Seasonal Effects of Suspended Sediment on the Behavior of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon

References

• Abrahams , M. and Kattenfeld , M. 1997 . The role of turbidity as a constraint on predator-prey interactions in aquatic environments . Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , 40 : 169 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander , G. R. and Hansen , E. A. 1983 . Sand sediment in a Michigan trout stream. Part II. Effects of reducing sand bedload on a trout population . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 3 : 365 – 372 .
   Google Scholar
• Amiro , P. G. 1998 . “ Atlantic salmon Inner Bay of Fundy SFA 22 & part of SFA 23 ” . In Stock Status Report D3-12 Canada : Dartmouth . Department of Fisheries and Oceans
   Google Scholar
• Amiro , P. G. 2003 . Population status of the Inner Bay of Fundy Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to 1999 . Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2488 ,
   Google Scholar
• Berg , L. and Northcote , T. G. 1985 . Changes in territorial, gill-flaring, and feeding behaviour in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) following short-term pulses of suspended sediment . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 42 : 1410 – 1417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergstedt , L. C. and Bergersen , E. P. 1997 . Health and movements of fish in response to sediment sluicing in the Wind River, Wyoming . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 54 : 312 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkman , H. E. and Rabeni , C. F. 1987 . Effect of siltation on stream fish communities . Environmental Biology of Fishes , 18 : 285 – 294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisson , P. A. and Bilby , R. E. 1982 . Avoidance of suspended sediment by juvenile coho salmon . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 4 : 371 – 374 .
   Google Scholar
• Bjornn , T. C. , Brusven , M. A. , Molnau , M. P. , Milligan , J. H. , Klamt , R. A. , Chacho , E. and Schaye , C. 1977 . “ Transport of granitic sediment in streams and its effects on insects and fish ” . In Bulletin 17 Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station; .
   Google Scholar
• Bunt , C. M. , Cooke , S. J. , Schreer , J. F. and Phillip , D. P. 2004 . Effects of incremental increases in silt load on the cardiovascular performance of riverine and lacustrine rock bass, Ambloplites rupestris . Environmental Pollution , 128 : 437 – 444 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiasson , A. 1993 . The effect of suspended sediments on ninespine stickleback, Pungitius pungitius, and golden shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas, in a current of varying velocity . Environmental Biology of Fishes , 37 : 283 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunjak , R. A. , Prowse , T. D. and Parrish , D. L. 1998 . Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in winter: “the season of parr discontent”? . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 55 ( Supplement 1 ) : 161 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Curry , R. A. and MacNeill , W. S. 2004 . Population-level responses to sediment during early life in brook trout . Journal of the North American Benthological Society , 23 : 140 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fay , C. , Bartron , M. , Craig , S. , Hecht , A. , Pruden , J. , Saunders , R. , Sheehan , T. and Trial , J. 2006 . Status review for anadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the Unites States . Report to the National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service , Gloucester, Maryland
   Google Scholar
• Fraser , N. H. C. , Heggenes , J. , Metcalfe , N. B. and Thorpe , J. E. 1995 . Low summer temperatures cause juvenile Atlantic salmon to become nocturnal . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 73 : 446 – 451 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser , N. H. C. , Metcalfe , N. B. and Thorpe , J. E. 1993 . Temperature-dependent switch between diurnal and nocturnal foraging in salmon . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B , 252 : 135 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson , R. J. 1978 . The behavior of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) with regard to temperature and to water velocity . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 107 : 703 – 712 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginetz , R. M. and Larkin , P. A. 1976 . Factors affecting rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) predation on migrant fry of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 33 : 19 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gradall , K. S. and Swenson , W. A. 1982 . Response of brook trout and creek chubs to turbidity . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 111 : 392 – 395 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory , J. S. and Griffith , J. S. 1996 . Winter concealment by subyearling rainbow trout: Space size selection and reduced concealment under surface ice and in turbid water conditions . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 74 : 451 – 455 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory , R. S. 1990 . “ Effects of turbidity on benthic foraging and predation risk in juvenile chinook salmon ” . In Effects of dredging on anadromous Pacific Coast fishes, Seattle, September, 1988 Edited by: Simenstad , C. A. 64 – 73 . Seattle : Washington Sea Grant .
   Google Scholar
• Gregory , R. S. 1993 . Effect of turbidity on the predator avoidance behaviour of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 50 : 241 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory , R. S. 1994 . “ The influence of ontogeny, perceived risk of predation and visual ability on the foraging behavior of juvenile Chinook salmon ” . In Theory and application in fish feeding ecology Edited by: Stouder , D. J. , Fresh , K. L. and Feller , R. J. 271 – 284 . Columbia : University of South Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gregory , R. S. and Levings , C. D. 1998 . Turbidity reduces predation on migrating juvenile Pacific salmon . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 127 : 275 – 285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory , R. S. and Northcote , T. G. 1993 . Surface, planktonic, and benthic foraging by juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in turbid laboratory conditions . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 50 : 233 – 240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gries , G. , Whalen , K. G. , Juanes , F. and Parrish , D. L. 1997 . Nocturnal activity of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in late summer: Evidence of diel activity partitioning . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 54 : 1408 – 1413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henley , W. F. , Patterson , M. A. , Neves , R. J. and Lemly , A. D. 2000 . Effects of sedimentation and turbidity on lotic food webs: A concise review for natural resource managers . Reviews in Fisheries Science , 8 : 125 – 139 .
   Google Scholar
• Hillman , T. W. , Griffith , J. S. and Platts , W. S. 1987 . Summer and winter habitat selection by juvenile chinook salmon in a highly sedimented Idaho stream . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 116 : 185 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keenleyside , M. H. A. and Yamamoto , F. T. 1962 . Territorial behaviour of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) . Behaviour , 19 : 139 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Lake , R. G. and Hinch , S. G. 1999 . Acute effects of suspended sediment angularity on juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 56 : 862 – 867 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd , D. S. , Koenings , J. P. and LaPerriere , J. D. 1987 . Effects of turbidity in fresh waters of Alaska . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 7 : 18 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Marschall , E. A. and Crowder , L. B. 1996 . Assessing population responses to multiple anthropogenic effects: A case study with brook trout . Ecological Applications , 6 : 152 – 167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeay , D. J. , Birtwell , I. K. , Hartman , G. F. and Ennis , G. L. 1987 . Responses of Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) to acute and prolonged exposure to Yukon placer mining sediment . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 44 : 658 – 673 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miner , J. G. and Stein , R. A. 1993 . Interactive influence of turbidity and light on larval bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) foraging . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 50 : 781 – 788 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miner , J. G. and Stein , R. A. 1996 . Detection of predators and habitat choice by small bluegills: Effects of turbidity and alternative prey . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 125 : 97 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcombe , C. P. 1994 . Suspended sediment in aquatic ecosystems: Ill effects as a function of concentration and duration of exposure Victoria : British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Habitat Protection Branch .
   Google Scholar
• Newcombe , C. P. and Jensen , J. O. T. 1996 . Channel suspended sediment and fisheries: A synthesis for quantitative assessment of risk and impact . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 16 : 693 – 727 .
   Google Scholar
• Newcombe , C. P. and MacDonald , D. D. 1991 . Effects of suspended sediments on aquatic ecosystems . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 11 : 72 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Redding , J. M. , Schreck , C. B. and Everest , F. H. 1987 . Physiological effects on coho salmon and steelhead of exposure to suspended solids . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 116 : 737 – 744 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimmer , D. M. and Paim , U. 1989 . Effects of temperature, photoperiod, and season on the photobehaviour of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 68 : 1098 – 1103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimmer , D. M. , Paim , U. and Saunders , R. L. 1983 . Autumnal habitat shift of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a small river . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 40 : 671 – 680 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson , M. J. , Scruton , D. A. , Gregory , R. S. and Clarke , K. D. 2006 . Effect of suspended sediment on freshwater fish and fish habitat . Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2644 ,
   Google Scholar
• SAS Institute . 2001 . SAS/STAT user's guide, version 8 edition Cary, North Carolina : SAS Institue .
   Google Scholar
• Saunders , J. W. and Smith , M. W. 1965 . Changes in a stream population of trout associated with increased silt . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 22 : 395 – 404 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Servizi , J. A. and Martens , D. W. 1991 . Effect of temperature, season, and fish size on acute lethality of suspended sediments to coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 48 : 493 – 497 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Servizi , J. A. and Martens , D. W. 1992 . Sublethal responses of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to suspended sediments . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 49 : 1389 – 1395 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigler , J. W. , Bjornn , T. C. and Everest , F. H. 1984 . Effects of chronic turbidity on density and growth of steelhead and coho salmon . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 113 : 142 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdimarsson , S. K. and Metcalfe , N. B. 1998 . Shelter selection in juvenile Atlantic salmon, or why do salmon seek shelter in winter? . Journal of Fish Biology , 52 : 42 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdimarsson , S. K. , Metcalfe , N. B. , Thorpe , J. E. and Huntingford , F. A. 1997 . Seasonal changes in sheltering: Effect of light and temperature on diel activity in juvenile salmon . Animal Behaviour , 54 : 1405 – 1412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar