Advances in immune-based therapies of renal cell carcinoma

References

• Jemal A, Tiwari RC, Murray T et al. Cancer statistics, 2004. CA Cancer J. Clin. 54, 8–29 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Janzen NK, Kim HL, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS. Surveillance after radical or partial nephrectomy for localized renal cell carcinoma and management of recurrent disease. Urol. Clin. North Am. 30,843–852 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantuck AJ, Zisman A, Belldegrun AS. The changing natural history of renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol. 166,1611–1623 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Pantuck AJ, Belldegrun AS, Figlin RA. Nephrectomy and interleukin-2 for metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl. J Med. 345,1711-1712 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Flanigan RC, Salmon SE, Blumenstein BA et al. Nephrectomy followed by interferon-tx2b compared with interferon-a2b alone for metastatic renal-cell cancer. N Engl. J Med. 345,1655-1659 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• •North American trial demonstrating survival benefit of patients undergoing nephrectomy prior to cytokine treatment.
   Google Scholar
• Mickisch GH, Garin A, van Poppet H, de Prijck L, Sylvester R. Radical nephrectomy plus interferon-a-based immunotherapy compared with interferon-a alone in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: a randomised trial. Lancet 358,966–970 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •European trial demonstrating survival benefit of patients undergoing nephrectomy prior to cytokine treatment.
   Google Scholar
• Figlin RA. Renal cell carcinoma: management of advanced disease. J Urol. 161,381–387 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukowski RM. Natural history and therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: the role of interleukin-2. Cancer 80,1198–1220 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motzer RJ, Russo E Systemic therapy for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 163, 408–417 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanigan RC, Campbell SC, Clark JI, Picken MM. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Carr. Treat. Options Oncol. 4, 385–390 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yagoda A, Abi-Rached B, Petrylak D. Chemotherapy for advanced renal-cell carcinoma: 1983–1993. Sernin. Oncol. 22, 42–60 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Yu DS, Chang SY, Ma CP. The expression of mdr-l-related gp-170 and its correlation with anthracycline resistance in renal cell carcinoma cell lines and multi-drug resistant sublines. Br. J Urol. 82, 544–547 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Marcus SG, Choyke PL, Reiter R eta]. Regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma after cytoreductive nephrectomy. Urol. 150,463–466 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Nelson BH. IL-2, regulatory T-cells, and tolerance. t Irnmunol. 172, 3983–3988 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blattman JN, Greenberg PD. Cancer immunotherapy: a treatment for the masses. Science 305,200–205 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fyfe G, Fisher RI, Rosenberg SA, Sznol M, Parkinson DR, Louie AC. Results of treatment of 255 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who received high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy. J Clin. Oncol. 13,688-696 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• ••Landmark clinical trial of interleukin(IL)-2 leading to the approval of high-dose bolus IL-2 regimen by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
   Google Scholar
• Gitlitz BJ, Figlin RA. Cytokine-based therapy for metastatic renal cell cancer. Urol. Clin. North Am. 30,589–600 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang JC, Sherry RM, Steinberg SM et al. Randomized study of high-dose and low-dose interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic renal cancer. JOncol. 21,3127-3132 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• •Randomized trial demonstrating the greater quality and durability of response for high-dose bolus IL-2 compared with lower dose or out-patient IL-2 monotherapy.
   Google Scholar
• Jonasch E, Haluska FG. Interferon in oncological practice: review of interferon biology, clinical applications, and toxicities. Oncologist 6,34–55 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• deKernion JB, Sarna G, Figlin R, Lindner A, Smith RB. The treatment of renal cell carcinoma with human leukocyte a-interferon. J Uml. 130,1063–1066 (1983).
   Google Scholar
• Medical Research Council Renal Cancer Collaborators. Interferon-a and survival in metastatic renal carcinoma: early results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 353, 14–17 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyrhonen S, Salminen E, Ruutu M et al. Prospective randomized trial of interferon-a2a plus vinblastine versus vinblastine alone in patients with advanced renal cell cancer. J Clin. Oncol. 17,2859-2867 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Kankuri M, Pelliniemi TT, Pyrhonen S, Nikkanen V, Helenius H, Salminen E. Feasibility of prolonged use of interferon-a in metastatic kidney carcinoma: a Phase II study. Cancer 92,761–767 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanus DM, Geng Y, Shen R, Lai HK, Pfeffer SR, Pfeffer LM. Interaction of retinoic acid and interferon in renal cancer cell lines. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 20, 787–794 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Motzer RJ, Murphy BA, Bacik J et al. Phase III trial of interferon-a2a with or without 13-cis-retinoic acid for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Cita Oncol. 18,2972–2980 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fossa SD, Mickisch GH, De Mulder PH et al. Interferon-a2a with or without 13-cis retinoic acid in patients with progressive, measurable metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 101, 533–540 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Nathan PD, Gore ME, Eisen TG. Unexpected toxicity of combination thalidomide and interferon tx2a treatment in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Cita Oncol. 20,1429-1430 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Clark PE, Hall MC, Miller A et al. Phase II trial of combination interferon-a and thalidomide as first-line therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Urology 63, 1061–1065 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernberg M, Virkkunen P, Bono P, Ahtinen H, Maenpaa H, Joensuu H. Interferon—a2b three times daily and thalidomide in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Cita Oncol. 21, 3770–3776 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon MS, Manola J, Fairclough D et al. Low dose interferon-a2b (IFN) + thalidomide (T) in patients (pts) with previously untreated renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Improvement in progression-free survival (PFS) but not quality of life (QoL) or overall survival (OS). A Phase III study of the Eastern Co-operative Oncology Group (E2898). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 23,384 (2004) (Abstract 4516).
   Google Scholar
• Bukowski R, Ernstoff MS, Gore ME et al. Pegylated interferon a2b treatment for patients with solid tumors: a Phase I/II study. J Clin. Oncol. 20, 3841–3849 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg JS, Vargas M, Rosmarin AS et al. Phase I trial of interferon-a2b and liposome-encapsulated all-trans retinoic acid in the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 95, 1220–1227 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figlin RA, Belldegrun A, Moldawer N, Zeffren J, deKernion J. Concomitant administration of recombinant human interleukin-2 and recombinant interferon-a2a: an active out-patient regimen in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Cita Oncol. 10,414-421 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• ilson DH, Motzer RJ, Kradin RL et al. A Phase II trial of interleukin-2 and interferon-a2a in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin. Oncol. 10, 1124–1130 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Atzpodien J, Lopez Hanninen E, Kirchner H et al. Multi institutional home-therapy trial of recombinant human interleukin-2 and interferon-a-2 in progressive metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Clin. Oncol. 13,497-501 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Negrier S, Escudier B, Lasset C et al. Recombinant human interleukin-2, recombinant human interferon-a2a, or both in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. Groupe Francais d'Immunotherapie. N Engl. Med. 338,1272-1278 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Atzpodien J, Kirchner H, Hanninen EL, Deckert M, Fenner M, Poliwoda H. Interleukin-2 in combination with interferon-a and 5-fluorouracil for metastatic renal cell cancer. Eur. J Cancer 29A (Suppl. 5), S6—S8 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Atzpodien J, Kirchner H, Jonas U et al. Interleukin-2- and interferon-a2a-based immunochemotherapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a Prospectively Randomized Trial of the German Co-operative Renal Carcinoma Chemoimmunotherapy Group (DGCIN). Clin. Oncol. 22,1188-1194 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Negrier S, Caty A, Lesimple T et aL Treatment of patients with metastatic renal carcinoma with a combination of subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon-a with or without fluorouracil. Groupe Francais d'Immunotherapie, Federation Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer. J Clin. Or/m/.18,4009-4015 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• •Randomized clinical trial comparing continuous intravenous infusion of IL-2 alone, interferon-a alone or the combination of the two cytokines.
   Google Scholar
• Dutcher JP, Logan T, Gordon M et al. Phase II trial of interleukin-2, interferon-a, and 5-fluorouracil in metastatic renal cell cancer: a cytokine working group study. Clin. Cancer Res. 6,3442-3450 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Dutcher J, Atkins MB, Margolin K et al. Kidney cancer: the Cytokine Working Group experience (1986–2001): part II. Management of IL-2 toxicity and studies with other cytokines. Med. Oncol. 18, 209–219 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A. Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin-4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor-a. Exp. Med. 179,1109-1118 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Alatrash G, Hutson TE, Molto L et al. Clinical and immunologic effects of subcutaneously administered interleukin-12 and interferon tx2b: Phase I trial of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma or malignant melanoma. J Clin. Oncol. 22,2891-2900 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman DM, Figlin RA. Intratumoral interleukin-2 for renal-cell carcinoma by direct gene transfer of a plasmid DNA/DMRIE/DOPE lipid complex. World Uml. 18,152–156 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chambers CA, Kuhns MS, Egen JG, Allison JP. CTLA-4-mediated inhibition in regulation of T-cell responses: mechanisms and manipulation in tumor immunotherapy. Ann. Rev I17717711fla 19,565–594 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Phan GQ, Yang JC, Sherry RM et al. Cancer regression and autoimmunity induced by cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100,8372–8377 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Pruthi RS, Derksen E, Gaston K. Cyclooxygenase-2 as a potential target in the prevention and treatment of genitourinary tumors: a review. J Urol. 169,2352-2359 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Gorelik L, Flavell RA. Immune-mediated eradication of tumors through the blockade of transforming growth factor-13 signaling in T-cells. Nature Med. 7,1118–1122 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kausch I, Bohle A. Antisense oligonucleotide therapy in urology. J Urol. 168,239–247 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoffman DM, Gitlitz BJ, Belldegrun A, Figlin RA. Adoptive cellular therapy. Sernin. Oncol. 27,221–233 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg SA. Karnofsky Memorial Lecture. The immunotherapy and gene therapy of cancer. 1 Cum Oncol. 10,180-199 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Law TM, Motzer RJ, Mazumdar M et al. Phase III randomized trial of interleukin-2 with or without lymphokine-activated killer cells in the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 76, 824–832 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg SA, Lotze MT, Yang JC et al. Prospective randomized trial of high-dose interleukin-2 alone or in conjunction with lymphokine -activatedkiller cells for the treatment of patients with advanced cancer. Nat] Cancer Inst. 85,622–632 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo AS, Tso CL, Shimabukuro T, Peyret C, deKernion JB, Belldegrun A. Autologous tumor-specific cytotoxicity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes derived from human renal cell carcinoma. J Irnmunother. 10, 347–354 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finke JH, Rayman P, Hart L et al. Characterization of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte subsets from human renal cell carcinoma: specific reactivity defined by cytotoxicity, interferon-gamma secretion, and proliferation. J Irnmunother. Emphasis Tumor II77177111701. 15, 91–104 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Figlin RA, Pierce WC, Kaboo R et al. Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with nephrectomy, interleukin-2 and cytokine-primed or CD8(+) selected tumor infiltrating lymphocytes from primary tumor. J Urol. 158, 740–745 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukowski RM, Sharfman W, Murthy S et al. Clinical results and characterization of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with or without recombinant interleukin-2 in human metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 51, 4199–4205 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figlin RA, Thompson JA, Bukowski RM et al. Multicenter, randomized, Phase III trial of CD8(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in combination with recombinant interleukin-2 in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. JOncol. 17, 2521–2529 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Yoshizawa H, Chang AE, Shu S. Specific adoptive immunotherapy mediated by tumor-draining lymph node cells sequentially activated with antiCD3 and IL-2. j II77177111701. 147, 729–737 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Chang AE, Aruga A, Cameron MJ et al. Adoptive immunotherapy with vaccine-primed lymph node cells secondarily activated with antiCD3 and interleukin-2. Clin. Oncol. 15, 796–807 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Chang AE, Li Q, Jiang G, Sayre DM, Braun TM, Redman BG. Phase II trial of autologous tumor vaccination, antiCD3-activated vaccine-primed lymphocytes, and interleukin-2 in stage IV renal cell cancer. Clin. Oncol. 21, 884–890 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Craddock C. Haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation: recent progress and future promise. Lancet Oncol. 1, 227–234 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Childs R, Chernoff A, Contentin N eta]. Regression of metastatic renal-cell carcinoma after nonmyeloablative allogeneic peripheral-blood stem-cell transplantation. N Engl. J Med. 343, 750–758 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Rini BI, Zimmerman T, Stadler WM, Gajewski TF, Vogelzang NJ. Allogeneic stem-cell transplantation of renal cell cancer after nonmyeloablative chemotherapy: feasibility, engraftment, and clinical results. Clin. Oncol. 20, 2017–2024 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Derweesh IH, Tannenbaum CS, Rayman PA, Finke JH. Mechanisms of immune dysfunction in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Treat. Res. 116, 29–51 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uzzo RG, Clark PE, Rayman P et al. Alterations in NF-KB activation in T-lymphocytes of patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Nat] Cancer Inst. 91, 718–721 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uzzo RG, Rayman P, Kolenko V et al. Mechanisms of apoptosis in T-cells from patients with renal cell carcinoma. Cilia. Cancer Res. 5, 1219–1229 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uzzo RG, Rayman P, Kolenko V et al. Renal cell carcinoma-derived gangliosides suppress nuclear factor-KB activation in T-cells. j Cilia. Invest. 104, 769–776 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaugler B, Brouwenstijn N, Vantomme V eta]. A new gene coding for an antigen recognized by autologous cytolytic T-lymphocytes on a human renal carcinoma. Irmnunogenetics 44, 323–330 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Brendle D, Brasseur F, Weynants P, Boon T, Van den Eynde B. A mutated HLA-A2 molecule recognized by autologous cytotoxic T-lymphocytes on a human renal cell carcinoma. J Exp. Med. 183, 2501–2508 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Schendel DJ, Gansbacher B. Tumor-specific lysis of human renal cell carcinomas by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes: modulation of recognition through retroviral transduction of tumor cells with interleukin-2 complementary DNA and exogenous a-interferon treatment. Cancer Res. 53, 4020–4025 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schoof DD, Terashima Y, Peoples GE et al. CD4+ T-cell clones isolated from human renal cell carcinoma possess the functional characteristics of Th2 helper cells. Cell II77177111701. 150, 114–123 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Uhlman DL, Nguyen P, Manivel JC et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor and transforming growth factor-a expression in papillary and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: correlation with metastatic behavior and prognosis. Clin. Cancer Res. 1, 913–920 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Disis ML, Cheever MA. HER-2/neu protein: a target for antigen-specific immunotherapy of human cancer. Adv. Cancer Res. 71, 343–371 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Zhang XH, Takenaka I, Sato C, Sakamoto H. p53 and HER-2 alterations in renal cell carcinoma. Urology50, 636–642 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seliger B, Rongcun Y, Atkins D et al. HER-2/neu is expressed in human renal cell carcinoma at heterogeneous levels independently of tumor grading and staging and can be recognized by HLA-A2.1-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Int. J Cancer 87, 349–359 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Stumm G, Eberwein S, Rostock-Wolf S et al. Concomitant overexpression of the EGFR and erbB-2 genes in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is correlated with dedifferentiation and metastasis. Int. J Cancer69, 17–22 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Disis ML, Smith JVV, Murphy AE, Chen W Cheever MA. In vitro generation of human cytolytic T-cells specific for peptides derived from the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene protein. Cancer Res. 54, 1071–1076 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Uemura H, Nakagawa Y, Yoshida K et al. MN/CA IX/G250 as a potential target for immunotherapy of renal cell carcinomas. Br. Cancer81, 741–746 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Oosterwijk E, Bander NH, Divgi CR et al. Antibody localization in human renal cell carcinoma: a Phase I study of monoclonal antibody G250. J Clin. Oncol. 11, 738–750 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Divgi CR, Bander NH, Scott AM et al. Phase I/II radioimmunotherapy trial with iodine-131-labeled monoclonal antibody G250 in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 4, 2729–2739 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Bui MH, Seligson D, Han KR et al. Carbonic anhydrase IX is an independent predictor of survival in advanced renal clear cell carcinoma: implications for prognosis and therapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 9,802–811 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Determined that a cut-off of 85% carbonic anhydrase IX staining provided the most accurate prediction of survival and low carbonic anhydrase IX staining was found to be an independent prognostic indicator of poor survival in metastatic RCC patients.
   Google Scholar
• Atkins M, McDermott D, Mier J et al. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) expression predicts for renal cell cancer (RCC) patient response and survival to IL-2 therapy. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 23, 383 (2004) (Abstract 4512).
   Google Scholar
• Motzer RJ, Bacik J, Mariani T, Russo P, Mazumdar M, Reuter V. Treatment outcome and survival associated with metastatic renal cell carcinoma of non-clear-cell histology. J Cilia. Oncol. 20, 2376–2381 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vissers JL, De Vries U, Schreurs MW et al. The renal cell carcinoma-associated antigen G250 encodes a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2.1-restricted epitope recognized by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Cancer Res. 59, 5554–5559 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Vissers JL, De Vries U, Engelen LP et al. Renal cell carcinoma-associated antigen G250 encodes a naturally processed epitope presented by human leukocyte antigen-DR molecules to CD4(+) T-lymphocytes. J Cancer 100, 441–444 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu K, Uemura H, Yoshikawa M et al. Induction of antigen specific cellular immunity by vaccination with peptides from MN/CA IX in renal cell carcinoma. Oncol. Rep. 10,1307–1311 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tso CL, Zisman A, Pantuck A et al. Induction of G250-targeted and T-cell-mediated antitumor activity against renal cell carcinoma using a chimeric fusion protein consisting of G250 and granulocyte/monocyte-colony stimulating factor. Cancer Res. 61, 7925–7933 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Hernandez JM, Bui MH, Han KR et al. Novel kidney cancer immunotherapy based on the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and carbonic anhydrase IX fusion gene. Cilia. Cancer Res. 9, 1906–1916 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukouyama H, Janzen NK, Hernandez JM et al. Generation of kidney cancer-specific antitumor immune responses using peripheral blood monocytes transduced with a recombinant adenovirus encoding carbonic anhydrase 9. Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 1421–1429 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Yu Z, Restifo NE Cancer vaccines: progress reveals new complexities. J Clin. Invest. 110,289–294 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belldegrun A, Tso CL, Zisman A et al. interleukin-2 gene therapy for prostate cancer: Phase I clinical trial and basic biology. Hum. Gene Ther. 12,883-892 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Simons JVV, Jaffee EM, Weber CE eta]. Bioactivity of autologous irradiated renal cell carcinoma vaccines generated by ex vivo granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene transfer. Cancer Res. 57,1537–1546 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Antonia SJ, Seigne J, Diaz J et al. Phase I trial of a B7.1 (CD80) gene modified autologous tumor cell vaccine in combination with systemic interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.' Urol. 167,1995-2000 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Steinman RM. The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity. Ann. Rev. I17717711fla 9,271–296 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Caux C, Vanbervliet B, Massacrier C et al. CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors from human cord blood differentiate along two independent dendritic cell pathways in response to GM-CSF+TNEct. J Exp. Med. 184,695-706 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Banchereau J, Palucka AK, Dhodapkar M et al. Immune and clinical responses in patients with metastatic melanoma to CD34(+) progenitor-derived dendritic cell vaccine. Cancer Res. 61,6451-6458 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Banchereau J, Pulendran B, Steinman R, Palucka K. Will the making of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in vitro help unravel their mysteries?J Exp. Med. 192, F39—F44 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Shi Y, Rock KL. Cell death releases endogenous adjuvants that selectively enhance immune surveillance of particulate antigens. Eur. j Immunol. 32, 155–162 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assikis VJ, Daliani L, Pagliaro L et al. Phase II study of an autologous tumor derived heat shock protein-peptide complex vaccine (HSPPC-96) for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 22,386 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Dhodapkar MV, Steinman RM, Krasovsky J, Munz C, BhardwaJ. N. Antigen-specific inhibition of effector T-cell function in humans after injection of immature dendritic cells. J Exp. Med. 193,233–238 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Thurner B, Haendle I, Roder C et al. Vaccination with mage-3A1 peptide-pulsed mature, monocyte-derived dendritic cells expands specific cytotoxic T-cells and induces regression of some metastases in advanced stage IV melanoma. J Exp. Med. 190,1669-1678 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Toungouz M, Libin M, Butte F et al. Transient expansion of peptide-specific lymphocytes producing IFN-y after vaccination with dendritic cells pulsed with MACE peptides in patients with mage-A1/A3-positive tumors. J Leukoc. Biol. 69, 937–943 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Nestle FO, Alijagic S, Gilliet M eta]. Vaccination of melanoma patients with peptide- or tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Nature Med. 4,328–332 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Morse MA, Coleman RE, Akabani G, Niehaus N, Coleman D, Lyerly HK. Migration of human dendritic cells after injection in patients with metastatic malignancies. Cancer Res. 59,56–58 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong L, Brockstedt D, Benike C, Wu L, Engleman EG. Dendritic cells injected via different routes induce immunity in cancer patients. J Immunol. 166, 4254–4259 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Hsu FJ, Benike C, Fagnoni F et al. Vaccination of patients with B-cell lymphoma using autologous antigen-pulsed dendritic cells. Nature Med. 2, 52–58 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small EJ, Fratesi P, Reese DM eta]. Immunotherapy of hormone-refractory prostate cancer with antigen-loaded dendritic cells. J Cilia. Oncol. 18, 3894–3903 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Holt1L, Rieser C, Papesh C et al. Cellular and humoral immune responses in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma after vaccination with antigen pulsed dendritic cells. J Urol. 161,777-782 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Gitlitz BJ, Belldegrun AS, Zisman A eta]. A pilot trial of tumor lysate-loaded dendritic cells for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Irmnunother. 26,412–419 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Gong J, Apostolopoulos V, Chen D et al. Selection and characterization of MUC1-specific CD8+ T-cells from MUC1 transgenic mice immunized with dendritic-carcinoma fusion cells. Immunology101, 316–324 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Avigan DE, George DJ, Kantoff PW et al. Interim safety and efficacy results from a Phase I/II study of vaccination with electrofused allogeneic dendritic cells/autologous tumor-derived cells in patients with stage IV renal cell carcinoma. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 23,169 (2004) (Abstract 2526).
   Google Scholar
• Su Z, Dannull J, Heiser A eta]. Immunological and clinical responses in metastatic renal cancer patients vaccinated with tumor RNA-transfected dendritic cells. Cancer Res. 63, 2127–2133 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Chaput N, Schartz NE, Andre F, Zitvogel L. Exosomes for immunotherapy of cancer. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 532, 215–221 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCune CS, O'Donnell RVV, Marquis DM, Sahasrabudhe DM. Renal cell carcinoma treated by vaccines for active specific immunotherapy: correlation of survival with skin testing by autologous tumor cells. Cancer Irnmunol. Irnmunother. 32,62–66 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Disis ML, Schiffman K, Cooley TA, McNeel DG, Rinn K, Knutson KL. Delayed-type hypersensitivity response is a predictor of peripheral blood T-cell immunity after HER-2/neu peptide immunization. Clin. Cancer Res. 6, 1347–1350 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Maino VC, Picker U. Identification of functional subsets by flow cytometry: intracellular detection of cytokine expression. Cytometry34,207–215 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Altman JD, Moss PA, Goulder PJ eta]. Phenotypic analysis of antigen-specific T-lymphocytes. Science 274,94–96 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Lee PP, Yee C, Savage PA eta]. Characterization of circulating T-cells specific for tumor-associated antigens in melanoma patients. Nature Med. 5, 677–685 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Oosterwijk E, Ruiter DJ, Hoedemaeker PJ et al. Monoclonal antibody G 250 recognizes a determinant present in renal-cell carcinoma and absent from normal kidney. Int.j Cancer38, 489–494 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• Bleumer I, Knuth A, Oosterwijk E et al. A Phase II trial of chimeric monoclonal antibody G250 for advanced renal cell carcinoma patients. Br. J Cancer 90, 985–990 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Bevan P, Mala C, Kindler M, Siebels M, Oberneder R, Beck HJ. Results of a Phase I/II study with monoclonal antibody CG250 in combination with IFN-a2a in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 23,407 (2004) (Abstract 4606).
   Google Scholar
• Yang JC, Haworth L, Sherry RM et al. A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an antivascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal cancer. N Engl. J. Med. 349,427–434 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Phase II clinical trial demonstrating significant prolongation of time to progression in patients with metastatic RCC receiving high-dose bevacizumab antibody.
   Google Scholar
• Rini BI, Halabi S, Taylor J, Small EJ, Schilsky RL. Cancer and Leukemia Group B 90206: a randomized Phase III trial of interferon-a or interferon-a plus antivascular endothelial growth factor antibody (bevacizumab) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 2584–2586 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Kim KJ, Li B, Winer J et al. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis suppresses tumour growth in vivo. Nature 362,841–844 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrara N, Gerber HP, LeCouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nature Med. 9,669–676 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabrilovich DI, Chen HL, Girgis KR eta]. Production of vascular endothelial growth factor by human tumors inhibits the functional maturation of dendritic cells. Nature Med. 2,1096–1103 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Rowinsky EK, Schwartz GH, Gollob JA et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and activity of ABX-EGF, a fully human antiepidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer. Clin. Oncol. 22,3003–3015 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bex A, Horenblas S, Meinhardt W, Verra N, de Gast GC. The role of initial immunotherapy as selection for nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and the primary tumor in situ. Eur. Urol. 42,570–574 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Flanigan RC, Mickisch G, Sylvester R, Tangen C, Van Poppet H, Crawford ED. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cancer: a combined analysis.Urol. 171,1071–1076 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Messing EM, Manola J, Wilding G et al. Phase III study of interferon-a-NL as adjuvant treatment for resectable renal cell carcinoma: an Eastern Co-operative Oncology Group/Intergroup trial. J Oncol. 21,1214–1222 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Clark JI, Atkins MB, Urba WJ et al. Adjuvant high-dose bolus interleukin-2 for patients with high-risk renal cell carcinoma: a cytokine working group randomized trial. Clin. Oncol. 21,3133-3140 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• •Multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled Phase III Cytokine Working Group trial showed that one course of high-dose bolus IL-2 postoperatively in patients with high-risk RCC did not improve disease-free survival.
   Google Scholar
• Galligioni E, Quaia M, Merlo A et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy treatment of renal carcinoma patients with autologous tumor cells and bacillus Calmette-Guerin: five-year results of a prospective randomized study. Cancer 77, 2560–2566 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jocham D, Richter A, Hoffmann L et al. Adjuvant autologous renal tumour cell vaccine and risk of tumour progression in patients with renal-cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy: Phase III, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 363,594–599 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •• Multicenter, randomized Phase III trial of individually prepared autologous tumor-derived product given in the adjuvant setting after nephrectomy for patients with high-risk RCC.
   Google Scholar
• McDermott D, Flaherty L, Clark J et al. Randomized Phase III trial of high-dose interleukin-2 (HD IL2) versus subcutaneous (SC) 1L2/interferon (IFN) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 20 (2001) (Abstract 685). Affiliations
   Google Scholar