The clinical management of inoperable endometrial carcinoma

References

• Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65:5–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitchener HC, Trimble EL. Endometrial cancer state of the science meeting. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2009;19:134–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinkelspiel HE, Wright JD, Lewin SN, et al. Contemporary clinical management of endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2013;2013:583891.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Obermair A, Youlden DR, Young JP, et al. Risk of endometrial cancer for women diagnosed with HNPCC-related colorectal carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2010;127:2678–2684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Uterine Neoplasms (Version 2.2016) [cited 2015 Dec 26] http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/uterine.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ueda SM, Kapp DS, Cheung MK, et al. Trends in demographic and clinical characteristics in women diagnosed with corpus cancer and their potential impact on the increasing number of deaths. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198(218):e211–216.
   Google Scholar
• Goff BA. Uterine papillary serous carcinoma: what have we learned over the past quarter century? Gynecol Oncol. 2005;98(3):341–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas M, Mariani A, Wright JD, et al. Surgical management and adjuvant therapy for patients with uterine clear cell carcinoma: a multi-institutional review. Gynecol Oncol 2008;108(2):293–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon JH, Yoo SC, Kim WY, et al. Para-aortic lymphadenectomy in the management of preoperative grade 1 endometrial cancer confined to the uterine corpus. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17(12):3234–3240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton CA, Cheung MK, Osann K, et al. Uterine papillary serous and clear cell carcinomas predict for poorer survival compared to grade 3 endometrioid corpus cancers. Br J Cancer. 2006;94(5):642–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie KK, Thiel KW, Goodheart MJ, et al. Endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2012;39:255–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RA, Brooks D, Cokkinides V, et al. Cancer screening in the United States, 2013: a review of current American Cancer Society guidelines, current issues in cancer screening, and new guidance on cervical cancer screening and lung cancer screening. CA Cancer J Clin. 2013;63:88–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin. 2013;63(1):11–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, et al. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin. 2014;64:9–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percorelli S, Pettersson CW, Benedet F, et al. FIGO annual report on the results of treatment in gynecologic cancer. J Epidemiol Biostat. 1998;3(35):35–62.
   Google Scholar
• Shih KK, et al. Surgical cytoreduction in stage IV endometrioid endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 2011;122(3):608–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goff BA, et al. Surgical stage IV endometrial carcinoma: a study of 47 cases. Gynecol Oncol. 1994;52(2):237–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boronow RC, Morrow CP, Creasman WT, et al. Surgical staging in endometrial cancer: clinical-pathologic findings of a prospective study. Obstet Gynecol. 1984;63:825–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowles TA, Magrina JF, Masterson BJ, et al. Comparison of clinical and surgical-staging in patients with endometrial carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol. 1985;66:413–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bristow RE, Tomacruz RS, Armstrong DK, et al. Survival effect of complete cytoreductive surgery for advanced ovarian carcinoma during the platinum era: a meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:1248–1259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambrou NC, Gomez-Marin O, Mirhashemi R, et al. Optimal surgical cytoreduction in patients with Stage III and Stage IV endometrial carcinoma: a study of morbidity and survival. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;93:653–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo N, Creutzberg C, Amant F, et al. ESMO-ESGO-ESTRO Consensus Conference on Endometrial Cancer: diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(1):16–41
   Google Scholar
• Barlin JN, Puri I, Bristow RE. Cytoreductive surgery for advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer: a meta-analysis. Gynecol Oncol. 2010;118:14–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niazi TM, Souhami L, Portelance L, et al. Long-term results of high-dose-rate brachytherapy in the primary treatment of medically inoperable stage I-II endometrial carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63:1108–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz VL. Diagnostic procedures. Imaging, endometrial sampling, endoscopy: indications and contraindications, complications. In: Katz VL, Lentz GM, Lobo RA, et al., editor. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby; 2007. chap 11.
   Google Scholar
• Burke WM, Orr J, Leitao M, et al. Endometrial cancer: A review and current management strategies: Part I. Gynecol Oncol. 2014;134:385–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Dubinsky T, Andreotti RF, et al. ACR appropriateness Criteria(R) pretreatment evaluation and follow-up of endometrial cancer of the uterus. Ultrasound Q. 2011;27:139–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortashi O, Jain S, Emannuel O, et al. Evaluation of the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging for staging endometrial cancer. A prospective study of 100 cases at the Dorset Cancer Centre. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008;137:232–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crivellaro C, Signorelli M, Guerra L, et al. Tailoring systematic lymphadenectomy in high-risk clinical early stage endometrial cancer: the role of 18F-FDG PET/CT. Gynecol Oncol. 2013;130:306–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitajima K, Suzuki K, Senda M, et al. Preoperative nodal staging of uterine cancer: is contrast-enhanced PET/CT more accurate than non-enhanced PET/CT or enhanced CT alone? Ann Nucl Med. 2011;25:511–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonsen SL, Jensen LN, Loft A, et al. MRI, PET/CT and ultrasound in the preoperative staging of endometrial cancer - a multicenter prospective comparative study. Gynecol Oncol. 2013;128:300–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hricak H, et al. MR imaging evaluation of endometrial carcinoma: results of an NCI cooperative study. Radiology. 1991;179(3):829–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor JP, et al. Computed tomography in endometrial carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;95(5):692–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitajima K, et al. Accuracy of integrated FDG-PET/contrast-enhanced CT in detecting pelvic and paraaortic lymph node metastasis in patients with uterine cancer. Eur Radiol. 2009;19(6):1529–1536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Signorelli M, et al. Role of the integrated FDG PET/CT in the surgical management of patients with high risk clinical early stage endometrial cancer: detection of pelvic nodal metastases. Gynecol Oncol. 2009;115(2):231–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh CH, et al. Can a preoperative CA 125 level be a criterion for full pelvic lymphadenectomy in surgical staging of endometrial cancer? Gynecol Oncol. 2002;86(1):28–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soper JT, et al. Preoperative evaluation of serum CA 125, TAG 72, and CA 15-3 in patients with endometrial carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;163:1204–1209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olawaiye AB, et al. Utility of pre-operative serum CA-125 in the management of uterine papillary serous carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;110(3):293–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh DH, Kim HS, Chung HH, et al. Pre-operative systemic inflammatory response markers in predicting lymph node metastasis in endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2012;162(2):206–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saarelainen SK, Staff S, Peltonen N, et al. Endoglin, VEGF, and its receptors in predicting metastases in endometrial carcinoma. Tumour Biol. 2014;35:4651–4657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saarelainen SK, Peltonen N, Lehtimäki T, et al. Predictive value of serum human epididymis protein 4 and cancer antigen 125 concentrations in endometrial carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;209(2):142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelsen IB, Stefansson IM, Akslen LA, et al. GATA3 expression in estrogen receptor alpha-negative endometrial carcinomas identifies aggressive tumors with high proliferation and poor patient survival. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199(5):543.e1-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trovik J, Wik E, Stefansson IM, et al. Stathmin overexpression identifies high risk patients and lymph node metastasis inendometrial cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17(10):3368–3377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelsen IB, Stefansson I, Akslen LA, et al. Pathologic expression of p53 or p16 in preoperative curettage specimens identifies high-risk endometrial carcinomas. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(4):979–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariani A, Sebo TJ, Katzmann JA, et al. Pretreatment assessment of prognostic indicators in endometrial cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;182(6):1535–1544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelsen IB, Stefansson IM, Beroukhim R, et al. HER-2/neu expression is associated with high tumor cell proliferation and aggressive phenotype in a population based patient series of endometrial carcinomas. Int J Oncol. 2008;32(2):307–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trovik J, Wik E, Werner HM, et al. Hormone receptor loss in endometrial carcinoma curettage predicts lymph node metastasis and poor outcome in prospective multicentre trial. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49(16):3431–3441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duk JM, Aalders JG, Fleuren GJ, et al. CA 125: a useful marker in endometrial carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1986;155:1097–1102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duk JM, Aalders JG, Fleuren GJ, et al. Tumor markers CA 125, squamous cell carcinoma antigen, and carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Obstet Gynecol. 1989;73:661–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman DA, Roberts KB, Chambers JT, et al. Radiation therapy as exclusive treatment for medically inoperable patients with stage I and II endometrioid carcinoma with endometrium. Gynecol Oncol. 1996;61:189–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coon D, Beriwal S, Heron DE, et al. High-dose-rate Rotte “Y” applicator brachytherapy for definitive treatment of medically inoperable endometrial cancer: 10-year results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;71:779–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niazi TM, Souhami L, Portelance L, et al. Long-term results of high-dose-rate brachytherapy in the primary treatment of medically inoperable stage I-II endometrial carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63:1108–1113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith SC, Koh WJ. Palliative radiation therapy for gynaecological malignancies. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2001;15:265–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Secord AA, Havrilesky LJ, O’Malley DM, et al. A multicenter evaluation of sequential multimodality therapy and clinical outcome for the treatment of advanced endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2009;114:442–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke WM, Orr J, Leitao M, et al. Endometrial cancer: A review and current management strategies: Part II. Gynecol Oncol. 2014;134:393–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onda T, Yoshikawa H, Mizutani K, et al. Treatment of node-positive endometrial cancer with complete node dissection, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Br J Cancer. 1997;75(12):1836–1841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler JM, Brady WE, Grigsby PW, et al. Sequential chemotherapy and irradiation in advanced stage endometrial cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group phase I trial of doxorubicin–cisplatin followed by whole abdomen irradiation. Gynecol Oncol. 2009;112(3):553–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podzielinski I., et al Primary radiation therapy for medically inoperable patients with clinical stage I and II endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;124:36–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman DA, et al. Radiation therapy as exclusive treatment for medically inoperable patients with stage I and II endometrioid carcinoma with endometrium. Gynecol Oncol. 1996;61:189–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klopp A, Smith BD, Alektiar K, et al. The role of postoperative radiation therapy for endometrial cancer: executive summary of an American Society for radiation oncology evidence-based guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2014;4:137–144.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Acharya S, Perkins SM, DeWees T, et al. Brachytherapy is associated with improved survival in inoperable Stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma: A population-based analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2015 Nov 1;93(3):649–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadducci A, Cosio S, Genazzani AR. Old and new perspectives in the pharmacological treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer: Hormonal therapy, chemotherapy and molecularly targeted therapies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2006;58:242–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mountzios G, Pectasides D, Bournakis E, et al. Developments in the systemic treatment of endometrial cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2011;79:278–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorica JV, Brunetto VL, Hanjani P, et al. Phase II trial of alternating courses of megestrol acetate and tamoxifen in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92:10–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altman AD, Thompson J, Nelson G, et al. Use of aromatase inhibitors as first- and second-line medical therapy in patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma: a retrospective study. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2012;34:664–672.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barker LC, Brand IR, Crawford SM. Sustained effect of the aromatase inhibitors anastrozole and letrozole on endometrial thickness in patients with endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25:1105–1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose PG, Brunetto VL, VanLe L, et al. A phase II trial of anastrozole in advanced recurrent or persistent endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2000;78:212–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitney CW, Brunetto VL, Zaino RJ, et al. Phase II study of medroxyprogesterone acetate plus tamoxifen in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92(1):4–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzog TJ. What is the clinical value of adding tamoxifen to progestins in the treatment [correction for treament] of advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer? Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92:1–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thigpen JT, Brady MF, Alvarez RD, et al. Oral medroxyprogesterone acetate in the treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma: a dose-response study by the Gynecologic Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:1736–1744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Q, Yu L, Chen R, et al. 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine improves the sensitivity of endometrial cancer cells to progesterone therapy. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2012;22:951–959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randall ME, Filiaci VL, Muss H, et al. Randomized phase III trial of whole-abdominal irradiation versus doxorubicin and cisplatin chemotherapy in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:36–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cella D, Huang H, Homesley HD, et al. Patient-reported peripheral neuropathy of doxorubicin and cisplatin with and without paclitaxel in the treatment of advanced endometrial cancer: results from GOG 184. Gynecol Oncol. 2010;119:538–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming GF, Brunetto VL, Cella D, et al. Phase III trial of doxorubicin plus cisplatin with or without paclitaxel plus filgrastim in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(11):2159–2166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller D, Filiaci V, Fleming G, et al. Randomized phase III noninferiority trial of first line chemotherapy for metastatic or recurrent endometrial carcinoma: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study [abstract]. Gynecologic Oncology. 2012;125:771.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura H, Aoki D, Takahashi F, et al. Randomized phase II study comparing docetaxel plus cisplatin, docetaxel plus carboplatin, and paclitaxel plus carboplatin in patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma: a Japanese Gynecologic Oncology Group study (JGOG2041). Ann Oncol. 2011;22:636–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellinger TH, Monk BJ. Systemic therapy for recurrent endometrial cancer: a review of North American trials. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2009;9:905–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moxley KM, McMeekin DS. Endometrial carcinoma: a review of chemotherapy, drug resistance, and the search for new agents. Oncologist. 2010;15:1026–1033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traina TA, Sabbatini P, Aghajanian C, et al. Weekly topotecan for recurrent endometrial cancer: a case series and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;95:235–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oza AM, Elit L, Tsao MS, et al. Phase II study of temsirolimus in women with recurrent or metastatic endometrial cancer: a trial of the NCIC Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:3278–3285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aghajanian C, Sill MW, Darcy KM, et al. Phase II trial of bevacizumab in recurrent or persistent endometrial cancer: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:2259–2265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorusso D, Ferrandina G, Colombo N, et al. Randomized Phase II trial of carboplatin-paclitaxel (CP) compared to carboplatin-paclitaxel-bevacizumab (CP-B) in advanced (stage III-IV) or recurrent endometrial cancer: the MITO END-2 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(Suppl):5502.
   Google Scholar