The multidisciplinary management of giant cell tumor of bone

References

• Chakarun CJ, Forrester DM, Gottesgen CJ, et al. Giant cell tumor of bone: review, mimics, and new developments in treatment. Radiographics 2013;33(1):197-211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung HW, Kuo DP, Shu WP, et al. Giant-cell tumor of bone: analysis of two hundred and eight cases in Chinese patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1982;64(5):755-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kransdorf MJ, Sweet DE, Buetow PC, et al. Giant cell tumor in skeletally immature patients. Radiology 1992;184(1):233-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viswanathan S, Jambhekar NA. Metastatic giant cell tumor of bone: are there associated factors and best treatment modalities. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2010;468(3):827-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominkus M, Ruggieri P, Bertoni F, et al. Histologically verified lung metastases in benign giant cell tumours - 14 cases from a single institution. Int Orthop 2006;30(6):499-504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Errani C, Ruggieri P, Asenzio MA, et al. Giant cell tumor of the extremity: a review of 349 cases from a single institution. Cancer Treat Rev 2010;36(1):1-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell RJ, Springfield DS, Motwani HK, et al. Recurrence of giant-cell tumors of the long bones after curettage and packing with cement. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1994;76(12):1827-33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Balke M, Ahrens H, Streitbuerger A, et al. Treatment options for recurrent giant cell tumors of bone. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009;135:149-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendenhall WM, Zlotecki RA, Scarborough MT, et al. Giant cell tumor of bone. Am J Clin Oncol 2006;29(1):96-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffernan EJ, O’Sullivan PJ, Adibeig M, et al. Primary malignant transformation of giant cell tumor of bone. Eur J Radiol Extra 2007;62:89-93
   Google Scholar
• Machinami R, Nishida K, Ishida T, et al. Carcinosarcomatous malignancy, osteosarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma, in giant cell tumor of the right distal femur. Pathol Res Pract 2008;204(8):583-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito T, Mitomi H, Suehara Y, et al. A case of de novo secondary malignant giant-cell tumor of bone with loss of heterozygosity of p53 gene that transformed within a short-term follow-up. Pathol Res Pract 2011;207(10):664-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grote HJ, Braun M, Kalinski T, et al. Spontaneous malignant transformation of conventional giant cell tumor. Skeletal Radiol 2004;33(3):169-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brien EW, Mirra JM, Kessler S, et al. Benign giant cell tumor of bone with osteosarcomatous transformation ("dedifferentiated" primary malignant GCT): report of two cases. Skeletal Radiol 1997;26(4):246-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertoni F, Bacchini P, Staals EL. Malignancy in giant cell tumor of bone. Cancer 2003;97(10):2520-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoch B, Inwards C, Sundaram M, Rosenberg AE. Multicentric giant cell tumor of bone. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006;88(9):1998-2008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lacey DL, Boyle WJ, Simonet WS, et al. Bench to bedside: elucidation of the OPG-RANK-RANKL pathway and the development of denosumab. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012;11(5):401-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas DT. RANKL, denosumab, and giant cell tumor of bone. Curr Opin Oncol 2012;24(4):297-403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghert M, Simunovic N, Cowan RW, et al. Properties of the stromal cell in giant cell tumor of bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2007;459:8-13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim Y, Nizami S, Goto H, Lee FY. Modern interpretation of giant cell tumor of bone: predominantly osteoclastogenic stromal tumor. Clin Orthop Surg 2012;4(2):107-16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• James IE, Dodds RA, Olivera DL, et al. Human osteoclastoma-derived stromal cells: correlation of the ability to form mineralized nodules in vitro with formation of bone in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 1996;11(10):1453-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mak IW, Cowan RW, Popovic S, et al. Upregulation of MMP-13 via Runx2 in the stromal cell of giant cell tumor of bone. Bone 2009;45(2):377-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mak IW, Seidlitz EP, Cowan RW, et al. Evidence for the role of matrix metalloproteinase-13 in bone resorption by giant cell tumor of bone. Hum Pathol. 2010;41(9):1320-9
   Google Scholar
• Morgan T, Atkins GJ, Trivett MK, et al. Molecular profiling of giant cell tumor of bone and the osteoclastic localization of ligand for receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB. Am J Pathol 2005;167(1):117-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald DJ, Sim FH, McLeod RA, Dahlin DC. Giant-cell tumor of bone. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1986;68(2):235-42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Becker WT, Dohle J, Bernd L, et al. Local recurrence of giant cell tumor after intralesional treatment with and without adjuvant therapy. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008;90(5):1060-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evenview N, Tan V, Parasu N, et al. Use of a calcium-sulfate phosphate synthetic bone graft composite in the surgical management of primary bone tumors. Orthopedics 2013;36(2):e216-22
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raskin KA, Schwab JH, Mankin HJ, et al. Giant cell tumor of bone. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2013;21(2):118-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turcotte RE, Wunder JS, Isler MH, et al. Giant cell tumor of long bone: a Canadian Sarcoma Group study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2002;397:248-58
   Google Scholar
• Blackley HR, Wunder JS, Davis AM, et al. Treatment of giant-cell tumors of long bones with curettage and bone-grafting. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999;81(6):811-20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siebenrock KA, Unni KK, Rock MG. Giant-cell tumour of bone metastasizing to the lungs. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1998;80(1):43-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feigenberg SJ, Marcus RBJ, Zlotecki RA, et al. Whole-lung radiotherapy for giant cell tumors of bone with pulmonary metastases. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2002;401:202-8
   Google Scholar
• Leggon RE, Zlotecki R, Reith J, Scarborough MT. Giant cell tumor of the pelvis and sacrum: 17 cases and analysis of the literature. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004;423:196-207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caudell JJ, Ballo MT, Zagars GK, et al. Radiotherapy in the management of giant cell tumor of bone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003;57(1):158-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigenberg SJ, Marcus RBJ, Zlotecki RA, et al. Radiation therapy for giant cell tumors of bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2003;411:207-16
   Google Scholar
• Ruka W, Rutkowski P, Morysinski T, et al. The megavoltage radiation therapy in treatment of patients with advanced or difficult giant cell tumors of bone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;78(2):494-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domovitov SV, Healey JH. Primary malignant giant-cell tumor of bone has high survival rate. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17(3):694-701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roeder F, Timke C, Zwicker F, et al. Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in benign giant cell tumors - a single institution case series and a short review of the literature. Radiat Oncol 2010;5(1):18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodrigues LM, Nicolau RJ, Puertas EB, Milani C. Vertebrectomy of giant cell tumor with vertebral artery embolization: case report. J Pediatr Orthop B 2009;18(2):99-102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emori M, Kaya M, Sasaki M, et al. Pre-operative selective arterial embolization as a neoadjuvant therapy for proximal humerus giant cell tumor of bone: radiological and histological evaluation. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2012;42(9):851-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin PP, Guzel VB, Moura MF, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with giant cell tumor of the sacrum treated with selective arterial embolization. Cancer 2002;95(6):1317-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lackman RD, Khoury LD, Esmail A, Donthineni-Rao R. The treatment of sacral giant-cell tumours by serial arterial embolisation. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2002;84(6):873-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Onishi H, Kaya M, Wada T, et al. Giant cell tumor of the sacrum treated with selective arterial embolization. Int J Clin Oncol 2010;15(4):416-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balke M, Henrichs MP, Gosheger G, et al. Giant cell tumors of the axial skeleton. Sarcoma 2012;2012:410973
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anract P, De Pinieux G, Cottias P, et al. Malignant giant-cell tumours of bone. Clinicopathological types and prognosis: a review of 29 cases. Int Orthop 1998;22(1):19-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaban LB, Mulliken JB, Ezekowitz RA, et al. Antiangiogenic therapy of a recurrent giant cell tumor of the mandible with interferon alfa-2a. Pediatrics 1999;103(6 Pt 1):1145-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickerman JD. Interferon and giant cell tumors. Pediatrics 1999;103(6 Pt 1):1282-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser U, Neumann K, Havemann K. Generalised giant-cell tumour of bone: successful treatment of pulmonary metastases with interferon alpha, a case report. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1993;119(5):301-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasko AW. Interferon therapy for giant cell tumor of bone. Curr Opin Orthop 2006;17(6):568-72
   Google Scholar
• Balke M, Campanacci L, Gebert C, et al. Bisphosphonate treatment of aggressive primary, recurrent and metastatic giant cell tumour of bone. BMC Cancer 2010;10:462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang SS, Suratwala SJ, Jung KM, et al. Bisphosphonates may reduce recurrence in giant cell tumor by inducing apoptosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004;426:103-9
   Google Scholar
• Cheng YY, Huang L, Lee KM, et al. Bisphosphonates induce apoptosis of stromal tumor cells in giant cell tumor of bone. Calcif Tissue Int 2004;75(1):71-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishisho T, Hanaoka N, Endo K, et al. Locally administered zoledronic acid therapy for giant cell tumor of bone. Orthopedics 2011;34(7):e312-15
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tse LF, Wong KC, Kumta SM, et al. Bisphosphonates reduce local recurrence in extremity giant cell tumor of bone: a case-control study. Bone 2008;42(1):68-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas D, Henshaw R, Skubitz K, et al. Denosumab in patients with giant-cell tumour of bone: an open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 2010;11:275-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branstetter DG, Nelson SD, Manivel JC, et al. Denosumab induces tumor reduction and bone formation in patients with giant-cell tumor of bone. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18(16):4415-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chawla S, Henshaw R, Seeger L, et al. Safety and efficacy of denosumab for adults and skeletally mature adolescents with giant cell tumour of bone: interim analysis of an open-label, parallel-group, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 2013;14:901-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karras NA, Polgreen LE, Ogilvie C, et al. Denosumab treatment of metastatic giant-cell tumor of bone in a 10-year-old girl. J Clin Oncol 2013;31(12):e200-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal A, Larsen BT, Buadu LD, et al. Denosumab chemotherapy for recurrent giant-cell tumor of bone: a case report of neoadjuvant use enabling complete surgical resection. Case Rep Oncol Med 2013;496351
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paparodis R, Buehring B, Pelley EM, Binkley N. A case of an unusual subtrochanteric fracture in a patient receiving denosumab. Endocr Pract 2013;19(3):e64-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau CP, Huang L, Wong KC, Kumta SM. Comparison of the anti-tumor effects of denosumab and zoledronic acid on the neoplastic stromal cells of giant cell tumor of bone. Connect Tissue Res 2013;54(6):439-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar