Postrelease Performance of Acclimated and Directly Released Hatchery Summer Steelhead into Oregon Tributaries of the Snake River

References

• Anderson , R. O. and Neumann , R. M. 1996 . “ Length, weight, and associated structural indices. ” . In Fisheries techniques, , 2nd edition Edited by: Murphy , B. R. and Willis , D. W. 447 – 482 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
   Google Scholar
• Appleby , A. E. , Tipping , J. M. and Vander Haegen , G. E. 2002 . Effects of surface water acclimation on postrelease survival of yearling spring Chinook salmon . North American Journal of Aquaculture , 64 : 301 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• APRE (Artificial Production Review and Evaluation). 2004 . Final basin-level report Olympia, Washington : Northwest Power Planning Council . Available: nwcouncil.org/library/default.htm. (August 2010). Document 2004-17
   Google Scholar
• Araki , H. , Cooper , B. and Blouin , M. S. 2007 . Genetic effects of captive breeding cause a rapid, cumulative fitness decline in the wild . Science , 318 : 100 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayles , G. B. , Lark , J. G. I. , Barica , J. and Kling , H. 1976 . Seasonal mortality of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) planted in small eutrophic lakes of central Canada . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 33 : 647 – 655 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton , B. A. 2000 . Salmonid fishes differ in their cortisol and glucose responses to handling and transport stress . North American Journal of Aquaculture , 62 : 12 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton , B. A. and Peter , R. E. 1982 . Plasma cortisol stress response in fingerling rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, to various transport conditions, anesthesia, and cold shock . Journal of Fish Biology , 20 : 39 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton , B. A. , Peter , R. E. and Paulencu , C. R. 1980 . Plasma cortisol levels of fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) at rest and subjected to handling, confinement, transport, and stocking . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 37 : 805 – 811 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckman , B. R. , Larsen , D. A. , Lee-Pawlak , B. and Dickhoff , W. W. 1998 . Relation of fish size and growth rate to migration of spring Chinook salmon smolts . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 18 : 537 – 546 .
   Google Scholar
• Beckman , B. R. , Dickhoff , W. W. , Zaugg , W. S. , Sharpe , C. , Hirtzel , S. , Schrock , R. , Larsen , D. A. , Ewing , R. D. , Palmisano , A. , Schreck , C. B. and Mahnken , C. V. W. 1999 . Growth, smoltification, and smolt-to-adult return of spring Chinook salmon from hatcheries on the Deschutes River, Oregon . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 128 : 1125 – 1150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berggren , T. J. and Filardo , M. J. 1993 . An analysis of variables influencing the migration of juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River basin . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 13 : 48 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Bjornn , T. C. and Ringe , R. R. 1984 . Evaluation of conditioning steelhead trout in cold water after rearing at 15C Moscow : Idaho Cooperative Fishery Research Unit . Technical Report 84-3
   Google Scholar
• Brannon , E. , Currens , K. P. , Goodman , D. , Lichatowich , J. A. , McConnaha , W. E. , Riddell , B. E. and Williams , R. N. 1999 . Review of artificial production of anadromous and resident fish in the Columbia River basin, part I. A scientific basis for Columbia River production program Olympia, Washington : Northwest Power Planning Council .
   Google Scholar
• Cada , G. F. , Deacon , M. D. , Mitz , S. V. and Bevelhimer , M. S. 1997 . Effects of water velocity on the survival of downstream-migrating juvenile salmon and steelhead: A review with emphasis on the Columbia River basin . Reviews in Fisheries Science , 5 : 131 – 183 .
   Google Scholar
• Chandroo , K. P. , Cooke , S. J. , McKinley , R. S. and Moccia , R. D. 2005 . Use of electromyogram telemetry to assess the behavioural and energetic responses of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), to transportation stress . Aquaculture Research , 36 : 1226 – 1238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cresswell , R. C. and Williams , R. 1983 . Post-stocking movements and recapture of hatchery-reared trout released into flowing waters: Effect of prior acclimation to flow . Journal of Fish Biology , 23 : 265 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evenson , M. D. and Ewing , R. D. 1992 . Migration characteristics and hatchery returns of winter steelhead volitionally released from Cole Rivers Hatchery, Oregon . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 12 : 736 – 743 .
   Google Scholar
• Finstad , B. , Iversen , M. and Sandodden , R. 2003 . Stress-reducing methods for releases of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts in Norway . Aquaculture , 222 : 203 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish Passage Center. 1994Annual report, 1993. Annual report to the Bonneville Power Administration, Project 94-033, Portland, Oregon. Available: http://pisces.bpa.gov/release/documents/documentviewer.aspx?pub=D20733-9.pdf . (August 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Fish Passage Center. 2007. Annual report, part V. Columbia River basin hatchery releases. Annual report to the Bonneville Power Administration, Project 1994-03300, Portland, Oregon. Available: http://www.fpc.org/ .
   Google Scholar
• Fleming , I. A. and Gross , M. R. 1993 . Breeding success of hatchery and wild coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in competition . Ecological Applications , 3 (2) : 230 – 245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale , W. M. , Pasley , C. R. , Kennedy , B. M. and Ostrand , K. G. 2009 . Juvenile steelhead release strategies: A comparison of volitional- and forced-release practices . North American Journal of Aquaculture , 71 : 97 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia , A. P. , Connor , W. P. , Milks , D. J. , Rockladge , S. J. and Steinhorst , R. K. 2004 . Movement and spawner distribution of hatchery fall Chinook salmon adults acclimated and released as yearlings at three locations in the Snake River basin . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 24 : 1134 – 1144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hard , J. J. , Jones , R. P. Jr. , Delarm , M. R. and Waples , W. R. 1992 . “ Pacific salmon and artificial propagation under the Endangered Species Act. ” . In NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-2
   Google Scholar
• Hasler , A. D. , Scholz , A. T. and Horrall , R. M. 1978 . Olfactory imprinting and homing in salmon . American Scientist , 66 : 347 – 355 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• High , B. , Peery , C. A. and Bennett , D. H. 2002 . Temporary staging of Columbia River summer steelhead in coolwater areas and its effect on migration rates . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 135 : 519 – 528 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HSRG (Hatchery Scientific Review Group). 2004. Hatchery reform: Principles and recommendations of the HSRG. Available: hatcheryreform.us/hrp_downloads/reports/hsrg_princ_recs_report_full_apr04.pdf (http://hatcheryreform.us/hrp_downloads/reports/hsrg_princ_recs_report_full_apr04.pdf) . (August 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Hume , J. M. and Parkinson , E. A. 1987 . Effect of stocking density on the survival, growth, and dispersal of steelhead trout fry (Salmo gairdneri) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 44 : 271 – 281 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hume , J. M. and Parkinson , E. A. 1988 . Effects of size at time of release on the survival and growth of steelhead fry stocked in streams . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 8 : 50 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• IHOT (Integrated Hatchery Operations Team). 1995 . Integrated Hatchery Operations Team: Policies and procedures for Columbia basin anadromous salmonid hatcheries: 1994 annual report Portland, Oregon : Annual Report to the Bonneville Power Administration .
   Google Scholar
• ĺsaksson , A. , Rasch , T. J. and Poe , P. H. 1978 . An evaluation of smolt releases into a salmon- and a nonsalmon producing stream using two release methods . Journal of Agricultural Research of Iceland , 10 (2) : 100 – 113 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , S. L. , Solazzi , M. F. and Nickelson , T. E. 1990 . Effects on survival and homing of trucking hatchery yearling coho salmon to release sites . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 10 : 427 – 433 .
   Google Scholar
• Jonssonn , S. , Brønnøs , E. and Lundqvist , H. 1999 . Stocking of brown trout, Salmo trutta L.: Effects of acclimatization . Fisheries Management and Ecology , 6 : 459 – 473 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapuscinski , A. R. 1997 . “ Rehabilitation of Pacific salmon in their ecosystems: What can artificial propagation contribute? ” . In Pacific salmon and their ecosystems, status, and future options Edited by: Strouder , D. , Bisson , P. and Naiman , R. 493 – 512 . New York : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Kenaston , K. R. , Lindsay , R. B. and Schroeder , R. K. 2001 . Effect of acclimation on the homing and survival of hatchery winter steelhead . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 21 : 765 – 773 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lady , J. , Westhagen , P. and Skalski , J. R. 2001 . Surph. 2 user manual Seattle : University of Washington . Available: http://cbr.washington.edu/paramest/surph/manual/index.html. (August 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Lichatowich , J. 1997 . “ Evaluating salmon management institutions: The importance of performance measures, temporal scales, and production cycles. ” . In Pacific salmon and their ecosystems, status, and future options Edited by: Strouder , D. , Bisson , P. and Naiman , R. 69 – 87 . New York : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie , D. , Calvin , L. , Junge , C. , Ossiander , F. and McConnaha , W. 1985 . Statistical considerations for evaluating survival of migrating salmonids: Summary report from the ad hoc statistical committee to the Water Budget Center Richland, Washington : Report to the U.S. Department of Energy . Contract DE-AC06-76RL01830 by Battelle Northwest Laboratories
   Google Scholar
• Osborne , R. S. and Rhine , T. D. 1999 . Steelhead acclimation study at Sawtooth Fish Hatchery, Idaho Boise : Idaho Department of Fish and Game . Project Progress Report
   Google Scholar
• Prentice , E. F. , Flagg , T. A. and McCutcheon , C. S. 1987 . A study to determine the biological feasibility of a new fish tagging system, 1986–1987 Portland, Oregon : Report to the Bonneville Power Administration . Project 83-319
   Google Scholar
• Radtke , H. D. and Davis , S. W. 2000 . “ Economic feasibility of salmon enhancement propagation programs. ” . In Sustainable fisheries management Edited by: Knudsen , E. E. , Steward , C. R. , MacDonald , D. D. , Williams , J. E. and Reiser , D. R. 381 – 392 . Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schreck , C. B. , Solizzi , M. F. , Johnson , S. L. and Nickelson , T. E. 1989 . Transportation stress affects performance of coho salmon . Aquaculture , 82 : 15 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder , R. K. , Lindsay , R. B. and Kenaston , K. R. 2001 . Origin and straying of hatchery winter steelhead in Oregon coastal rivers . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 130 : 431 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skalski , J. R. , Smith , S. G. , Iwamoto , R. N. , Williams , J. G. and Hoffmann , A. 1998 . Use of passive integrated transponder tags to estimate survival of migrant juvenile salmonids in the Snake and Columbia rivers . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 55 : 1484 – 1493 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaney , P. A. , Berg , L. and Tautz , A. F. 1993 . Returns of hatchery steelhead relative to site of release below an upper-river hatchery . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 13 : 558 – 566 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , S. G. , Skalski , J. R. and Giorgi , A. 1993 . Statistical evaluations of travel time estimation based on data from freeze-branded Chinook salmon on the Snake River, 1982–1990 Portland, Oregon : Report to the Bonneville Power Administration . Project 91-051
   Google Scholar
• Tipping , J. M. 1997 . Effect of smolt length at release on adult returns of hatchery-reared winter steelhead . Progressive Fish-Culturist , 59 : 310 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipping , J. M. 1998 . Return rates of transported steelhead smolts with and without a rest period before release . Progressive Fish-Culturist , 60 : 284 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viola , A. E. and Schuck , M. L. 1995 . A method to reduce the abundance of residual hatchery steelhead in rivers . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 15 : 488 – 493 .
   Google Scholar
• Wagner , H. H. 1968 . Effect of stocking time on survival of steelhead trout, Salmo gairdnerii, in Oregon . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 97 : 374 – 379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner , H. H. 1969 . Effect of stocking location of juvenile steelhead trout, Salmo gairdnerii, on adult catch . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 98 : 27 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , B. R. and Slaney , P. A. 1988 . Life history and smolt-to-adult survival of Keogh River steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) and the relationship to smolt size . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 45 : 1110 – 1122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendelaar Bonga , S. E. 1997 . The stress response in fish . Physiological Reviews , 77 : 591 – 625 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westhagen , P. and Skalski , S. R. 2007 . PIT Pro 4 user's manual Seattle : School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, University of Washington . Available: cbr.washington.edu/paramest/pitpro/manual/pitro_v4_manual/pitpro4_manual.pdf. (August 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Whitesel , T. A. , Lofy , P. T. , Carmichael , R. W. , Messmer , R. T. , Flesher , M. W. and Rondorf , D. W. 1994 . “ A comparison of the performance of acclimated and direct stream released, hatchery-reared steelhead smolts in northeast Oregon. ” . In High performance fish Edited by: MacKinlay , D. D. 87 – 92 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society, Physiology Section .
   Google Scholar