects of relative size and population of origin . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 54 : 2609 – 2617 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlosser , I. J. 1982 . Trophic structure, reproductive success, and growth rate of fishes in a natural and modified headwater stream . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 39 : 968 – 978 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuett-Hames , D. , Pleus , A. , Bullchild , L. and Hall , S. 1994 . Timber, fish, and wildlife ambient monitoring program manual , TFW-AM9-94-001 Olympia, Washington : Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , W. B. and Crossman , E. J. 1998 . Freshwater fishes of Canada, , 2nd edition Oakville, Ontario : Galt House Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Sheldon , A. L. 1988 . Conservation of stream fishes: patterns of diversity, rarity, and risk . Conservation Biology , 2 : 149 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Solazzi , M. F. , Nickelson , T. E. , Johnson , S. L. and Rodgers , J. D. 2000 . Effects of increasing winter rearing habitat on abundance of salmonids in two coastal Oregon streams . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 57 : 906 – 914 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) . 1999 . SPSS 9.0, applications guide Chicago : SPSS .
   Google Scholar
• Swales , S. , Lauzier , R. B. and Levings , C. D. 1986 . Winter habitat preferences of juvenile salmonids in two interior rivers in British Columbia . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 64 : 1506 – 1514 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swales , S. and Levings , C. D. 1989 . Role of off-channel ponds in the life cycle of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and other juvenile salmonids in the Coldwater River, British Columbia . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 46 : 232 – 242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wydoski , R. S. and Whitney , R. R. 1979 . Inland fishes of Washington, , 1st edition Seattle : University of Washington Press .
   Google Scholar