References
- Bates , K. , Barnard , B. , Heiner , B. , Klavis , J. P. and Powers , P. D. 2003 . Design of road culverts for fish passage Olympia : Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife .
- Beechie , T. J. , Ruckelshaus , M. , Buhle , E. , Fullerton , A. and Holsinger , L. 2006 . Hydrologic regime and the conservation of salmon life history diversity . Biological Conservation , 130 (4) : 560 – 572 .
- Booth , D. B. 1991 . Urbanization and the natural drainage system: Impacts, solution, and prognosis . Northwest Environmental Journal , 7 : 93 – 118 .
- Booth , D. B. , Haugerud , R. A. and Goetz Troost , K. 2003 . “ The geology of Puget lowland rivers. ” . In Restoration of Puget Sound rivers Edited by: Montgomery , D. R. , Bolton , S. , Booth , D. B. and Wall , L. 14 – 45 . Seattle : University of Washington Press .
- CDFG (California Department of Fish and Game). 2002. Culvert criteria for fish passage. Available: http://www.dfg.ca.gov . (June 2010).
- Clarkin , K. , Connor , A. , Furniss , M. J. , Gubernick , B. , Love , M. , Moynan , K. and Wilson Musser , S. 2005 . National inventory and assessment procedure for identifying barriers to aquatic organism passage at road-stream crossings San Dimas, California : U.S. Forest Service .
- Coffman , J. S. Evaluation of a predictive model for upstream fish passage through culverts , James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 2005. Master's thesis.
- Dunham , J. B. , Vinyard , G. L. and Rieman , B. E. 1997 . Habitat fragmentation and extinction risk of Lahontan cutthroat trout . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 17 : 1126 – 1133 .
- Franklin , J. F. and Dyrness , C. T. 1973 . “ Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. ” . In U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-80
- Furniss , M. J. , Ledwith , T. S. , Love , M. A. , McFadin , B. A. and Flanagan , S. A. 1998 . Response of road-stream crossings to large flood events in Washington, Oregon, and northern California San Dimas, California : U.S. Forest Service . 9877 1806-SDTDC
- GAO (General Accounting Office). 2001 . Restoring fish passage through culverts on Forest Service and BLM lands in Oregon and Washington could take decades Washington, D.C. : GAO . Report GAO-02-136
- Gibson , R. J. , Haedrich , R. L. and Wernerheim , C. M. 2005 . Loss of fish habitat as a consequence of inappropriately constructed stream crossings . Fisheries , 30 (1) : 10 – 17 .
- Governor's Salmon Recovery Office. 2008 . State of the salmon in watersheds report Olympia, Washington : Governor's Salmon Recovery Office .
- Gresh , T. , Lichatowich , J. and Schoomaker , P. 2000 . An estimation of historic and current levels of salmon production in the Northeast Pacific ecosystem: Evidence of a nutrient deficit in the freshwater systems of the Pacific Northwest . Fisheries , 25 (1) : 15 – 21 .
- Gubernick , B. , Clarkin , K. and Furniss , M. J. Design and construction of aquatic organism passage at road-stream crossings: Site assessment and geomorphic considerations in stream simulation culvert design. Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation . Edited by: Irwin , C. L. , Garrett , P. and McDermott , K. P. pp. 30 – 41 . Raleigh : Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University .
- Hotchkiss , R. H. and Frei , C. M. 2007 . Design for fish passage at roadway-stream crossings: Synthesis report McLean, Virginia : Federal Highway Administration . Publication FHWA-HIF-0-033
- Jackson , S. D. Design and construction of aquatic organism passage at road-stream crossings: Ecological considerations in the design of river and stream crossings. Proceedings of the International Conference of Ecology and Transportation . pp. 20 – 29 . Raleigh : Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University .
- Kerenyi, K., J. Pagan-Ortiz. 2007. Testing bottomless culverts. Public Roads 70. Available: http://www.tfhrc.gov/ . (February 2010).
- Kruse , C. G. , Hubert , W. A. and Rahel , F. J. 2001 . An assessment of headwater isolation as a conservation strategy for cutthroat trout in the Absaroka Mountains of Wyoming . Northwest Science , 75 : 1 – 11 .
- Lamberti , G. A. , Gregory , S. V. , Ashkenas , L. R. , Wildman , R. C. and Moore , K. M. S. 1991 . Stream ecosystem recovery following a catastrophic debris flow . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 48 : 196 – 208 .
- Langill , D. A. and Zamora , P. J. 2002 . “ An audit of small culvert installations in Nova Scotia: Habitat loss and habitat fragmentation. ” . In Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2422
- Lombard , J. 2006 . Saving Puget Sound: A conservation strategy for the 21st century Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
- Neville , H. , Dunham , J. B. , Rosenberger , A. , Umek , J. and Nelson , B. 2009 . Influences of wildfire, habitat size, and connectivity on trout in headwater streams revealed by patterns of genetic diversity . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 138 : 1314 – 1327 .
- Pess , G. R. , Beechie , T. J. , Williams , J. E. , Whitall , D. R. , Lange , J. I. and Klochak , J. R. 2003 . “ Watershed assessment techniques and the success of aquatic restoration activities. ” . In Strategies for restoring river ecosystems: Sources of variability and uncertainty in natural and managed systems Edited by: Wissmar , R. C. and Bisson , P. A. 185 – 201 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
- Pess , G. , Morley , S. and Roni , P. 2005 . “ Evaluating fish response to culvert replacement and other methods for reconnecting isolated aquatic habitats. ” . In Monitoring stream and watershed restoration Edited by: Roni , P. 267 – 276 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
- Quinn , T. , Kalinowski , S. , Bicknell , R. , Olds , C. , Schirato , M. , Price , D. , Byrnes , C. , Kloempken , D. and Barnard , R. 2007 . A pilot study of hydraulic permit compliance, implementation, and effectiveness in Region 6 Olympia : Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife .
- Reeve , T. , Lichatowich , J. , Towey , W. and Duncan , A. 2006 . Building science and accountability into community-based restoration: Can a new funding approach facilitate effective and accountable restoration? . Fisheries , 31 : 17 – 24 .
- Reeves , G. H. , Benda , L. E. , Burnett , K. M. , Bisson , P. A. and Sedell , J. R. 1995 . “ A disturbance-based ecosystem approach to maintaining and restoring freshwater habitats of evolutionarily significant units of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest. ” . In Evolution and the aquatic ecosystem: Defining unique units in population conservation , Symposium 17 Edited by: Nielsen , J. L. 334 – 349 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
- Reiman , B. E. and Dunham , J. B. 2000 . Metapopulations and salmonids: A synthesis of life history patterns and empirical observations . Ecology of Freshwater Fish , 9 : 51 – 64 .
- Robison , E. G. , Mirati , A. and Allen , M. 1999 . Oregon road/stream crossing restoration guide: Spring 1999 Salem : Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife .
- Roni , P. , Beechie , T. J. , Bilby , R. E. , Leonetti , F. E. , Pollock , M. M. and Pess , G. R. 2002 . A review of stream restoration techniques and a hierarchical strategy for prioritizing restoration in Pacific Northwest watersheds . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 22 : 1 – 20 .
- Roni , P. , Liermann , M. C. , Jordan , C. and Steel , E. A. 2005 . “ Steps for designing a monitoring and evaluation program for aquatic restoration. ” . In Monitoring stream and watershed restoration Edited by: Roni , P. 13 – 34 . Bethesda, Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
- Sheer , M. B. and Steel , E. A. 2006 . Lost watersheds: Barriers, aquatic habitat connectivity, and salmon persistence in the Willamette and lower Columbia River basins . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 135 : 1654 – 1669 .
- Systat. 2007 . Systat 12, statistics 1 San Jose, California : Systat Software .
- WDFW (Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife). 2000 . Fish passage barrier and surface water diversion screening assessment and prioritization manual Olympia : WDFW .
- WDFW (Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife). 2006 . Status of the hydraulic project approval administration: Report to the Office of Financial Management Olympia : WDFW .
- WDFW (Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife). 2009 . WSDOT fish passage inventory: Progress performance report, July 2009 Olympia : WDFW .
- Winston , M. R. , Taylor , C. M. and Pigg , J. 1991 . Upstream extirpation of four minnow species due to damming of a prairie stream . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 120 : 98 – 105 .
- Wofford , J. E. B. , Gresswell , R. E. and Banks , M. A. 2005 . Influence of barriers to movement on within-watershed genetic variation of coastal cutthroat trout . Ecological Applications , 15 : 628 – 637 .
- Zar , J. H. 2009 . Biostatistical analysis, , 5th edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey : Pearson Prentice-Hall .