384
Views
129
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Article

Evidence Linking Delayed Mortality of Snake River Salmon to Their Earlier Hydrosystem Experience

, , , &
Pages 35-51 | Received 17 Aug 2000, Accepted 19 Jul 2001, Published online: 08 Jan 2011

References

  • Adams , S. M. , Breck , J. E. and McLean , R. B. 1985 . Cumulative stress-induced mortality of gizzard shad in southeastern U.S. reservoir . Environmental Biology of Fishes , 13 : 103 – 112 .
  • American Fisheries Society . 1999a . Breaching dams is best alternative to recover salmon, says report . Fisheries , 24 ( 2 ) : 37
  • American Fisheries Society . 1999b . Western division: dam removal resolution passed . Fisheries , 24 ( 10 ) : 28
  • Barton , B. A. and Schreck , C. A. 1987 . Metabolic cost of acute physical stress in juvenile steelhead . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 116 : 257 – 263 .
  • Barton , B. A. , Schreck , C. A. and Sigismondi , L. A. 1986 . Multiple acute disturbances evoke cumulative physiological stress responses in juvenile chinook salmon . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 115 : 245 – 251 .
  • Beamsderfer , R. C. and Rieman , B. E. 1991 . Abundance and distribution of northern squawfish, walleyes, and smallmouth bass in John Day Reservoir, Columbia River . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 120 : 439 – 447 .
  • Bentley , W. W. and Raymond , H. L. 1976 . Delayed migrations of yearling chinook salmon since the completion of Lower Monumental and Little Goose dams on the Snake River . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 105 : 422 – 424 .
  • Berkson , J. 1991 . Coded wire tag analysis on Snake River spring, summer, and fall chinook , Letter dated February 19 1991 to the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service for Endangered Species Act record, Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fisheries Commission, Portland, Oregon
  • Bickford , S. A. and Skalski , J. R. 2000 . Reanalysis, and interpretation of 25 years of Snake-Columbia River juvenile salmonid survival studies . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 20 : 53 – 68 .
  • Bilton , H. T. , Alderdice , D. F. and Schnute , J. T. 1982 . Influence of time and size at release of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kitsutch) on returns at maturity . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 39 : 426 – 447 .
  • Boeuf , G. and Harache , Y. 1982 . Criteria for adaptations of salmonids to high salinity seawater in France . Aquaculture , 28 : 163 – 176 .
  • Bouwes , N. , Schaller , H. , Budy , P. , Petrosky , C. , Kiefer , R. , Wilson , P. , Langness , O. , Weber , E. and Tinus , E. 1999 . An analysis of differential delayed mortality experienced by stream-type chinook salmon of the Snake River , Technical Report Portland : Oregon Department of Fisheries and Wildlife .
  • Brodeur , R. D. , Boehlert , G. W. , Casillas , E. , Eldridge , M. B. , Helle , J. H. , Peterson , W. T. , Heard , W. R. , Lindley , S. T. and Schiewe , M. H. 2000 . A coordinated research plan for estuaries, and ocean research on Pacific salmon . Fisheries , 25 ( 6 ) : 7 – 16 .
  • Budy , P. 2001 . Analytical approaches to assessing recovery options for Snake River chinook salmon , Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit (UCFWRU) 2001(1):1–86
  • Budy , P. , Petrosky , C. , Wilson , P. , Langness , O. P. and Bouwes , N. 1998 . “ Hatchery “extra mortality” hypothesis: response to submissions 1 and 2 of the WOE ” . In PATH submissions to weight of evidence report Edited by: Marmorek , D. R. and Peters , C. N. 19.1 – 19.4 . Vancouver : ESSA Technologies, Ltd. .
  • Cairns , V. W. , Hodson , P. V. and Nriangu , J. D. , eds. 1984 . Contaminant effects on fisheries New York : Wiley .
  • Collis , K. , Adamany , S. , Roby , D. D. , Craig , D. P. and Lyons , D. E. 1999 . Avian predation on juvenile salmonids in the lower Columbia River , 1998 Annual Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Project 9702400 Oregon : Portland .
  • Congelton , J. L. , La Voie , W. J. , Schreck , C. B. and Davis , L. 2000 . Stress indices in migrating juvenile chinook salmon and steelhead of wild and hatchery origin before and after barge transportation . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 129 : 946 – 961 .
  • Conte , F. P. and Wagner , H. H. 1965 . Development of osmotic and ionic regulation in juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology , 14 : 603 – 620 .
  • Coutant , C. C. 1973 . Effect of thermal shock on vulnerability of juvenile salmonids to predation . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 30 : 965 – 973 .
  • Coutant , C. C. 1999 . Perspectives on temperature in the Pacific Northwest's fresh waters , Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Report ORNL/TM-1999/44 Tennessee : Oak Ridge .
  • Dawley , E. , Blahm , T. , Snyder , G. and Ebel , W. 1975 . Studies on effects of supersaturation of dissolved atmospheric gas on juvenile chinook salmon and steelhead trout Seattle : U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Center Final report to the Bonneville Power Administration, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, and U.S. Army Corp of Engineers .
  • Dawley , E. M. and Ebel , W. J. 1975 . Effects of various concentrations of dissolved atmospheric gas on juvenile chinook salmon and steelhead trout . U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Fishery Bulletin , 73 : 787 – 796 .
  • Deriso , R. , Marmorek , D. and Parnell , I. 1996 . “ Retrospective analysis of passage mortality of spring chinook of the Columbia River ” . In Plan for analyzing and testing hypotheses (PATH): final report of retrospective analysis for fiscal year 1996 Edited by: Marmorek , D. R. Vancouver : ESSA Technologies, Ltd. . and 21 coauthors, compilers, and
  • Ebel , W. J. 1977 . “ Panel 2: fish passage problems and solutions—major passage problems ” . In Columbia River salmon and steelhead , Special Publication 10 Edited by: Schweibert , E. 33 – 39 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
  • Ebel , W. J. , Raymond , H. L. , Monan , G. E. , Farr , W. E. and Tanoka , G. K. 1975 . Effects of atmospheric gas saturation caused by dams on salmon and steelhead trout of the Snake and Columbia rivers Seattle : U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service .
  • Errington , P. L. 1946 . Predation and vertebrate populations . Quarterly Review of Biology , 21 : 144 – 177 .
  • Fagerlund , U. H. M. , McBride , J. R. and Williams , I. V. 1995 . “ Stress and tolerance ” . In Physiological ecology of Pacific salmon Edited by: Groot , C. , Margolis , L. and Clarke , W. C. 461 – 503 . Vancouver : UBC Press .
  • Faler , M. P. , Miller , L. M. and Welke , K. I. 1988 . Effects in variation in flow on distribution of northern squawfish in the Columbia River below McNary Dam . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 8 : 30 – 35 .
  • FPC (Fish Passage Center) . 2000 . Fish passage center smolt monitoring and gas bubble trauma monitoring program protocols Portland, Oregon : FPC .
  • Harman , B. J. , Johnson , D. L. and Greenwald , L. 1980 . Physiological responses of Lake Erie freshwater drum to capture by commercial shore seine . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 109 : 544 – 551 .
  • Hassemer , P. F. , Kiefer , S. W. and Petrosky , C. E. 1997 . “ Idaho's salmon: can we count every last one? ” . In Pacific salmon and their ecosystems: status and future options Edited by: Stouder , D. G. , Bisson , P. A. and Naiman , R. J. 113 – 125 . London : Chapman and Hall .
  • Hetherman , L. 1998 . Juvenile fish transportation program , 1997 annual report to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington 18 coauthors
  • Holtby , L. B. , McMahon , T. E. and Scrivener , J. C. 1989 . Stream temperatures and inter-annual variability in the emigration timing of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kitsutch) smolts and fry and chum salmon (O. keta) fry from Carnation Creek, British Columbia . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 46 : 1396 – 1405 .
  • IDFG (Idaho Department of Fish and Game) . 1998 . Issue paper: fish health and stress related to transportation Appendix 3.3 in Idaho's anadromous fish stocks: their status and recovery options. IDFG, IDFG 98-13, Boise
  • ISG (Independent Scientific Group) . 1999 . Return to the river: scientific issues in the restoration of salmonid fishes in the Columbia River . Fisheries , 24 ( 3 ) : 10 – 19 .
  • Jensen , J. O. T. , Schnute , J. and Alderice , D. F. 1980 . Assessing juvenile salmonid response to gas supersaturation using a general multivariate dose–response model . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 43 : 1694 – 1709 .
  • Karieva , P. , Marvier , M. and McClure , M. 2000 . Recovery and management options for spring/summer chinook in the Columbia River basin . Science , 290 : 977 – 979 .
  • Korman , J. , Marmorek , D. R. , Lacroix , G. L. , Amiro , P. G. , Ritter , J. A. , Watt , W. D. , Cutting , R. E. and Robinson , D. C. E. 1994 . Development and evaluation of a biological model to assess regional-scale effects of acidification on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 51 : 662 – 680 .
  • Krise , W. F. , Meade , J. W. and Smith , R. A. 1990 . Effect of feeding rate and gas supersaturation on survival and growth of lake trout . Progressive Fish-Culturist , 52 : 45 – 50 .
  • Kruzynski , G. M. and Birtwell , I. K. 1994 . A predation bioassay to quantify the ecological significance of sublethal responses of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to the antisapstain fungicide TCMTB . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 51 : 1780 – 1790 .
  • Lanno , R. P. and Dixon , D. G. 1996 . The induction of lethality in rainbow trout exposed to thiocyanite by application of a stressor: acute or chronic response? . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 1774 : 241 – 242 .
  • Larsson , A. , Haux , C. and Sjobeck , M. L. 1985 . Fish physiology and metal pollution: results and experiences from laboratory and field studies . Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety , 9 : 250 – 281 .
  • Leach , G. J. and Taylor , M. H. 1980 . The role of cortisol in stress-induced metabolic changes in Fundulus heteroclitus . General and Comparative Endocrinology , 42 : 219 – 227 .
  • Long , C. W. , Krcma , R. F. and Ossiander , F. J. 1968 . Research on fingerling mortality in Kaplan turbines Seattle : U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center .
  • Marmorek , D. R. 1996 . Plan for analyzing and testing hypotheses (PATH): final report on retrospective analyses for fiscal year 1996 Vancouver : ESSA Technologies, Ltd. . 21 coauthors
  • editors . 1998 . Plan for analyzing and testing hypotheses (PATH): final report for fiscal year 1998 Vancouver : ESSA Technologies, Ltd. .
  • Mathews , G. M. , Park , D. L. , Achord , S. and Ruehle , T. E. 1986 . Static seawater challenge test to measure relative stress levels in spring chinook salmon smolts . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 115 : 236 – 244 .
  • Mathur , D. , Heisey , P. G. , Euston , E. T. , Skalski , J. R. and Hays , S. 1996 . Turbine passage survival estimation for chinook salmon smolts (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at a large dam on the Columbia River . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 53 : 542 – 549 .
  • Maule , A. G. , Tripp , R. A. , Kaattari , S. L. and Schreck , C. B. 1989 . Stress alters immune function and disease resistance in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) . Journal of Endocrinology , 120 : 135 – 142 .
  • Mazeaud , M. M. , Mazeaud , F. and Donaldson , E. D. 1977 . Primary and secondary effects of stress in fish: some new data with a general review . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 106 : 201 – 212 .
  • McLeay , D. J. and Brown , D. A. 1979 . Stress and chronic effects of untreated and treated bleached kraft pulpmill effluent on the biochemistry and stamina of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 36 : 1049 – 1059 .
  • Mesa , M. G. 1994 . Effects of multiple acute stressors on the predator avoidance ability and physiology of juvenile chinook salmon . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 123 : 786 – 793 .
  • Mesa , M. G. , Poe , T. P. , Gadomski , D. M. and Petersen , J. H. 1994 . Are all prey created equal? a review and synthesis of differential predation on prey in substandard condition . Journal of Fish Biology , 45 : 81 – 96 .
  • Mesa , M. G. and Warren , J. J. 1997 . Predator avoidance ability of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) subjected to sublethal exposures of gas-supersaturated water . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 54 : 757 – 764 .
  • Mesa , M. G. , Weiland , L. K. and Maule , A. G. 2000 . Progression and severity of gas bubble trauma in juvenile salmonids . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 129 : 174 – 185 .
  • Meyers , T. R. and Hendricks , J. D. 1982 . A summary of tissue lesions in aquatic animals induced by controlled exposures to environmental contaminants, chemotherapeutic agents, and potential carcinogens . U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Marine Fisheries Review , 44 ( 1 ) : 1 – 17 .
  • Morgan , J. D. , Balfry , S. K. , Vijayan , M. M. and Iwama , G. K. 1996 . Physiological responses to hyposaline exposure and handling and confinement stress in juvenile dolphin (mahimahi: Coryphaena hippurus) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 53 : 1736 – 1740 .
  • Myers , J. M. , Kope , R. G. , Bryant , G. J. , Teel , D. , Lierheimer , L. J. , Wainwright , T. C. , Grand , W. S. , Waknitz , F. W. , Neely , K. , Lindley , S. T. and Waples , R. S. 1998 . Status review of chinook salmon from Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and California , NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-35 Seattle
  • Navarro , J. E. , McCauley , D. J. and Blystra , A. R. 1996 . Turbine passage at four low-head hydroelectric facilities in northeast Michigan . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 16 : 182 – 191 .
  • Nemeth , D. J. and Kiefer , R. B. 1999 . Snake River spring and summer chinook salmon—the choice for recovery . Fisheries , 24 ( 10 ) : 16 – 23 .
  • NMFS (U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service) . 1999 . An assessment of lower Snake River hydrosystem alternatives on survival and recovery of Snake River salmonids Anadromous fish appendix in Draft lower Snake River juvenile salmon migration feasibility study/environmental impact statement. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington
  • NMFS (U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service) . 2000 . Biological opinion of the Federal Columbia River power system including the juvenile fish transportation program and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation's 31 dams including the entire Columbia Basin project Seattle, Washington : NMFS .
  • Pearcy , W. G. 1992 . Ocean ecology of North Pacific salmonids Seattle : University of Washingon Press .
  • Peterson , R. O. 1977 . Wolf ecology and prey relationships on Isle Royale , U.S. National Park Service Scientific Monograph Series 11
  • Petrosky , C. E. , Schaller , H. A. and Budy , P. 2001 . Productivity and survival rate trends in the freshwater spawning and rearing stage of Snake River chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 58 : 1196 – 1207 .
  • Poe , T. P. , Hansel , H. C. , Vigg , S. , Palmer , D. E. and Prendergast , L. A. 1991 . Feeding of predaceous fishes on out-migrating juvenile salmonids in John Day Reservoir, Columbia River . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 120 : 405 – 420 .
  • Raymond , H. L. 1979 . Effects of dams and impoundments on migrations of juvenile chinook salmon and steelhead from the Snake River, 1966 to 1975 . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 108 : 505 – 529 .
  • Raymond , H. L. 1988 . Effects of hydroelectric development and fisheries enhancement on spring and summer chinook salmon and steelhead in the Columbia River basin . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 8 : 1 – 24 .
  • Rice , J. A. , Crowder , L. B. and Binkowski , F. P. 1987 . Evaluating potential sources of mortality for larval bloater (Coregonus hoyi): starvation and the vulnerability to predation . Canadian Journal of Aquatic Sciences , 44 : 467 – 472 .
  • Rieman , B. E. , Beamsderfer , R. C. , Vigg , S. and Poe , T. P. 1991 . Estimated loss of juvenile salmonids to predation by northern squawfish, walleyes, and smallmouth bass in John Day Reservoir, Columbia River . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 120 : 448 – 458 .
  • Roby , D. D. , Craig , D. P. , Collis , K. and Adamany , S. L. 1998 . Avian predation on juvenile salmonids in the lower Columbia River , 1997 Annual Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract 97BI33475, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract E96970049 Washington : Walla Walla .
  • Rodgers , J. D. , Ewing , R. D. and Hall , J. D. 1987 . Physiological changes during seaward migration of wild juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 44 : 452 – 457 .
  • Rondorf , D. W. , Dutchuk , M. S. , Kolok , A. S. and Gross , M. L. 1985 . Bioenergetics of juvenile salmon during spring out-migration , 1983 Annual Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Project 82-11 (DE-AI70-82BP35346), Walla Walla, Washington
  • Ruggerone , G. T. 1986 . Consumption of migrating juvenile salmonids by gulls foraging below a Columbia River dam . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 115 : 736 – 742 .
  • Sandford , B. P. and Smith , S. G. Estimation of smolt-to-adult return percentages for Snake River Basin anadromous salmonids, 1990–1997 Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics . In press
  • Schaller , H. A. , Petrosky , C. E. and Langness , O. P. 1999 . Contrasting patterns of productivity and survival rates for stream-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations of the Snake and Columbia rivers . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 56 : 1031 – 1045 .
  • Schaller , H. A. , Petrosky , C. E. and Langness , O. P. 2000 . Reply to Zabel and Williams' comments on “Contrasting patterns of productivity and survival rates for stream-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations of the Snake and Columbia rivers” by Schaller et-al. (1999) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 57 : 1742 – 1746 .
  • Schreck , C. B. and Stahl , T. P. 1998 . Evaluation of migration and survival of juvenile salmonids following transportation , Annual Report to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Project MPE-W-97-4 Washington : Walla Walla .
  • Sherwood , C. P. , Jay , D. A. , Harvey , R. B. , Hamilton , P. and Simestad , C. A. 1990 . Historical changes in the Columbia River estuary . Progressive Oceanography , 25 : 299 – 352 .
  • Sigismondi , L. A. and Weber , L. J. 1988 . Changes in avoidance response time of juvenile chinook salmon exposed to multiple acute handling stresses . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 117 : 196 – 201 .
  • Sprague , J. B. 1971 . Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish III. Sub-lethal effects and “safe” concentrations . Water Research , 5 : 245 – 266 .
  • Thorpe , J. E. , Ross , L. G. , Struthers , G. and Watts , W. 1981 . Tracking Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. migration . Journal of Fish Biology , 19 : 519 – 537 .
  • USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) . 1999 . Draft lower Snake River juvenile salmon migration feasibility report/environmental impact statement Walla Walla, Washington : USACE .
  • USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) . 2000 . Evaluate comparative delayed mortality of juvenile salmon utilizing different routes of passage at the dams on the lower Columbia and Snake rivers Walla Walla, Washington : USACE Northwest Division .
  • Vaughan , D. S. , Yoshiyama , R. M. , Breck , J. E. and DeAngelis , D. L. 1984 . “ Modeling approaches for assessing the effects of stress on fish populations ” . In Containment effects on fisheries Edited by: Cairns , V. W. , Hodson , P. V. and Nriagu , J. E. 259 – 278 . Toronto : Wiley .
  • Venditti , D. A. , Rondorf , D. W. and Kraut , J. M. 2000 . Migratory behavior, and forebay delay of radio-tagged juvenile fall chinook salmon in a lower Snake River impoundment . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 20 : 41 – 52 .
  • Vigg , S. , Poe , T. P. , Pendergast , L. A. and Hansel , H. C. 1991 . Rates of consumption of juvenile salmonids and alternative prey fish by northern squawfish, walleyes, smallmouth bass, and channel catfish in John Day Reservoir, Columbia River . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 120 : 421 – 438 .
  • Wagner , H. H. 1974 . Photoperiod and temperature regulation of smolting in steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 52 : 219 – 234 .
  • Walters , C. J. , Hilborn , R. , Peterman , R. M. and Staley , M. J. 1978 . Model for examining early ocean limitation of Pacific salmon production . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 35 : 1303 – 1315 .
  • Ward , D. L. , Peterson , J. H. and Loch , J. J. 1995 . Index of predation on juvenile salmonids by northern squawfish in the lower and middle Columbia River and in the lower Snake River . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 124 : 321 – 334 .
  • Wedemeyer , G. 1970 . Stress of anesthesia with MS-222 and benzocaine in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 27 : 909 – 914 .
  • Wedemeyer , G. A. , Barton , B. A. and McLeay , D. J. 1990 . “ Stress and acclimation ” . In Methods for fish biology Edited by: Schreck , C. B. and Moyle , P. B. 451 – 489 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
  • Weitkamp , D. E. and Katz , M. 1980 . A review of dissolved gas supersaturation literature . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 109 : 659 – 702 .
  • White , R. G. , Phillips , G. , Liknes , G. , Brammer , G. , Conner , W. , Fidler , L. , Williams , T. and Dwyer , W. 1991 . Effects of supersaturation of dissolved gases on the fishery of the Bighorn River downstream of the Yellowtail Afterbay Dam Bozeman, Montana : Final report to the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation .
  • Williams , J. , Mathews , G. , Myers , J. , Smith , S. G. , Cooney , T. and Toole , C. 1998 . “ Hatchery extra mortality hypothesis ” . In PATH submissions to weight of evidence report Edited by: Marmorek , D. R. and Peters , C. N. 1 – 16 . Vancouver : ESSA Technologies, Ltd. .
  • Williams , J. G. and Mathews , G. M. 1995 . A review of flow and survival relationships for spring and summer chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, from the Snake River basin . U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Fishery Bulletin , 93 : 732 – 740 .
  • Wilson , P. 1996 . “ Chapter 11. PATH: hatchery impacts ” . In Plan for analyzing and testing hypotheses (PATH): final report of retrospective analysis for fiscal year 1996 Edited by: Marmorek , D. R. Vancouver : ESSA Technologies . With support form the hatchery evaluation group. and 21 coauthors, compilers, and
  • Woo , N. Y. S. , Bern , H. A. and Nishioka , R. S. 1978 . Changes in body composition associated smoltification and premature transfer to seawater in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kitsutch) and king salmon (O. tshawytscha) . Journal of Fish Biology , 13 : 421 – 428 .
  • Wood , C. M. , Turner , J. D. and Graham , M. S. 1983 . Why do fish die after exercise? . Journal of Fish Biology , 22 : 189 – 201 .
  • Wright , P. B. and McLean , W. E. 1985 . The effects of aeration on the rearing of summer chinook fry (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at the Puntledge hatchery , Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1390
  • Zabel , R. W. and Williams , J. G. 2000 . Comments on “Contrasting patterns of productivity and survival rates for stream-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations of the Snake and Columbia rivers” by Schaller et-al. (1999) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 57 : 1739 – 1741 .
  • Zaugg , W. S. 1981 . Advanced photoperiod and water temperature effects on gill Na+-K+ adenosine triphasphatase activity and migration of juvenile steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 38 : 758 – 764 .
  • Zaugg , W. S. , Prentice , E. F. and Waknitz , F. W. 1985 . Importance of river migration to the development of seawater tolerance in Columbia River anadromous salmonids . Aquaculture , 51 : 33 – 47 .
  • Zaugg , W. S. and Wagner , H. H. 1973 . Gill ATPase activity related to par–smolt transformation and migration in steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) influence of photoperiod and temperature . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology , 45 : 955 – 965 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.