Thresholds for Survival of Brown Trout during the Spring Flood Acid Pulse in Streams High in Dissolved Organic Carbon

References

• Ågren , A. , Buffam , I. , Jansson , M. and Laudon , H. 2007 . “ Importance of seasonality and small streams for the landscape regulation of dissolved organic carbon export ” . In Journal of Geophysical Research , [online serial] 112: G03003
   Google Scholar
• Andersson , B. and Andersson , P. 1984 . The distribution of trout (Salmo trutta L.) in relation to pH: An inventory of small streams in Delsbo, central Sweden . Institute of Freshwater Research Drottningholm Report , 61 : 28 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Andrén , C. 1995 . Aluminium speciation: Effects of sample storage . Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , 85 : 811 – 816 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Åtland , Å . 1998 . Behavioural responses of brown trout, Salmo trutta, juveniles in concentration gradients of pH and Al: A laboratory study . Environmental Biology of Fishes , 53 : 331 – 345 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , J. P. and Schofield , C. L. 1982 . Aluminium toxicity to fish in acidic waters . Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , 18 : 289 – 309 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , J. P. , Van Sickle , J. , Gagen , C. J. , DeWalle , D. R. , Sharpe , W. E. , Carline , R. F. , Baldigo , B. P. , Murdoch , P. S. , Bath , D. W. , Kretser , W. A. , Simonin , H. A. and Wigington , P. J. Jr. 1996 . Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States: Effects on fish populations . Ecological Applications , 6 : 422 – 437 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldigo , B. P. , Lawrence , G. and Simonin , H. A. 2007 . Persistent mortality of brook trout in episodically acidified streams of the southwestern Adirondack Mountains, New York . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 136 : 121 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldigo , B. P. and Murdoch , P. S. 1997 . Effect of stream acidification and inorganic aluminum on mortality of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the Catskill Mountains, New York . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 54 : 603 – 615 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlaup , B. T. and Åtland , Å . 1996 . Episodic mortality of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) caused by sea-salt-induced acidification in western Norway: Effects on different life stages within three populations . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 53 : 1835 – 1843 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertsch , P. M. and Parker , D. R. 1996 . “ Aqueous polynuclear aluminum species ” . In The environmental chemistry of aluminum Edited by: Sposito , G. 117 – 168 . New York : Lewis Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Birchall , J. D. , Exley , C. , Chappell , J. S. and Phillips , M. J. 1989 . Acute toxicity of aluminum to fish eliminated in silicon-rich acid waters . Nature (London) , 338 : 146 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop , K. H. , Laudon , H. and Köhler , S. 2000 . Separating the natural and anthropogenic components of spring flood pH decline: A method for areas that are not chronically acidified . Water Resources Research , 36 : 1873 – 1884 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , D. J. A. 1983 . Effect of calcium and aluminium concentrations on survival of brown trout (Salmo trutta) at low pH . Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 30 : 582 – 587 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , D. J. A. and Lynam , S. 1981 . The effect of sodium and calcium concentrations on the hatching of eggs and the survival of the yolk sac fry of brown trout, Salmo trutta L. at low pH . Journal of Fish Biology , 19 : 205 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckler , D. R. , Cleveland , L. , Little , E. E. and Brumbaugh , W. G. 1995 . Survival, sublethal responses, and tissue residues of Atlantic salmon exposed to acidic pH and aluminum . Aquatic Toxicology , 31 : 203 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buffam , I. , Laudon , H. , Temnerud , J. , Mörth , C-M. and Bishop , K. 2007 . “ Landscape-scale variability of acidity and dissolved organic carbon during spring flood in a boreal stream network ” . In Journal of Geophysical Research , [online serial] 112:G01022
   Google Scholar
• Çalta , M. 2002 . Does brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) larval development retardation caused by short-term exposure to low pH and elevated aluminum concentration affect a second episode of toxicity? . Journal of Applied Ichthyology , 18 : 210 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carline , R. F. , De Walle , D. R. , Sharpe , W. E. , Dempsey , B. A. , Gagen , C. J. and Swistock , B. 1992 . Water chemistry and fish community responses to episodic stream acidification in Pennsylvania, USA . Environmental Pollution , 78 : 45 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cory , N. , Buffam , I. , Laudon , H. , Köhler , S. and Bishop , K. 2006 . Landscape control of stream water aluminum in a boreal catchment during spring flood . Environmental Science and Technology , 40 : 3494 – 3500 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisp , D. T. 1981 . A desk study of the relationship between temperature and hatching time for the eggs of five species of salmonid fishes . Freshwater Biology , 11 : 361 – 368 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degerman , E. and Lingdell , P-E. 1993 . Phisces: Fisk som indikator på lågt pH. [pHisces: The fish fuana as an indicator of low ph.] . Information från Sötvattenslaboratoriet, Drottningholm , 3 : 37 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Driscoll , C. T. 1984 . A procedure for the fractionation of aqueous aluminium in dilute acidic waters . Internal Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry , 16 : 267 – 283 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driscoll , C. T. , Baker , J. P. , Bisogni , J. J. and Schofield , C. I. 1980 . Effect of aluminium speciation on fish in dilute acidified waters . Nature (London) , 284 : 161 – 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duis , K. and Oberemm , A. 2000 . Sensitivity of early life stages of vendace, Coregonus albula, to acid pH in postmining lakes: An experimental approach . Environmental Toxicology , 15 : 214 – 224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott , J. M. , Humpesch , U. H. and Hurley , M. A. 1987 . A comparative study of 8 mathematical models for the relationship between water temperature and hatching time of eggs of freshwater fish . Archiv für Hydrobiologie , 109 : 257 – 277 .
   Google Scholar
• Eshleman , K. N. and Hemond , H. F. 1985 . The role of organic acids in the acid–base status of surface waters at Bickford watershed, Massachusetts . Water Resources Research , 21 : 1503 – 1510 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Exley , C. A. , Chappell , J. S. and Birchall , J. D. 1991 . A mechanism for acute aluminium toxicty in fish . Journal of Theoretical Biology , 151 : 417 – 427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fivelstad , S. and Leivestad , H. 1984 . Aluminium toxicity to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and brown trout (Salmo trutta L.): Mortality and physiological response . Institute of Freshwater Research Drottningholm Report , 61 : 69 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Gensemer , R. W. and Playle , R. C. 1999 . The bioavailability and toxicity of aluminum in aquatic environments . Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology , 29 : 315 – 450 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havas , M. and Rosseland , B. O. 1995 . Response of zooplankton, benthos, and fish to acidification: An overview . Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , 85 : 51 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesthagen , T. , Heggenes , J. , Larsen , B. M. , Berger , H. M. and Forseth , T. 1999 . Effects of water chemistry and habitat on the density of young brown trout Salmo trutta in acidic streams . Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , 112 : 85 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtze , K. E. and Hutchinson , N. J. 1989 . Lethality of low pH and Al to early life stages of 6 fish species inhabiting Precambrian shield waters in Ontario . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 46 : 1188 – 1202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howells , G. D. , Brown , D. J. A. and Sadler , K. 1983 . Effects of acidity, calcium, and aluminium on fish survival and productivity: A review . Journal of the Sciences of Food and Agriculture , 34 : 559 – 570 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hruška , J. , Laudon , H. , Johnson , C. E. , Köhler , S. and Bishop , K. 2001 . Acid–base character of organic acids in a boreal stream during snowmelt . Water Resources Research , 37 : 1043 – 1056 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurley , G. V. , Foyle , T. P. and White , W. J. 1989 . Differences in acid tolerance during the early life stages of 3 strains of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis . Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , 46 : 387 – 398 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingersoll , C. G. , Mount , D. R. , Gulley , D. D. , Lapoint , T. W. and Bergman , H. L. 1990 . Effects of pH, aluminum, and calcium on survival and growth of eggs and fry of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 47 : 1580 – 1592 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivarsson , H. and Jansson , M. 1994 . Regional variation of dissolved organic matter in running waters in central northern Sweden . Hydrobiologia , 286 : 37 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffries , D. S. , Cox , C. M. and Dillon , P. J. 1979 . Depression of pH in lakes and streams in central Ontario during snowmelt . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 36 : 640 – 646 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , D. W. , Simonin , H. A. , Colquhoun , J. R. and Flack , F. M. 1987 . In situ toxicity tests of fishes in acid waters . Biogeochemistry , 3 : 181 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julien , H. P. and Bergeron , N. E. 2006 . Effect of fine sediment infiltration during the incubation period on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) embryo survival . Hydrobiologia , 563 : 61 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köhler , S. , Hruška , J. and Bishop , K. 1999 . Influence of organic acid site density on pH modelling of Swedish lakes . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 56 : 1461 – 1470 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köhler , S. , Laudon , H. , Wilander , A. and Bishop , K. 2000 . Estimating organic acid dissociation in natural surface waters using total alkalinity and TOC . Water Research , 34 : 1425 – 1434 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kugel , B. and Peterson , R. H. 1989 . Perivitelline fluid pH of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs in relation to ambient pH . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 46 : 2070 – 2073 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacroix , G. L. 1989 . Ecological and physiological responses of Atlantic salmon in acidic organic rivers of Nova Scotia, Canada . Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , 46 : 375 – 386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacroix , G. L. and Townsend , D. R. 1987 . Responses of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to episodic increases in acidity of Nova Scotia rivers . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 44 : 1475 – 1484 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudon , H. , Köhler , S. and Buffam , I. 2004 . Seasonal TOC export from seven boreal catchments in northern Sweden . Aquatic Sciences , 66 : 223 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudon , H. , Poléo , A. B. S. , Vollestad , L. A. and Bishop , K. 2005 . Survival of brown trout during spring flood in DOC-rich streams in northern Sweden: The effect of present acid deposition and modelled preindustrial water quality . Environmental Pollution , 135 : 121 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudon , H. , Westling , O. and Bishop , K. 2000 . Cause of pH decline in stream water during spring melt runoff in northern Sweden . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 57 : 1888 – 1900 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawless , J. F. 1982 . Statistical models and methods for lifetime data New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , G. B. , Sutherland , J. W. , W Boylen , C. , Nierzwicki-Bauer , S. A. , Momen , B. , Roy , K. M. , Baldigo , B. P. , Simonin , H. A. and Capone , S. B. 2007 . Acid rain effects on aluminum mobilization clarified by inclusion of strong organic acids . Environmental Science and Technology , 41 : 93 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leivastad , H. and Muniz , I. Fish kills at low pH in a Norwegian river . Nature , 259 391 – 392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lydersen , E. , Löfgren , S. and Arnesen , R. T. 2002 . Metals in Scandinavian surface waters: Effects of acidification, liming, and potential reacidification . Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology , 32 : 73 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCahon , C. P. , Brown , A. F. , Poulton , M. J. and Pascoe , D. 1989 . Effects of acid, aluminum, and lime additions on fish and invertebrates in a chronically acidic Welsh stream . Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , 45 : 345 – 359 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick , J. H. and Leino , R. L. 1999 . Factors contributing to first-year recruitment failure of fishes in acidified waters with some implications for environmental research . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 128 : 265 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McWilliams , P. G. 1982 . The effects of calcium on sodium fluxes in the brown trout, Salmo trutta, in neutral and acidic waters . Journal of Experimental Biology , 96 : 439 – 442 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muniz , I. P. and Leivestad , H. Toxic effects of aluminium on the brown trout, Salmo trutta L . Proceedings of the international conference on the ecological impact of acid precipitation . Edited by: Drabløs , D. and Tollan , A. pp. 320 – 321 . Oslo-Ås, Norway : SNFS project .
   Google Scholar
• Ottosson Löfvenius , M. , Kluge , M. and Lundmark , T. 2003 . Snow and soil frost depth in two types of shelterwood and a clear-cut area . Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research , 18 : 54 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker , D. B. and McKeown , B. A. 1987 . The effects of low pH on egg and alevin survival of kokanee and sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology , 87C : 259 – 268 .
   Google Scholar
• Parkhurst , B. R. , Bergman , H. L. , Fernandez , J. , Gulley , D. D. , Hockett , J. R. and Sanchez , D. A. 1990 . Inorganic monomeric aluminum and pH as predictors of acidic water toxicity to brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 47 : 1631 – 1640 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , R. H. , Daye , P. G. and Metcalfe , J. L. 1980 . Inhibition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) hatching at low pH . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 37 : 770 – 774 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrone , K. , Buffam , I. and Laudon , H. 2007 . “ Hydrologic and biotic control of nitrogen export during snowmelt: A combined conservative and reactive tracer approach ” . In Water Resources Research , [online serial] 43:W06420
   Google Scholar
• Playle , R. C. and Wood , C. M. 1989 . Water chemistry changes in the gill microenvironment of rainbow trout: Experimental observations and theory . Journal of Comparative Physiology B , 159 ( 5 ) : 527 – 537 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poléo , A. B. S. , Lyderson , E. , Rosseland , B. O. , Kroglund , F. , Salbu , B. , Vogt , R. D. and Kvellestad , A. 1994 . Increased mortality of fish due to changing Al-chemistry of mixing zones between limed streams and acidic tributaries . Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , 75 : 339 – 351 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prentice , R. L. 1976 . A generalization of the probit and logit methods for dose response curves . Biometrics , 32 : 761 – 768 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reader , J. P. , Dalziel , T. R. K. , Morris , R. , Sayer , M. D. J. and Dempsey , C. H. 1991 . Episodic exposure to acid and aluminium in soft water: Survival and recovery of brown trout, Salmo trutta L . Journal of Fish Biology , 39 : 181 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , J. G. , Burnison , B. K. and Playle , R. C. 1999 . Natural and commercial dissolved organic matter protects against the physiological effects of a combined cadmium and copper exposure on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 56 : 407 – 418 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosseland , B. O. and Skogheim , O. K. 1984 . A comparative study on salmonid fish species in acid aluminium-rich water, II. Physiological stress and mortality of one- and two-year-old fish . Institute of Freshwater Research Drottningholm Report , 61 : 186 – 194 .
   Google Scholar
• Roy , R. L. and Campbell , P. G. C. 1997 . Decreased toxicity of Al to juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in acidic soft water containing natural organic matter: A test of the free-ion model . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 16 : 1962 – 1969 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadler , K. and Lynam , S. 1988 . The influence of calcium on aluminium-induced changes in the growth rate and mortality of brown trout, Salmo trutta L . Journal of Fish Biology , 33 : 171 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayer , M. D. J. , Reader , J. P. and Morris , R. 1991 . Embryonic and larval development of brown trout, Salmo trutta L.: Exposure to aluminium, copper, lead, or zinc in soft, acid water . Journal of Fish Biology , 38 : 431 – 455 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe , W. E. , DeWalle , D. R. , Leibfried , R. T. , Dinicola , R. S. , Kimmel , W. G. and Sherwin , L. S. 1984 . Causes of acidification of four streams on Laurel Hill in southwestern Pennsylvania . Journal of Environmental Quality , 13 : 619 – 631 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonin , H. A. , Kretser , W. A. , Bath , D. W. , Olson , M. and Gallagher , J. 1993 . In situ bioassays of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus) in Adirondack streams affected by episodic acidification . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 50 : 902 – 912 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skogheim , O. K. and Rosseland , B. O. 1984 . A comparative study on salmonid fish species in acid aluminium-rich water, I. Mortality of eggs and alevins . Institute of Freshwater Research Drottningholm Report , 61 : 177 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• Soulsby , C. , Youngson , A. F. , Moir , H. J. and Malcolm , I. A. 2001 . Fine sediment influence on salmonid spawning habitat in a lowland agricultural stream: A preliminary assessment . Science of the Total Environment , 265 : 295 – 307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparling , D. W. and Lowe , T. P. 1996 . Environmental hazards of aluminum to plants, invertebrates, fish, and wildlife . Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 145 : 1 – 127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teien , H. C. , Salbu , B. , Kroglung , F. , Heier , L. S. and Rosseland , B. O. 2007 . The influence of colloidal material on aluminium speciation and estimated acid neutralising capacity (ANC) . Applied Geochemistry , 22 : 1202 – 1208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanoffelen , H. K. , Krueger , C. C. , Schofield , C. L. and Keleher , C. 1994 . Survival, distribution, and ion composition in 2 strains of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) fry after exposure to episodic pH depressions in an Adirondack lake . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 51 : 792 – 799 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Sickle , J. , Baker , J. P. , Simonin , H. A. , Baldigo , B. P. , Kretser , W. A. and Sharpe , W. E. 1996 . Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States: Fish mortality in field bioassays . Ecological Applications , 6 : 408 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbost , P. M. , Berntssen , M. H. G. , Kroglund , F. , Lyderson , E. , Witters , H. E. , Rosseland , B. O. , Salbu , B. and Wendelaar Bonga , S. E. 1995 . The toxic mixing zone of neutral and acidic river water: Acute aluminium toxicity in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) . Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , 85 : 341– – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weatherley , N. S. , Rogers , A. P. , Goenaga , X. and Ormerod , S. J. 1990 . The survival of early life stages of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in relation to aluminum speciation in upland Welsh streams . Aquatic Toxicology , 17 : 213 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weatherley , N. S. , Thomas , S. P. and Ormerod , S. J. 1989 . Chemcal and biological effects of acid, aluminium, and lime additions to a Welsh hillstream . Environmental Pollution , 56 : 283 – 297 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigington , P. J. , Davies , T. D. , Tranter , M. and Eshleman , K. N. 1992 . Comparison of episodic acidification in Canada, Europe, and the United States . Environmental Pollution , 78 : 29 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , K. J. , Bertsch , P. M. , Jagoe , C. H. and Campbell , P. G. C. 1993 . Surface complexation of aluminum on isolated fish gill cells . Environmental Science and Technology , 27 : 1132 – 1138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , K. J. , Campbell , P. G. C. and Couture , P. 1990 . Effect of fluoride complexation on aluminum toxicity towards juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 47 : 1446 – 1452 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witters , H. E. , Van Puymbroeck , S. , Vangenechten , J. H. D. and Vanderborght , O. L. J. 1990 . The effect of humic substances on the toxicity of aluminium to adult rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) . Journal of Fish Biology , 37 : 45 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , C. M. and McDonald , D. G. 1987 . The physiology of acid aluminum stress in trout . Annales de la Societe Royale Zoologique de Belgique , 117 : 399 – 410 .
   Google Scholar