Influence of River Level on Temperature and Hydraulic Gradients in Chum and Fall Chinook Salmon Spawning Areas Downstream of Bonneville Dam, Columbia River

References

• Arntzen , E. V. , Geist , D. R. and Dresel , P. E. 2006 . Effects of fluctuating river flow on groundwater–surface water mixing in the hyporheic zone of a regulated, large-cobble-bed river . River Research and Applications , 22 : 937 – 946 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , C. D. , Neitzel , D. A. and Abernethy , C. S. 1983 . Effects of dewatering on Chinook salmon redds: tolerance of four development phases to one-time dewatering . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 3 : 373 – 382 .
   Google Scholar
• Becker , C. D. , Neitzel , D. A. and Fickeisen , D. H. 1982 . Effects of dewatering on Chinook salmon redds: tolerance of four developmental phases to daily dewaterings . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 111 : 624 – 637 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bencala , K. E. 1993 . A perspective on stream–catchment connections . Journal of the North American Benthological Society , 12 : 44 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjornn , T. C. and Reiser , D. W. 1991 . “ Habitat requirements of salmonids in streams ” . In Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats Edited by: Meehan , W. R. 83 – 138 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society . Special Publication 19
   Google Scholar
• Bonnell , R. G. 1991 . “ Construction, operation, and evaluation of groundwater-fed side channels for chum salmon in British Columbia ” . In Fisheries bioengineering symposium Edited by: Colt , J. and White , R. J. 109 – 124 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society . Symposium 10
   Google Scholar
• Chapman , D. W. 1988 . Critical review of variables used to define effects of fines in redds of large salmonids . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 117 : 1 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor , E. J. and Pflug , D. E. 2004 . Changes in the distribution and density of pink, chum, and Chinook salmon spawning in the upper Skagit River in response to flow management measures . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 24 : 835 – 852 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisp , D. T. 1990 . Water temperature in a stream gravel bed and implications for salmonid incubation . Freshwater Biology , 23 : 601 – 612 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahm , C. N. and Valett , M. H. 1996 . “ Hyporheic zones ” . In Methods in stream ecology Edited by: Hauer , F. R. and Lamberti , G. A. 107 – 119 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dauble , D. D. , Johnson , R. L. and Garcia , A. P. 1999 . Fall Chinook spawning in the tailraces of lower Snake River hydroelectric projects . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 128 : 672 – 679 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FERC (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission). 1988 . Vernita Bar settlement agreement, Docket E-9569-000 Washington, D.C. : FERC . 16 June 1988
   Google Scholar
• FPC (Fish Passage Center). 2006 . “ Chum and fall Chinook salmon spawning data ” . In FPC Available: www.fpc.org/spawning/spawning_surveys.html. (September 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Freeze , A. R. and Cherry , J. A. 1979 . Groundwater Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Fukushima , M. and Smoker , W. W. 1998 . Spawning habitat segregation of sympatric sockeye and pink salmon . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 127 : 253 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland , R. D. , Tiffan , K. F. , Rondorf , D. W. , Skalicky , J. and Anglin , D. R. 2003 . Evaluation of fall Chinook and chum salmon spawning habitat near Ives and Pierce islands in the Columbia River: progress report 1999–2001 Portland, Oregon : Bonneville Power Administration . DOE/BP-00004701-1. Available: www.efw.bpa.gov/Publications/I00004701-1.pdf. (September 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Geist , D. R. 2000 . Hyporheic discharge of river water into fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) spawning areas in the Hanford Reach, Columbia River . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 57 : 1647 – 1656 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geist , D. R. , Abernethy , C. S. , Hand , K. , Cullinan , V. , Chandler , J. and Groves , P. 2006 . Survival, development, and growth of fall Chinook salmon embryos, alevin, and fry exposed to variable thermal and dissolved oxygen regimes . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 135 : 1462 – 1477 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geist , D. R. and Dauble , D. D. 1998 . Redd site selection and spawning habitat use by fall Chinook salmon: the importance of geomorphic features in large rivers . Environmental Management , 22 : 655 – 669 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geist , D. R. , Hanrahan , T. P. , Arntzen , E. V. , McKinstry , C. , Murray , C. J. , Chien , Y. and McMichael , G. A. 2003 . “ Spawning habitat suitability in the Wanapum Dam tailrace and Priest Rapids pool. Section 4.3 ” . In Final Report to Grant County Public Utility District Edited by: McMichael , G. A. Washington : Ephrata .
   Google Scholar
• Geist , D. R. , Hanrahan , T. P. , Arntzen , E. V. , McMichael , G. A. , Murray , C. J. and Chien , Y. J. 2002 . Physicochemical characteristics of the hyporheic zone affect redd site selection by chum salmon and fall Chinook salmon in the Columbia River . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 22 : 1077 – 1085 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geist , D. R. , Joy , M. C. , Lee , D. R. and Gonser , T. 1998 . A method for installing piezometers in large-cobble-bed rivers . Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation , 18 : 78 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara , T. J. , ed. 1982 . Chemoreception in fishes Elsevier, New York
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , J. W. and Wagner , B. J. 2000 . “ Quantifying hydrologic interactions between streams and their subsurface hyporheic zones ” . In Streams and ground waters Edited by: Jones , J. B. and Mulholland , P. J. 3 – 44 . San Diego, California : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Healey , M. C. 1991 . “ Life history of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) ” . In Pacific salmon life histories Edited by: Groot , C. and Margolis , L. 312 – 393 . Vancouver : University of British Columbia Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heggberget , T. G. , Haukebø , T. , Mork , J. and Ståhl , G. 1988 . Temporal and spatial segregation of spawning in sympatric populations of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and brown trout, Salmo trutta L . Journal of Fish Biology , 33 : 347 – 356 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapointe , M. F. , Bergeron , N. E. , Bérubé , F. , Pouliot , M-A. and Johnston , P. 2004 . Interactive effects of substrate sand and silt contents, redd-scale hydraulic gradients, and interstitial velocities on egg-to-emergence survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 61 : 2271 – 2277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leman , V. N. 1993 . Spawning sites of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta: microhydrological regime and viability of progeny in redds (Kamchatka River basin) . Journal of Ichthyology , 33 : 104 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• McKim , J. M. 1977 . Evaluation of tests with early life stages of fish for predicting long-term toxicity . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 34 : 1148 – 1154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMichael , G. A. , McKinstry , C. A. , Vucelick , J. A. and Lukas , J. A. 2005 . Fall Chinook salmon spawning activity versus daylight and flow in the tailrace of a large hydroelectric dam . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 25 : 573 – 580 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , C. B. and Beacham , T. D. 1987 . The development of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) embryos and alevins under varying temperature regimes . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 65 : 2672 – 2681 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NOAA (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration). 2004 . Endangered Species Act, section 7 consultation: biological opinion—consultation on remand for operation of the Columbia River power system and 19 Bureau of Reclamation projects in the Columbia basin Seattle : NOAA . 2004/00727. Available: seahorse.nmfs.noaa.gov/pls/pcts-pub/sxn7.pcts_upload.summary_list_biop?p_id=14756. (September 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Peterson , R. E. and Connelly , M. P. 2004 . Water movement in the zone of interaction between groundwater and the Columbia River, Hanford site, Washington . Journal of Hydraulic Research , 42 : 53 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole , G. C. , Stanford , J. A. , Running , S. W. and Frissell , C. A. 2006 . Multiscale geomorphic drivers of groundwater flow paths: subsurface hydrologic dynamics and hyporheic habitat diversity . Journal of the North American Benthological Society , 25 : 288 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito , T. 2000 . Natural production of chum salmon in the Horonai stream: spatial segregation of redd formation between chum salmon and other salmonids . Bulletin of the National Salmon Resources Center , 3 : 15 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Saksgård , L. M. , Heggberget , T. G. , Jensen , A. J. and Hvidsten , N. A. 1992 . Hydropower development of the River Alta: effects on the salmon population . NINA Forskningsrapport , 34 : 1 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Salo , E. O. 1991 . “ Life history of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) ” . In Pacific salmon life histories Edited by: Groot , C. and Margolis , L. 231 – 309 . Vancouver : University of British Columbia Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shepherd , B. G. , Hartman , G. F. and Wilson , W. J. 1986 . Relationships between stream and intragravel temperatures in coastal drainages, and some implications for fisheries workers . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 43 : 1818 – 1822 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumway , D. L. , Warren , C. E. and Doudoroff , P. 1964 . Influence of oxygen concentration and water movement on the growth of steelhead trout and coho salmon embryos . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 93 : 342 – 356 .
   Google Scholar
• Stuart , T. A. 1953 . “ Spawning migration, reproduction, and young stages of the loch trout (S. trutta L.) ” . In Freshwater and Salmon Fisheries Research Report 5 Edinburgh : Scottish Home Department .
   Google Scholar
• Tautz , A. F. and Groot , C. 1975 . Spawning behavior of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 32 : 633 – 642 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiffan , K. F. , Rondorf , D. W. and Skalicky , J. J. 2005 . Diel spawning behavior of chum salmon in the Columbia River . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 134 : 892 – 900 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). 2001 . System operational request 2001-10: tailwater elevation at Bonneville Dam to protect natural spawning of chum and fall Chinook salmon at the Ives–Pierce Island complex and the I-205 seeps Available: www.nwd-wc.usace.army.mil/tmt/sor/2001/2001-10.html. (September 2006.)
   Google Scholar
• Valett , H. M. , Fisher , S. G. , Grimm , N. B. and Camill , P. 1994 . Vertical hydrologic exchange and ecological stability of a desert stream ecosystem . Ecology , 75 : 548 – 560 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vronskiy , B. B. and Leman , V. N. 1991 . Spawning stations, hydrological regime, and survival of progeny in nests of Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, in the Kamchatka River basin . Voprosy Ikhtiologii , 31 : 282 – 291 .
   Google Scholar
• Witzel , L. D. and MacCrimmon , H. R. 1983 . Redd-site selection by brook trout and brown trout in southwestern Ontario streams . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 112 : 760 – 771 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , J. W. 1979 . Diseases of Pacific salmon: their prevention and treatment, , 3rd edition Olympia : Washington Department of Fisheries .
   Google Scholar
• Zimmermann , A. E. and Lapointe , M. 2005 . Intergranular flow velocity through salmonid redds: sensitivity to fines infiltration from low-intensity sediment transport events . River Research and Applications , 21 : 865 – 881 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar